Lateral collision with side airbag: a literature review

The paper presents a literature review of the efficacy of side passive safety in the event of lateral collision and the latest development of side airbag. According to the latest Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013, the total number of death every year due to road accident still maintained in a huge number of 1.24 million. Malaysia is one of the countries having highest estimated road traffic death rate of 25 per 100,000 populations. Moreover, 5% growth annually of fatalities rate forecasted. In general, lateral collision or side impact is the second most common vehicle crash type which takes almost 10,000 occupant deaths each year. Side airbags were introduced into vehicle firstly in 1995 in order to improve occupants injury. It is statically proven that combination of head with thorax side airbag is very effective in reducing occupants fatalities rate, however thorax only airbag is less significant. With the aid from Computer Aided Engineer (CAE) software, designer can further improve airbag design and optimize its performance in order to find the best combination of design parameter such as of area of air vent, Time-To-Fire (TTF), operating pressure of the inflator gas and many more, while design cycle time can be reduced significantly up to 40%. Nevertheless, people are afraid that side airbag deployment load may hurt children and small size female seated in Out-Of-Position (OOP). Researcher could resolve it by adopting the latest Computer Fluid Design (CFD) airbag simulation technique which have a better simulation result of OOP load, since CFD method provide more realistic airbag deployment simulations especially in the first few milliseconds which are significant in OOP test

Identification of corrosion on a hollow tube using vibration

Vibration based technique have so far been focused on the identification of structural damage. However, not many studies have been conducted on the corrosion identification on pipes. The objective of this paper is to identify corrosion on pipes from vibration measurements. A hollow pipe, 500 mm in length with 63.5 mm in diameter was subjected to impact loading using an impact hammer to identify the natural frequency of the tube in two conditions i) without any corrosion and ii) with an induced localized 40 mm by 40 mm corrosion at the middle of the pipe. The shift of natural frequencies of the structures under free boundary conditions was examined for each node of excitation. The results showed that there is a shift in natural frequency of the pipe, between 3 and 4 Hz near to the corrosion area. It can suggested that that the impact vibration is capable of identifying of localized corrosion on a hollow tube

Improvement of Mechanical Welding Properties by using Induced Harmonic Vibration.

The enhancement of the welding mechanical properties and the quality of the fusion metal is considered recently by using vibration during welding. In this study, the effect of induced harmonic vibration during welding is employed to improve the welding mechanical properties and to reach the best shape of welding line on the surface. The harmonic vibration method is examined experimentally by using four values of mechanical frequency during welding on the ductility, tensile strength and the homogeneity of the welding line. The frequencies were specified according to the natural frequency of the plate. Five simply supported rectangular plates are supported on the supporting stand and welded using a manual arc-welding machine. The experimental results show that the vibration applied during welding generally improved the bend property of the welding line, as well as the tensile strength has been improved distinctively at the resonance case when compared with that one welded without vibration. The morphology of the fillet metal after welding and for each value of frequency show an enhancement in the distribution of the fusion fillet metal, with gradually disappearing of the micro crack that may shown inside the metal with increasing the mechanical frequency. A comparison between the properties of welding without vibration and welding with vibration is discussed

Workpiece surface temperature for in-process surface roughness prediction using response surface methodology

As manufacturing technology has been moving to the stage of full automation over the years, one of the fundamental requirements is the ability to accurately predict the output performance of machining processes. The focus of present study is to predict surface roughness using the workpiece surface temperature of a turning workpiece with the aid of an infrared temperature sensor. Relationship between the workpiece surface temperature and the cutting parameters and also between the surface roughness and cutting parameters were found out for indirect measurement of surface roughness through the surface temperature of the workpiece. A 33 full factorial design was used in order to get the output data uniformly distributed all over the ranges of the input parameters. Response Surface Method (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to get the relation between different response variables (Surface roughness and workpiece surface temperature) and the input parameters (speed, feed and depth of cut). Based on variance analysis for the second order RSM model, most influential design variable is feed rate and depth of cut on surface roughness and workpiece surface temperature respectively and the experimental results show that the workpiece surface temperature can be sensed and used effectively as an indicator of the cutting performance

A review on the vibration analysis for a damage occurrence of a cantilever beam

Identification of defects in structures and its components is a crucial aspect in decision making about their repair and total replacement. Failure to detect the faults has various consequences, and sometimes may lead to a catastrophic failure. The conducted research work reported analytical and experimental investigations on the effects of a crack on the cantilever steel beam with circular cross section. The objective of this review is to quantify and to determine the extent of the damage magnitude and the location of the cantilever beams. In analytical study, finite element method (FEA) software was used in developing the model. The results showed that, by monitoring the change of the natural frequency it is a feasible and viable tool to indicate the damage occurrence and magnitude. Unlike for small crack depth, the natural frequencies are not a good damage detector. Mode shapes indicated good sensitivity to detect the damage magnitude for all crack parameters. Frequency Reduction Index (FRI) and Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) were found to be in order a feasible tool to find the magnitude of the damage in beam structures. While, Coordinate Modal Assurance Criteria (COMAC) and Curvature Change Index (CCI) were used to predict the location of the crack tested beams and proved to be feasible

Crash and injury characteristics of riders in motorcycle-passenger vehicle crashes

The motorcycle has become one of the most common type of vehicles used on the road, particularly in the Asia region, including Malaysia, due to its size-convenience and affordable price. This study focuses only on crashes involving motorcycles with passenger cars consisting 43 real world crashes obtained from in-depth crash investigation process from June 2016 till July 2017. The study collected and analyzed vehicle and site parameters obtained during crash investigation and injury information acquired from the patient-treating hospital. The investigation team, consisting of two personnel, is stationed at the Emergency Department of the treatment facility, and was dispatched to the crash scene once receiving notification of the related crashes. The injury information retrieved was coded according to the level of severity using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and classified into different body regions. The data revealed that weekend crashes were significantly higher for the night time period and the crash occurrence was the highest during morning hours (commuting to work period) for weekdays. Bad weather conditions play a minimal effect towards the occurrence of motorcycle – passenger vehicle crashes and nearly 90% involved motorcycles with single riders. Riders up to 25 years old are heavily involved in crashes with passenger vehicles (60%), followed by 26-55 year age group with 35%. Male riders were dominant in each of the age segments. The majority of the crashes involved side impacts, followed by rear impacts and cars outnumbered the rest of the passenger vehicle types in terms of crash involvement with motorcycles. The investigation data also revealed that passenger vehicles were the most at-fault counterpart (62%) when involved in crashes with motorcycles and most of the crashes involved situations whereby both of the vehicles are travelling in the same direction and one of the vehicles is in a turning maneuver. More than 80% of the involved motorcycle riders had sustained yellow severity level during triage process. The study also found that nearly 30% of the riders sustained injuries to the lower extremities, while MAIS level 3 injuries were recorded for all body regions except for thorax region. The result showed that crashes in which the motorcycles were found to be at fault were more likely to occur during night and raining conditions. These types of crashes were also found to be more likely to involve other types of passenger vehicles rather than cars and possess higher likelihood in resulting higher ISS (>6) value to the involved rider. To reduce motorcycle fatalities, it first has to understand the characteristics concerned and focus may be given on crashes involving passenger vehicles as the most dominant crash partner on Malaysian roads

Acoustic energy harvesting using flexible panel and PVDF films: a preliminary study

Acoustic energy harvesting from ambient noise utilizing flexural vibration of a flexible panel is investigated. A flexural vibration of a flexible panel is use to extract more energy from the ambient noise level where piezoelectric materials of PVDF films are attached at the plate edges. The energy harvesting can be obtained with a maximum output power of 120 pW at the sound pressure level of 97.3 dBA

Chaotic fractal search algorithm for global optimization with application to control design

This paper presents chaos-embedded optimization algorithms named as Chaotic Fractal Search (CFS). These algorithms are improved variance to original Stochastic Fractal Search (SFS) algorithm. The influence of two chaos maps which are Chebyshev map and Gauss/Mouse map on the convergence speed and fitness accuracy of the SFS are investigated in this study. Two well-known benchmark test functions with different dimension levels and landscapes were employed in order to evaluate the performance of proposed CFS algorithms in comparison to their predecessor algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed approach is implemented in the optimal tuning of conventional PID and PD-type fuzzy logic controllers for a twin rotor system (TRS) in hovering mode. The simulation study indicates that CFS algorithm with Gauss/Mouse chaotic map in both Diffusion and First Updating process outperforms other CFS algorithms and original SFS algorithm. In addition, PD-type fuzzy logic controller shows superiority over PID controller in twin rotor system control design

The impact of maintenance policies on some items of ISO (9001-2000): a survey study in industrial companies in Iraq

The influence of maintenance policy on the industrial sector is highly important, where there is a significant correlation between maintenance policies and some of the items related to international standard (ISO 9001- 2000) such as infrastructure, work environment, control of the production and service operations, and the adjustment of the measurement and monitoring tools. The aim of this study is to provide the intellectual and workable framework that relies on the arguments of researchers and those interested in the fields of management, production and engineering operations to highlight the role of maintenance policies in contributing to the achievement of quality. The industrial and governmental sectors were selected in the province of Nineveh as an arena to do the field work. The sample of the study comprises of six governmental and industrial companies. Questionnaires are used as the main tool for data collection. The study shows the need for sites with appropriate physical working conditions of temperature, humidity, and ventilation to do work in order to ensure the quality of performance through the maintenance policies

Modeling of dynamic response of beam-type vibration absorbing system excited by moving mass

A numerical simulation to calculate the dynamic response of a beam attached with beam vibration absorber through a viscoelastic layer subjected to a moving load is presented in this paper. The mathematical model is formulated by using Euler-Bernoulli theory to calculate the vertical response of the system. The effect of the inertia of the moving load is included in the model to study its effect on the beam response at the mid span. The viscoelastic layer is introduced as uniformly distributed stiffness and damping and the concept of mixed damping ratio is implemented which allows the system to be modeled for different rigidity ratio. The response is calculated using time integration method for different moving mass inertia, rigidity ratio of the beams and the stiffness and damping of the visco-elastic layer. The effect is investigated for different values of mass and speed of the moving load