ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ «ВСТРОЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ» ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ РАСШИРЕННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ИНДИКАТОРОВ РИСКА ПРИ ПРИНЯТИИ СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИХ РЕШЕНИЙ

The purpose of this article is to identify possible approaches to the development of the “sustainability-by-design” process, which consists in synchronizing the organization's strategy with the trends of sustainable development. For this purpose, a process of “sustainability-by-design” is proposed on the basis of the “safety-by-design” process applied in practice. As a key link in the process, it is proposed to use a system of sustainability indicators, supplemented by indicators of risk and resilience. To strengthen the adaptive capacity of companies in the field of sustainable development, the process of building “sustainability-by-design” is complemented by the inclusion of democratic procedures through structured stakeholder participation. As a result, the proposed process combines a rigid structure of values and goals with a “soft setup” in the form of democratic procedures. This will allow companies not only to reduce the uncertainties inherent to the pacing problem, but also to create an environment for the promotion of the most effective alternatives to the development of companies in the field of sustainability.Целью настоящей статьи является определение возможных подходов к разработке процесса «встроенной устойчивости», заключающейся в синхронизации стратегии организации с тенденциями устойчивого развития. Для этого на основе применяющегося на практике процесса «встроенной безопасности» (safety-by-design) предлагается процесс «встроенной устойчивости» (sustainability-by-design). В качестве ключевого звена процесса предлагается использовать систему индикаторов устойчивости, дополненную индикаторами риска и жизнестойкости. Для усиления адаптивного потенциала компаний в области устойчивого развития процесс формирования «встроенной устойчивости» дополнен включением демократических процедур путем структурированного участия заинтересованных сторон. В результате предлагаемый процесс сочетает жесткую структуру ценностей и целей с «мягкой настройкой» в форме демократических процедур. Это позволит компаниям не только снизить неопределенности, присущие проблеме запаздывающего регулирования, но и сформировать среду для разработки наиболее эффективных альтернатив развития компаний в области устойчивости

Selfconsistent Model of Photoconversion Efficiency for Multijunction Solar Cells

To accurately calculate efficiencies $\eta$ of experimentally produced multijunction solar cells (MJSCs) and optimize their parameters, we offer semi-analytical photoconversion formalism that incorporates radiative recombination, Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination, surface recombination at the front and back surfaces of the cells, recombination in the space charge region (SCR) and the recombination at the heterojunction boundaries. Selfconsistent balance between the MJSC temperature and efficiency was imposed by jointly solving the equations for the photocurrent, photovoltage, and heat balance. Finally, we incorporate into the formalism the effect of additional photocurrent decrease with subcell number increase. It is shown that for an experimentally observed Shockley-Read-Hall lifetimes, the effect of re-absorption and re-emission of photons on MJSC efficiency can be neglected for non-concentrated radiation conditions. A significant efficiency $\eta$ increase can be achieved by improving the heat dissipation using radiators and bringing the MJSC emissivity to unity, that is closer to black body radiation rather than grey body radiation. Our calculated efficiencies compare well with other numerical results available and are consistent with the experimentally achieved efficiencies. The formalism can be used to optimize parameters of MJSCs for maximum photoconversion efficiency.Comment: 40th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, June 8-13, 2014, Denver, Colorado, III-V Epitaxy and Solar Cells, F30 16

Temperature dependence of contact resistance of Au-Ti-Pd2Si-n+-Si ohmic contacts

We investigated temperature dependence of contact resistance of an Au-Ti-Pd2Si ohmic contact to heavily doped n+-Si. The contact resistance increases with temperature owing to conduction through the metal shunts. In this case, the limiting process is diffusion input of electrons to the metal shunts. The proposed mechanism of contact resistance formation seems to realize also in the case of wide-gap semiconductors with high concentration of surface states and dislocation density in the contact

Space-charge region recombination in monocrystalline silicon-based barrier structures with long lifetimes and its impact on key characteristics of high-efficiency solar cells

The recombination rate in the space charge region (SCR) of a silicon-based barrier structure with long Shockley-Reed-Hall lifetime is calculated theoretically taking into account the concentration gradient of excess electron-hole pairs in the base region. The effects of the SCR lifetime and the applied voltage on the structure's ideality factor are analyzed. The ideality factor is significantly reduced by the concentration gradient of electron-hole pairs. This mechanism provides an increase of the effective lifetime compared to the case when it is insignificant, which is realized at sufficiently low pair concentrations. The theoretical results are shown to be in agreement with experimental data

IMPLEMENTING “SUSTAINABILITY-BY-DESIGN” APPROACH IN ORGANIZATIONS BY USING AN EXTENDED RISK INDICATORS SYSTEM FOR MAKING STRATEGIC DECISIONS

The purpose of this article is to identify possible approaches to the development of the “sustainability-by-design” process, which consists in synchronizing the organization's strategy with the trends of sustainable development. For this purpose, a process of “sustainability-by-design” is proposed on the basis of the “safety-by-design” process applied in practice. As a key link in the process, it is proposed to use a system of sustainability indicators, supplemented by indicators of risk and resilience. To strengthen the adaptive capacity of companies in the field of sustainable development, the process of building “sustainability-by-design” is complemented by the inclusion of democratic procedures through structured stakeholder participation. As a result, the proposed process combines a rigid structure of values and goals with a “soft setup” in the form of democratic procedures. This will allow companies not only to reduce the uncertainties inherent to the pacing problem, but also to create an environment for the promotion of the most effective alternatives to the development of companies in the field of sustainability