103 research outputs found
Influence of small-scale turbulence on internal flamelet structure
Direct numerical simulation data obtained from a highly turbulent (Kolmogorov length scale is less than a laminar flame thickness by a factor of about 20) lean hydrogen-air complex chemistry flame are processed, with the focus of the study being placed on flame and flow characteristics conditioned to instantaneous local values c F x , t of the fuel-based combustion progress variable. By analyzing such conditioned quantities, the following two trends are documented. On the one hand, magnitudes of fluctuations of various local flame characteristics decrease with increasing the combustion progress variable, thus implying that the influence of small-scale (when compared to the laminar flame thickness) turbulence on internal flamelet structure is reduced as the flow advance from unburned reactants to combustion products. On the other hand, neither local turbulence characteristics (conditioned rms velocities, total strain, and enstrophy) nor local characteristics of flame-turbulence interaction (flame strain rate) decrease substantially from the reactant side to the product side. To reconcile these two apparently inconsistent trends, the former is hypothesized to be caused by the following purely kinematic mechanism: residence time of turbulence within a large part of a local flamelet is significantly shortened due to combustion-induced acceleration of the local flow in the direction normal to the flamelet. This residence-time reduction with increasing c F is especially strong in the preheat zone ( c F < 0.3 ) and the residence time is very short for 0.3 < c F < 0.8 . Therefore, small-scale turbulence penetrating the latter zone is unable to significantly perturb its local structure. Finally, numerical results that indirectly support this hypothesis are discussed
Smallest scale of wrinkles of a Huygens front in extremely strong turbulence
By analyzing the statistically stationary stage of propagation of a Huygens front in homogeneous, isotropic, constant-density turbulence, a length scale l(0) is introduced to characterize the smallest wrinkles on the front surface in the case of a low constant speed u(0) of the front when compared to the Kolmogorov velocity u(K). The length scale is derived following a hypothesis of dynamical similarity that highlights a balance between (i) creation of a front area due to advection and (ii) destruction of the front area due to propagation. Consequently, the front speed is compared with the magnitude of the fluid velocity difference in two points separated by a distance smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale. Appropriateness of the smallest wrinkle scale is demonstrated by applying a fractal approach to evaluating the mean area of the instantaneous front surface. Since the scales of the smallest and larger wrinkles belong to different subranges (dissipation and inertial, respectively) of the Kolmogorov turbulence spectrum, the front is hypothesized to be a bifractal characterized by two different fractal dimensions in the two subranges. Both fractal dimensions are evaluated adapting the aforementioned hypothesis of dynamical similarity. Such a bifractal model yields a linear relation between the mean fluid consumption velocity, which is equal to the front speed u(0) multiplied with a ratio of the mean area of the instantaneous front surface to the transverse projected area, and the rms turbulent velocity u\u27 even if a ratio of u(0)/u\u27 tends to zero
Solenoidal and potential velocity fields in weakly turbulent premixed flames
Direct Numerical Simulation data obtained earlier from two statistically 1D,
planar, fully-developed, weakly turbulent, single-step-chemistry, premixed
flames characterized by two significantly different (7.53 and 2.50) density
ratios {\sigma} are analyzed to explore the influence of combustion-induced
thermal expansion on the turbulence and the backward influence of such flow
perturbations on the reaction-zone surface. For this purpose, the simulated
velocity fields are decomposed into solenoidal and potential velocity
subfields. The approach is justified by the fact that results obtained adopting
(i) a widely used orthogonal Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition and (ii) a recently
introduced natural decomposition are close in the largest part of the
computational domain (including the entire mean flame brushes) except for
narrow zones near the inlet and outlet boundaries. The results show that
combustion-induced thermal expansion can significantly change turbulent flow of
unburned mixture upstream of a premixed flame by generating potential velocity
fluctuations. Within the flame brush, the potential and solenoidal velocity
fields are negatively (positively) correlated in unburned reactants (burned
products, respectively) provided that {\sigma}=7.53. Moreover, correlation
between strain rates generated by the solenoidal and potential velocity fields
and conditioned to the reaction zone is positive (negative) in the leading
(trailing, respectively) halves of the mean flame brushes. Furthermore, the
potential strain rate correlates negatively with the curvature of the reaction
zone, whereas the solenoidal strain rate and the curvature are negatively
(positively) correlated in the leading (trailing, respectively) halves of the
mean flame brushes.Comment: The work is accepted for oral presentation at the 38th Symposium
(International) on Combustion. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap
with arXiv:2007.0833
ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ Π₯ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ Π£ΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠ Π§ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ’Π« Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ 120-220 ΠΠΠ¦
The features of the design and the operation principle of frequency doublers in range 120-220 GHz are considered. The results of input and output power measurements of frequency doublers are given, the values of them efficiency factors are calculated. A technique for measuring and estimating the results of the deviation of the efficiency is developed. The dependence of the transmission coefficients from the value of the output power of the frequency doublers is investigated.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ 120-220 ΠΠΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΠΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
A number of governing documents and by-laws of the Russian Federation, branch ministries, departments and companies have introduced the use of measuring relative air humidity, elements insulation, and SF6 into operation and maintenance process of complete switchgear. A wide range of high-precision laboratory instruments has been developed to implement these measurements. However, as a rule, these are scheduled measurements to be carried out once or twice a quarter, although the constant on-line monitoring of humidity is concerned in both the production and scientific circles of the energy industry. The possibility of on-line monitoring appeared with the advent of fiber-optic object-based passive networks for collecting information and the possibility of forming interrogation channels in them, which is provided for by the development of the Smart Grid Plus concept. Fiber optic sensors, single in their physical layer structure with passive optical networks, are highly robust and resistant to high electromagnetic fields, typical of those generated in a switchgear, and are designed to operate in harsh environments. Among their broad class, fiber optic sensors on Bragg gratings, which differ from others by direct measurement methods, have significant advantages. In particular, an increase or decrease in relative humidity will lead to a corresponding change in the wavelength of the sensing source reflected from the grating, which can be measured with an accuracy of sixth place from its absolute value.This paper proposes to consider a two-element sensor of relative humidity of a parallel structure, which differs from the existing ones by using address fiber Bragg gratings made in SMF-28 fiber. One of the gratings has a polyimide-replaced quartz shell, synthesized using a reductant fiber coating, and a completely multiplicative response to temperature and deformation caused by humidity. The second grating is recorded in a standard fiber and responds only to temperature. It is possible to include an additional third grating with a partially etched cladding, which can be used for refract metric measurements of the amount of condensed moisture on the elements of a complete switchgear. All the gratings are identical, have, as a rule, the same Bragg wavelength after manipulating their claddings, but they have differing unique addresses, which are formed by recording two transparency windows in each of the gratings with different difference frequency space. The transparency windows correspond to phase p-shifts symmetrically located at the same distance from the center of each grating. The structure obtained makes it possible to record information of the measurement conversion at the said difference frequencies in the radio range, which significantly increases the speed of relative humidity measurements and their accuracy by an order of magnitude more. In addition to what has been said, it is possible to note the capability for building a network of these sensors in series arranged in switchgear devices, with a different radiofrequency address group being used in each of them.Π ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ², Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
Π°, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ»Π΅Π³Π°Π·Π° Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ². Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½-Π΄Π²Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π² ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Π», Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π΅ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ Β«Smart Grid PlusΒ». ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΡΡΠ³Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ Π΅Π΅ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΡΡΠ³Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π΅ SMF-28. ΠΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ, Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π΅, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°Π³ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ ΠΡΡΠ³Π³Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΊΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ p-ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π² ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ. Π Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°
Scaling of reaction progress variable variance in highly turbulent reaction waves
Self-propagation of a reaction wave, which consists of an infinitely thin reaction zone (front) and a thick inert mixing layer adjacent to the front, in constant-density statistically stationary, homogeneous isotropic turbulence unaffected by the wave is analytically studied. In the asymptotic case of a high turbulent Reynolds number, high Karlovitz number, and low Damk_ohler number Da, the scalar variance c02 is shown to be proportional to Da for the statistically stationary stage of the wave evolution. This scaling is supported by newly analyzed Direct Numerical Simulation data discussed in detail by Sabelnikov et al. ["Thin reaction zones in constant-density turbulent flows at low Damk_ohler numbers: Theory and simulations," Phys. Fluids 31, 055104 (2019)]. The obtained analytical results also show that, under conditions of the present study, spatial gradients of reactant concentration non-uniformities due to the reaction and spatial gradients of reactant concentration non-uniformities due to the turbulence are of the same order of magnitude. Accordingly, major statistical characteristics of the scalar field c(x, t) such as the mean area of an iso-scalar surface c(x, t) = const, the mean molecular flux through this surface, etc., can be found adopting results known in the theory of inert and passive turbulent mixing. Nevertheless, the reaction indirectly affects these characteristics by controlling the mean thickness of the reaction wave and, consequently, the spatial gradient of the mean reaction progress variable. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing
Evaluation of mean species mass fractions in premixed turbulent flames: A DNS study
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) data obtained by Dave and Chaudhuri (2020) from a lean, complex-chemistry, hydrogen-air flame associated with the thin-reaction-zone regime of premixed turbulent burning are analyzed (by adapting fiv e alternati v e definitions of combustion progress variable c) in order to examine three different models that (i) are based on the flamelet paradigm and (ii) aim at evaluating mean concentrations of various species in applied CFD research into turbulent combustion. Mean mole fractions of all considered species and mean density are predicted if the laminar-flame profiles of species mole fractions and density, respectively, are directly averaged using a Probability Density Function (PDF) P (c). The best predictions are obtained by extracting P (c) from the DNS data and defining c based on hydrogen mass fraction.These predictions suggest that mean mole fractions of various species in a premixed turbulent flame can be evaluated at a post-processing stage of a CFD study by adopting P (c), obtained at the major stage of the simulations, to average a flamelet library. When applied in such a way, the flamelet paradigm is useful even for lean hydrogen-air flames and even at Karlovitz number as large as 13. If the same PDF is applied to average reaction rates from the same flamelet library, the mean rates of production/consumption of species n are poorly predicted, e.g. for radicals H, O, OH, HO2 , and H2 O2 if c is defined using hydrogen mass frac- tion. A hypothesis that conditioned rates (Wn | c) can be predicted using conditioned mole fractions (Xn| c) , temperature (T | c) , and density (Ο| c) is not supported either, e.g. for radicals O and OH. These differences between predictive capabilities of the first approach (directly averaging concentration profiles) and two other approaches (averaging reaction rates) are attributed to weakly (highly) non-linear dependencies of the concentrations (rates, respectively) on c
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