Utilization of galactomannan from Gleditsia triacanthos in polysaccharide-based films : effects of interactions between film constituents on film properties

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the concentrations of Gleditsia triacanthos galactomannan and glycerol and the presence of corn oil in the physical properties of edible films. The influence of interactions between those constituents on films' permeability to gases (water vapour, CO2 and O2), solubility in water, mechanical properties and colour was evaluated. The effects of those variables were analysed according to a 23 factorial design; regression coefficients were used to understand the influence of each variable (factor) on the studied properties, and a multifactor model was developed. Results show that galactomannan concentration is the most significant factor affecting the studied properties; moreover, the increase of plasticizer concentration and the presence of oil showed to be the most influent in the particular cases of solubility and transport properties (water vapour permeability and O2 permeability), respectively. These results show that galactomannan films' properties can be tailored to allow their use as alternative to non-biodegradable, non-edible packaging materials.The author M. A. Cerqueira is recipient of a fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT, SFRH/BPD/72753/2010) and B. W. S. Souza is a recipient of a fellowship from the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brazil (Capes, Brazil)

Effects of interactions between the constituents of chitosan-edible films on their physical properties

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of chitosan and plasticizer concentrations and oil presence on the physical and mechanical properties of edible films. The effect of the film constituents and their in-between interactions were studied through the evaluation of permeability, opacity and mechanical properties. The effects of the studied variables (concentrations of chitosan, plasticizer and oil) were analysed according to a 2 3 factorial design. Pareto charts were used to identify the most significant factors in the studied properties (water vapour, oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability; opacity; tensile strength; elongation at break and Young's modulus). When addressing the influence of the interactions between the films' constituents on the properties above, results show that chitosan and plasticizer concentrations are the most significant factors affecting most of the studied properties, while oil incorporation has shown to be of a great importance in the particular case of transport properties (gas permeability), essentially due to its hydrophobicity. Water vapour permeability values (ranging from 1. 62 × 10 -11 to 4. 24 × 10 -11 g m -1 s -1 Pa -1) were half of those reported for cellophane films. Also the mechanical properties (tensile strength values from 0. 43 to 13. 72 MPa and elongation-at-break values from 58. 62% to 166. 70%) were in the range of those reported for LDPE and HDPE. Based on these results, we recommend the use of 1. 5% (w/w) chitosan concentration to produce films, where the oil and plasticizer proportions will have to be adjusted in a case-by-case basis according to the use intended for the material. This work provides a useful guide to the formulation of chitosan-based film-forming solutions for food packaging applications.The author MA Cerqueira is a recipient of a fellowship from Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT, SFRH/BD/23897/2005) and BWS Souza is a recipient of a fellowship from the Coordenacao Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brazil (Capes, Brazil)

Processamento mínimo, atmosfera modificada, produtos químicos e resfriamento no controle da podridão basal pós-colheita em frutos do coqueiro anão verde Minimal processing, modified atmosphere, chemical products and cooling to control post-harvest basal rot of fresh green coconut fruits (Cocos nucifera)

O trabalho teve o objetivo de investigar, isolada e integradamente, o efeito do corte polar do coco verde, a atmosfera modificada, e a associação de produtos químicos, sob condições de câmara frigorífica no controle da podridão basal pós-colheita causada por Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Frutos provenientes de áreas infestadas foram cortados transversalmente, removendo-se as brácteas e, em seguida, foram submetidos aos tratamentos com ceras e fungicidas. Após o tratamento, esses frutos foram embalados em caixas de papelão e transferidos para a câmara frigorífica à ±12º C por 30 ou 35 dias, de acordo com o ensaio. As avaliações foram realizadas a cada dois dias. A exclusão do fungo por meio do corte do mesocarpo na região das brácteas do coco verde foi eficiente no controle da doença, e a proteção com a cera EF-1 foi excelente protetor contra o dano pelo frio e fungos deteriorantes nos frutos cortados. Também, verificou-se que a associação corte basal do fruto + emulsão de cera + fungicida foi uma excelente alternativa de conservação e controle da doença em estudo.<br>Fruits of coconut (Cocos nucifera) cultivated in Brazil for coconut milk consumption are highly susceptible to attack by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Infection occurs still in the field as the pathogen remains quiescent in the plant. This study was undertaken to test several processing methods in order to avoid fruit deterioration. Fruits collected from a plantation with a record of severe disease outbreaks were cut at the basal region and treated with emulsions prepared from palm wax, alone and with fungicides. Fruits were cut 1.5 cm deep from the insertion point by using a cut machine developed for this task. fruits were placed in a paper box, and kept in a cool chamber at +12ºC for 30 to 35 days, depending upon the treatment. Evaluations were carried out every 2 days. The cutting process successfully eliminated the fungus from the fruit tissues. In addition, emulsion EF-1 exhibited an excellent protection against chilling damage as well as against opportunistic fungi. The association cut of basal section + emulsion + fungicide was the best alternative for controlling the disease