ANALYSIS OF A REINFORCED SOIL RETAINING WALL IN A PLATFORM EMBANKMENT

In this paper, we numerically analyze a 9.0-m-tall reinforced soil retaining wall in a platform embankment, simulating the behaviour of its various components by using software and material models. The two basic constituents of the structure are the fill material and reinforcement. The designed reinforced soil retaining wall was built using local materials (sand with fine particles) on a base of sandy gravel. The design was analyzed with various software packages such as TensarSoil, Slide, and Plaxis 2D. The results show that the wall meets the requirements for both static and seismic conditions

ASSESMENT OF ROCKFALL DITCH EFFECTIVENES BY APPLICATION OF COMPUTER SIMULATIONS, AN PROBABILISTIC APPROACH

Different types of geohazards frequently affect road and railway traffic. Among them, in the case of mountainous terrains, the rockfalls are considered to be most usual. They cause economic losses of different magni-tude, in some cases even loss of human life. In order to improve the management of the rockfall hazard and risk, researchers had been developing many different methodologies for assesment and design of effective control, protection and preparedness measures. One of the approaches is to apply a structural measure along the road/railway line in the form of a rockfall catch ditch at the toe of the rock cuts. Experimental field tests and computer simulations by many authors have investigated the effectiveness of these ditches, with main goal being to design ditches that are as effective as possible. The paper presents application of computer simulation technique coupled with probabilistic analysis. The main idea is to test the effectiveness of rockfall catch ditches with different geometries, by simulating rockfall blocks of different geometrical shapes. Beside variation of the ditch and block geometry, also varied are the height and slope angle of the rock cut. Results from the probabilistic simulations show the different degree of ditch effectiveness in the investigated cases. The approach is considered useful for the goals in the design process, with main benefits being the improved management of the rockfall risk and economical rationalization of cuts design

The socio-economic structure of 19th century Kumanova according to the Temettuat Books number 15377 and 15463

Osmanlı Devleti XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru çağın gerisinde kalmamak için askeri, iktisadi ve içtimai alanlarda yenilikler içeren Tanzimat'la birlikte bir takım ıstılahatlar gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu alanda yapılan ıstılahatlardan birini temettuat defterleri oluşturmaktadır. Osmanlı Arşivi'nde bulunan temettuat defterleri dönemin demografik ve sosyo-ekonomik yapısına dair zengin bilgiler ve Tanzimat'la birlikte değişen vergileri içermektedir. Bu defterlerin içerdikleri verilerin incelenmesi dönemin sosyal ve içtimai hayatını aydınlatması bakımından önemlidir. Kumanova temettuat defterleri 1845 (H. 1260) yılında düzenlenmiştir. İncelenen defterlerdeki kayıtlara göre Kumanova 1845 tarihinde Üsküp eyaletinin Köstendil sancağına bağlı bir kasaba olarak görülmektedir. Kumanova'da sadece Müslümanların ikamet ettiği Mehmet Bey ve Orta Bunar isimli iki mahalle bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca şehir nüfusunun yarısını gayrimüslimlerin oluşturduğu görülmüş bundan başka farklı herhangi bir etnik ve dini gruba rastlanılmamıştır. Temettuat defterlerinden Kumanova'da pek çok mesleğin icra edildiği görülmektedir. Bunun yanında tarım ve hayvancılık da önemli yer tutmaktadır. Hem Müslümanlar hem de gayrimüslimlerden dönemin rayiç bedellerine göre vergiler toplanmış ve bu vergilerin miktarı temettuat defterlerine kaydedilmiştir.The Ottoman Empire implemented a set of reforms in the midst of the nineteenth century during the Tanzimat reform era in areas like the military, economic and social in order not to fall behind the age. One of the reforms implemented during this period is the dividend books. The temettuat books avalaible in the Ottoman archives are rich on information about the demographic and socio-economic structure and the changing tax system of that period. Analyses about the contents of these books are important in order to enlighten the era from a social point of view. Temettuat books of Kumanova has been set up in 1845. According to the content of the books examined it can be seen that in 1845 Kumanova was a town in the district of Köstendil in the province of Skopje. This thesis consists of three parts. There are two streets in Kumanova that are resided only by Muslims and these are Mehmet Bey and Orta Bunar. Furthermore it has been seen that half of the population are non-Muslims while any other different ethniciy or religious group hasn't been encountered. It can be seen from the dividend books that a great many professions has been carried out in Kumanova. Besides this agriculture and animal breeding was important in this context. Market value taxes were collected both from Muslims and non-Muslims and the amount of the collected taxes were registered in the dividend books

Basic geotechnical parameters of metallic mineral deposits in the Republic of Macedonia

This paper deals with the analysis of basic geotechnical properties of monolithic rock samples from several metallic mineral deposits in the Republic of Macedonia. Namely, results from geotechnical investigation on samples from the deposits of Ilovica, Borov Dol, Kazan Dol, Plavica, Kadiica and Bu�im were subject of the work presented herein. Over 800 different geotechnical tests have been performed on samples from different depths and zones of these deposits. The most frequently performed basic tests during geotechnical investigation phases included:point load index tests, unconfined compression tests, unit and specific weight, porosity, shear strength along joints. All data is statistically analyzed and certain conclusions for different geotechnical parameters are achieved. Special attention is paid to the vertical distribution of the parameter’s values, since this is of greatest interest for the mining planning and processes. Differences among certain deposits are discussed and certain conclusions and recommendations for further investigations are presented. We note that this is a first attempt to analyze such amount of geotechnical data from metallic mineral deposits in Macedonia, and the herein presented correlations are to be updated as new data is collected. Key words: geotechnical properties; metallic mineral deposits; statistical analysis; vertical distributio