Impact of Utilizing a Diesel/Ammonia Hydroxide Dual Fuel on Diesel Engines Performance and Emissions Characteristics

The problem of global warming and environmentally polluting emissions has become the call of the times. To solve this problem, the trend to change or share new types of fuel has become a new way to solve this problem. One of the most promising types of fuel in the future is ammonia, as it is a carbon-free fuel, unlike traditional fossil fuels. Because of the danger of using ammonia as a gas, it was safer to use ammonia as a liquid. In this study, ammonia hydroxide was used as a proportion with diesel fuel in a PCCI diesel engine. The diesel engine is a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine. Ammonia hydroxide fuel with a ratio of 33% ammonia-water by volume was used with diesel fuel. The experiment was carried out with ammonia hydroxide ratios of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, respectively. The results of emissions, thermal efficiency (BTE), fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust temperatures were compared. It was concluded that using ammonia hydroxide ratios to diesel led to an increase in thermal efficiency by 23.5% compared to diesel only by 20.5%, and fuel consumption was also reduced. 391.083g/Kw.h compared to diesel is only 455.56 g/Kw.h. As a result of the presence of ammonia hydroxide, exhaust temperatures are lower than when using diesel only. Therefore, this study discusses with practical experience the effect of using ammonia hydroxide with diesel on the performance and efficiency of the engine and fuel emissions characteristics

Impact of Utilizing a Diesel/Ammonia Hydroxide Dual Fuel on Diesel Engines Performance and Emissions Characteristics

The problem of global warming and environmentally polluting emissions has become the call of the times. To solve this problem, the trend to change or share new types of fuel has become a new way to solve this problem. One of the most promising types of fuel in the future is ammonia, as it is a carbon-free fuel, unlike traditional fossil fuels. Because of the danger of using ammonia as a gas, it was safer to use ammonia as a liquid. In this study, ammonia hydroxide was used as a proportion with diesel fuel in a PCCI diesel engine. The diesel engine is a single-cylinder, four-stroke engine. Ammonia hydroxide fuel with a ratio of 33% ammonia-water by volume was used with diesel fuel. The experiment was carried out with ammonia hydroxide ratios of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%, respectively. The results of emissions, thermal efficiency (BTE), fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust temperatures were compared. It was concluded that using ammonia hydroxide ratios to diesel led to an increase in thermal efficiency by 23.5% compared to diesel only by 20.5%, and fuel consumption was also reduced. 391.083g/Kw.h compared to diesel is only 455.56 g/Kw.h. As a result of the presence of ammonia hydroxide, exhaust temperatures are lower than when using diesel only. Therefore, this study discusses with practical experience the effect of using ammonia hydroxide with diesel on the performance and efficiency of the engine and fuel emissions characteristics

Utilization of Ammonia Hydroxide /Diesel Fuel Blends in Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PPCCI) Engine: A Technical Review

Almost 50% of new car registrations in Europe at the turn of the century were diesel. However, reports of harmful NOx emissions have been corroborated by diesel emissions scandals, which have sent the diesel engine market into a tailspin and raised concerns about the diesel engine\u27s long-term viability. Developing of diesel cars with low NOx emissions has been announced by major automakers. Modern posttreatment systems can be installed, and they will result in decreased NOx emissions for heavy-duty, marine, or power production applications. Despite attempts to lower NOx emissions, the automobile, marine, and power generation industries must decarbonize if we are to reach greenhouse gas emission objectives and prevent global warming. Using fuels with low carbon, like ammonia, can help decarbonize a diesel engine. Using ammonia as a fuel for diesel engines is discussed at length in this work. To drastically lower carbon emissions, Ammonia could be burned when mixed with diesel or another low-temperature fuel in a dual-fuel system. Creating advanced injection technologies can improve overall emissions while also improving performance. However, due to the coupling of nitrogen to the fuel, dual fuel combustion of ammonia currently has relatively large emissions of ammonia and nitrogen oxides. As a result, post-processing mechanisms need to be put in place. With the introduction of modern combustion systems like HCCI, PCCI, and RCCI systems, ammonia is currently only a practical alternative in specific applications including maritime, power generating, and maybe heavy duty

Investigation into the Impact of Ammonia Hydroxide on Performance and Emissions in Compression Ignition Engines Utilizing Diesel/Biodiesel Blends

In recent times, there has been a surge in scientific endeavors aimed at combating global warming. Various methods have been employed to address this issue, including the substitution of fossil fuels with more environmentally sustainable alternatives and the combination of different fuel types. This can be achieved through the integration of innovative injection systems and the simultaneous combustion of alternative fuels alongside fossil fuels, or by modifying fuel injection systems such as in the PCCI, RCCI, or HCCI systems. In a particular research investigation, a blend of ammonia hydroxide and diesel, with volume percentages of 7.5% and 92.5% respectively, was utilized as green fuels. Various proportions of biodiesel were incorporated into the conventional injection system. Experiments were conducted on a four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine with fuel ratios of D80B20N7.5, D60B40N7.5, D40B60N7.5, D20B80N7.5, and pure diesel. The primary objective was to analyze the engine\u27s brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and resulting emissions. Additionally, the study investigated changes in specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and compared the outcomes to those obtained using diesel alone. The study findings revealed that the inclusion of ammonia hydroxide in the blend of diesel and biodiesel in varying volumetric ratios led to an increase in brake thermal efficiency compared to using diesel alone. While the average brake thermal efficiency with pure diesel stood at 20.5%, the introduction of the diesel and biodiesel mixture in different proportions resulted in a decrease in average brake thermal efficiency. However, incorporating ammonia hydroxide at a volumetric percentage of 7.5% into the blend led to an increase in average brake thermal efficiency corresponding to the volumetric percentage employed. The highest brake thermal efficiency of 21.26% was achieved with the D80B20N7.5 mixture. As the percentage of biodiesel increased, there was a subsequent decrease in average brake thermal efficiency. Nevertheless, with the addition of the highest mixture percentage, D20B80N7.5, a brake thermal efficiency of 20.85% was recorded, surpassing the performance of diesel alone

Enhancing Diesel Engine Performance by Directly Injecting Blends of Ammonium Hydroxide and Including Liquid Petroleum Gas as a Partially Premixed Charge

Recently, scientists have made significant strides in addressing or mitigating environmental issues. Researchers have adopted various approaches to tackle these issues, such as replacing fossil fuels with more environmentally friendly alternatives or blending multiple fuel types. This can be achieved by either integrating these two trends through the use of new injection systems and simultaneous combustion of alternative fuels with fossil fuels or by modifying fuel injection systems, exemplified by the PCCI, RCCI, or HCCI systems. Consequently, these methods have proven effective in reducing environmental pollutants, enhancing thermal efficiency, and decreasing specific fuel consumption. In this study, ammonia hydroxide and diesel were utilized as eco-friendly fuels, with volume ratios of 7.5% and 92.5%, respectively. Using the PCCI system, a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine underwent varying additions of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at rates of two, four, and six liters per minute. This facilitated experimental investigations into the engine\u27s thermal efficiency (BTE) and ambient emissions. Additionally, changes in specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were examined and compared with those when using diesel alone or diesel with ammonia hydroxide in the specified proportion. Moreover, empirical findings indicated that incorporating ammonia hydroxide into diesel at volume ratios of 7.5%–92.5% resulted in a mere 20.98% and 23.95% increase in thermal efficiency, respectively, compared to diesel alone. However, the average brake thermal efficiency improved to 24.6% with the introduction of liquefied petroleum gas at a rate of two liters per minute and escalated to 36.2% at a rate of four liters per minute. The highest braking thermal efficiency, 42.9%, was observed at a 2-kw load when adding LPG at a rate of six liters per minute with an increase in load. Additionally, the investigation monitored parameters such as soot opacity, emissions species, exhaust temperature, and specific fuel consumption

Engine Performance and Emissions Improvement Study on Direct Injection of Diesel/Ammonia Dual Fuel by Adding CNG as Partially Premixed Charge

Researchers have recently moved on in their studies to find a solution to prevent or reduce this problem. There have been directions taken by researchers to solve the problem, including, replacing fossil fuels with environmentally friendly types or by combining two or more types of fuel. This is by modifying fuel injection systems as appears in the PCCI, RCCI, or HCCI systems, or working to integrate the two trends by using new injection systems and burning alternative fuels with fossil fuels. Therefore, the trend has good results on the specific consumption of fuel, raising thermal efficiency, and working to reduce environmentally polluting emissions. This study employed ammonia hydroxide and diesel as a green fuel, with volume ratios of 7.5% to 92.5%, respectively. By adding a variable percentage of compressed natural gas (CNG) (1.5 litres/min - 2.5liters/min) using the PCCI system in a four-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine the experimental studies will performed on the engine thermal efficiency (BTE) and emissions polluting the environment. The change in specific fuel consumption (BSFC) will be discussed and the results will be compared with their counterparts in the case of using diesel only and using diesel with ammonia hydroxide of the mentioned percentage only. The vibration analysis system has been employed to evaluate the actual performance of the engine by measuring the vibration using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) approach. Moreover, after practical experiments, we concluded that using ammonia hydroxide with diesel in volume proportions of 7.5% - 92.5%, when compared to diesel only worked to improve thermal efficiency by 20.98%, and 23.95%, respectively. When natural gas is added by 1.5 litres per minute, the thermal efficiency increases to 26.83%, but when it is added at a rate of 2.5 litres per minute, the thermal efficiency increases to 27.45%. The exhaust temperature, specific fuel consumption, emissions species, and soot opacity will record in the study

Utilization of Ammonia Hydroxide /Diesel Fuel Blends in Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PPCCI) Engine: A Technical Review

Almost 50% of new car registrations in Europe at the turn of the century were diesel. However, reports of harmful NOx emissions have been corroborated by diesel emissions scandals, which have sent the diesel engine market into a tailspin and raised concerns about the diesel engine\u27s long-term viability. Developing of diesel cars with low NOx emissions has been announced by major automakers. Modern posttreatment systems can be installed, and they will result in decreased NOx emissions for heavy-duty, marine, or power production applications. Despite attempts to lower NOx emissions, the automobile, marine, and power generation industries must decarbonize if we are to reach greenhouse gas emission objectives and prevent global warming. Using fuels with low carbon, like ammonia, can help decarbonize a diesel engine. Using ammonia as a fuel for diesel engines is discussed at length in this work. To drastically lower carbon emissions, Ammonia could be burned when mixed with diesel or another low-temperature fuel in a dual-fuel system. Creating advanced injection technologies can improve overall emissions while also improving performance. However, due to the coupling of nitrogen to the fuel, dual fuel combustion of ammonia currently has relatively large emissions of ammonia and nitrogen oxides. As a result, post-processing mechanisms need to be put in place. With the introduction of modern combustion systems like HCCI, PCCI, and RCCI systems, ammonia is currently only a practical alternative in specific applications including maritime, power generating, and maybe heavy duty

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background: Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods: The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results: NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion: As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population

Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital with and without respiratory symptoms

Background: COVID-19 is primarily known as a respiratory illness; however, many patients present to hospital without respiratory symptoms. The association between non-respiratory presentations of COVID-19 and outcomes remains unclear. We investigated risk factors and clinical outcomes in patients with no respiratory symptoms (NRS) and respiratory symptoms (RS) at hospital admission. Methods: This study describes clinical features, physiological parameters, and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients, stratified by the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms at hospital admission. RS patients had one or more of: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, runny nose or wheezing; while NRS patients did not. Results: Of 178,640 patients in the study, 86.4 % presented with RS, while 13.6 % had NRS. NRS patients were older (median age: NRS: 74 vs RS: 65) and less likely to be admitted to the ICU (NRS: 36.7 % vs RS: 37.5 %). NRS patients had a higher crude in-hospital case-fatality ratio (NRS 41.1 % vs. RS 32.0 %), but a lower risk of death after adjusting for confounders (HR 0.88 [0.83-0.93]). Conclusion: Approximately one in seven COVID-19 patients presented at hospital admission without respiratory symptoms. These patients were older, had lower ICU admission rates, and had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for confounders