Pre-assessment of microbiology quality and antibiotic resistance of vibrio parahaemolyticus from cockle (Anadaragranosa) in Malaysia.

Introduction Vibrio species has shown one of the most important bacterial diseases in marine cultured organisms, affecting a large number of species of fish and shellfish. Among well known species is Vibrio parahaemolyticus which associated with cockle and reported as one of the important foodborne diseases in developing countries. Objectives The study was conducted to determine the microbiology quality of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in cockles (Anadaragranosa) in Selangor, Perak, Melaka and Negeri Sembilan. Methods A total of 12 cockle samples were purchased from wet market throughout 3 weeks in September 2009. Out of the 12 cockle samples, 120 isolates were randomly produced and tested for microbiology quality of V. parahaemolyticus by growing onto Thiosulphate Bile-Salt Sucrose (TCBS) agar. Tentative colonies of V. parahaemolyticus were then examined for biochemical test and antibiotic resistance patterns towards bacitracin, vancomycin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, amikacin, enrofloxacin and cifrofloxacin. Results The highest mean colony counting value for Vibrio grown onto TCBS agar was from Melaka with 4.19 x 105cfu per gm, followed by Perak (4.15 x 105cfu per gm), Negeri Sembilan (3.72 x 105cfu per gm) and Selangor with 1.58 x 105 cfu per gm. Biochemical tests showed 75 isolates were positive for V. parahaemolyticus with 29.3% (22/30) isolates were from Perak, 26.3% (20/30) isolates were from Selangor, 22.6% (17/30) isolates were from Melaka and 21.2% (16/30) isolates were from Negeri Sembilan. As for antibiotic resistance pattern, all V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant toward one or more antibiotic tested with 100% (75/75) isolates resistant toward bacitracin, 99% (74/75) toward vancomycinand 92% (69/75) toward penicillin. Inspite of this, none of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant toward chloramphenicol, amikacin, enrofloxacin and cifrofloxacin. Conclusion The presence of V. parahaemolyticus in all cockle samples with their antibiotic resistance properties was alarming. More samples should be studied in obtaining an accurate view of microbiology quality and antibiotic resistance of V. parahaemolyticusin cockle samples in Malaysia

Factors associated with glycaemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has become one of the most serious global health problems recently. The Malaysian National Diabetes Registry has reported that 76.2% of the population have poor glycaemic control (HbA1c ≥6.5%). Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the association between sociodemographic and medical profiles with glycaemic control among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in five health clinics in the Tampin district. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in five health clinics in the Tampin district, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Three hundred and twenty four type 2 diabetes mellitus patients participated in this study. A face-to face interview was conducted with each respondent using validated questionnaire. Descriptive analyses, such as the chi square test, were performed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 22 software. Results: The response rate was 90%. The percentage of poor glycaemic control was 66.4%. They were associated with age (χ²=10.405, p 0.006), marital status (χ ²=5.718, p 0.017), and education status (χ²=7.312, p 0.026). In addition, types of medication intake (χ²=18.058, p=<0.001), family history (χ²=7.234, p 0.007), and co-morbidities (χ²=5.718, p 0.017) are also associated with the percentage. Conclusion: The majority of the respondents of this study had poor glycaemic control. The factors that contribute to the poor glycaemic control are among respondents who are: of older age (≥65 years); single/widowed/separated/divorced; of non-formal education; on insulin alone / combination of oral agent and insulin; no family history; and do not experience co-morbidities. For the future wellbeing of all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, a good glycaemic control is important. Therefore, plans with appropriate significance on early preventive measures to diabetic treatment need to be strengthened in order to boost quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Antibiotic resistance and molecular typing among cockle (Anadara granosa) strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis

Genomic DNA of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized by antibiotic resistance, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis. These isolates originated from 3 distantly locations of Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka (East coastal areas), Malaysia. A total of 44 (n = 44) of tentatively V. parahaemolyticus were also examined for the presence of toxR, tdh and trh gene. Of 44 isolates, 37 were positive towards toxR gene; while, none were positive to tdh and trh gene. Antibiotic resistance analysis showed the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were highly resistant to bacitracin (92 %, 34/37) and penicillin (89 %, 33/37) followed by resistance towards ampicillin (68 %, 25/37), cefuroxime (38 %, 14/37), amikacin (6 %, 2/37) and ceftazidime (14 %, 5/37). None of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant towards chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and vancomycin. Antibiogram patterns exhibited, 9 patterns and phenotypically less heterogenous when compared to PCR-based techniques using ERIC- and RAPD-PCR. The results of the ERIC- and RAPD-PCR were analyzed using GelCompare software. ERIC-PCR with primers ERIC1R and ERIC2 discriminated the V. parahaemolyticus isolates into 6 clusters and 21 single isolates at a similarity level of 80 %. While, RAPD-PCR with primer Gen8 discriminated the V. parahaemolyticus isolates into 11 clusters and 10 single isolates and Gen9 into 8 clusters and 16 single isolates at the same similarity level examined. Results in the presence study demonstrated combination of phenotypically and genotypically methods show a wide heterogeneity among cockle isolates of V. parahaemolyticus

The effect of electronic and printed module about drug abuse prevention on teachers’ beliefs in Indonesia [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Background: Drug abuse is a serious global health problem. Globally, 269 million people or 5.3 percent of the population aged 15‒64 years used drugs in 2018. Evidence shows that most drug addicts start using drugs in adolescence (0.05). Conclusions: Electronic and printed module intervention significantly increased teachers’ beliefs in drug abuse prevention. The printed module was still effective to be used as learning media, while the electronic module was an alternative with some advantages

Ocular injury and its associated factors among patients admitted to a hospital in Selangor

Background: There are various factors associated with ocular injury such as age, gender, nationality, ethnicity, work related factor and alcohol intake. The aim of this study is to determine the proportion of ocular injury and its associated factors among patients admitted to a hospital in Selangor. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study design and universal sampling method were used. Data collection was conducted in a hospital in Selangor by retrospective review of secondary data for last six months from data collection period. The data were transferred into a proforma. The data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Chi square test was done to determine the relationship between the associated factors of ocular injury. Result: There were 11 8 proforma collected. There were higher proportion of ocular injury in age group of 20-39 (59.3%), male (92.4%), Malay (47.5%) and Malaysian (65.3%). Cases of unilateral eye involvement were highest (88.1%) and occurred unintentionally (94.9%). Mostly (80.5%), patients sought immediate treatment after ocular injury. The commonest place of incident and source of ocular injury were industrial premises (33.1%) and blunt object (28.0%) respectively. 52.5% of ocular injury were of non penetrating diagnosis. There was high proportion of ocular injury due to work related factor (44.9%). Besides, there were significant relationship between types of nationality with work related factor (p=0.001) and types with sources of injury (p=0.001). There was no relationship between period of time taken before treatment with types of injury (p=0.118). Conclusion: In short, ocular injury is more common in age group of 20-39 years old, male, Malaysian and Malay. There is high proportion of ocular injury due to work related factor. There are also significant relationship between types of nationality with work related factor and types of ocular injury with sources of injury among patients with ocular injury

Detection of shiga toxin 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2) genes in escherichia coli 0157: H7 isolated from retail beef in Malaysia by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Twenty (n=20) beef isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were examined for the detection of Shiga- toxin 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2) genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and characterized using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) fingerprinting. All isolates were obtained from the laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. In the detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 14 of isolates (14/20) were positive to stx1 and stx2. 5 isolates (5/20) were positive to stx1 and 1 isolate (1/20) was negative by either of stx1 or stx2 genes. Using RAPD-PCR analysis, two oligonucleotides were chosen because they yielded clearly and reproducible band. There were OPAR8 (5'-TGGGGCTGTC-3') and OPAR20 (5'-ACGGCAAGGA-3'). Subsequently, all 20 isolates of E.coli O157:H7 were subtyped using OPAR8 and OPAR20. Primer OPAR8 produced 8 RAPD-PCR fingerprinting namely P1 to P11. Whereas, OPAR20 produced 16 RAPD-PCR fingerprinting of Q1-Q18. Combination of two primers was analyzed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Dendogram performed from cluster analysis showed that all the 20 isolates of E.coli O157:H7 differentiated into 20 individual isolates which may suggest the high level of local geographical genetic variation

Detection of shiga toxin 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2) genes in escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from retail beef in Malaysia by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Twenty (n=20) beef isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were examined for the detection of Shiga- toxin 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2) genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and characterized using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR) fingerprinting. All isolates were obtained from the laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. In the detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 14 of isolates (14/20) were positive to stx1 and stx2. 5 isolates (5/20) were positive to stx1 and 1 isolate (1/20) was negative by either of stx1 or stx2 genes. Using RAPD-PCR analysis, two oligonucleotides were chosen because they yielded clearly and reproducible band. There were OPAR8 (5’-TGGGGCTGTC-3’) and OPAR20 (5’-ACGGCAAGGA-3’). Subsequently, all 20 isolates of E.coli O157:H7 were subtyped using OPAR8 and OPAR20. Primer OPAR8 produced 8 RAPD-PCR fingerprinting namely P1 to P11. Whereas, OPAR20 produced 16 RAPD-PCR fingerprinting of Q1-Q18. Combination of two primers was analyzed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Dendogram performed from cluster analysis showed that all the 20 isolates of E.coli O157:H7 differentiated into 20 individual isolates which may suggest the high level of local geographical genetic variation