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    Focus on the Review Standards of Article XXI of the GATT

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์žฅ์Šนํ™”.ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๅ‰๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ดโ€œ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฌด์—ญ์ฃผ์˜โ€์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌด์—ญ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์„ ์–ธํ•œ ์ดํ›„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ไธ‹ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ์ทจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ๅ‰๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฌด์—ญ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์ทจ์ž„ ์ดํ›„, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ œ์žฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ็พŽ์ •๋ถ€ ์™ธ๊ต ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ œ์žฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํŠธ๋Ÿผํ”„ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ็พŽ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ธˆ์ง€๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…/๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ด€๋ จ, ้ž๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์—…/๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ œ์žฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ็พŽ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ๅ‘ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ด์ „์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹ ํฅ(Emerging) ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜(Foundational) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ็พŽ์ˆ˜์ถœํ†ต์ œ๊ทœ์ • ไธŠ ํ†ต์ œํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ถœํ†ต์ œ ํ’ˆ๋ชฉ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ด๋“ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ์ถœ๋ฒ” ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ็พŽ์ˆ˜์ถœํ†ต์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ œ์žฌ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌด์—ญ์ œํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋Š” ๋”์šฑ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ†ต์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ œ์žฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์—ญ์™ธ๊ด€ํ• ๊ถŒ(Extraterritorial Jurisdiction)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ œํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋“ค์€ GATT ํ˜‘์ •๋ฌธ์˜ ์›์น™๊ณผ๋„ ์ €์ด‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ็พŽ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฌด์—ญ ์ œํ•œ ์กฐ์น˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ์กฐ์น˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, GATT ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ(Security Exception)๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด GATT ํ˜‘์ •๋ฌธ ์œ„๋ฐ˜์ด ์•„๋‹˜์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. GATT XXI์กฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” ์ ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์กฐํ•ญ ๅ…ง ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์šฉ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ผ๋ž€์— ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, GATT ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” ์ž์ฒดํŒ๋‹จ์กฐํ•ญ(Self-Judging Provision)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ์˜ ๋‚จ์šฉ์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, 2019๋…„ WTO ํŒจ๋„์€ Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด GATT ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ GATT ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ WTO์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋„์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ GATT ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ์‹œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐํ•ญ ํ•ด์„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, GATT ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ํฐ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜, WTO์—๋Š” ์„ ๋ก€๊ตฌ์†์˜ ์›์น™(System of Precedent)์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์†๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ํŒ๊ฒฐ์€ GATT์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฒดํŒ๋‹จ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์•„๋‹˜์„ ํŒ์‹œํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ ์ ์šฉ ์š”๊ฑด ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ GATT ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŒจ๋„์˜ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์ด ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ตญ ์•ˆ๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ž์œ /๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌด์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ (์ž์ฒด ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ ๋‚จ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ)์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ GATT ์•ˆ๋ณด์˜ˆ์™ธ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋‚จ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, WTO๋Š” ๋”์šฑ๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.Since former President of the United States, Donald J. Trump, declared new trade policies based on an ideology of โ€œtrade protectionismโ€, the United States has been imposing aggressive unilateral economic sanctions and export controls under the notion of national security protection. While it is not the first time the United States has taken protectionist approaches to international trade, former President Trumpโ€™s trade policies seem to reflect an extreme version of trade protectionism in the modern world of open trade. After former President Trump assumed the presidency, economic sanctions and export controls have become the dominant part of the United Statesโ€™ foreign policy. The U.S. economic sanctions have been evolving at an unprecedented pace over the last few years. In particular, the Trump Administration had strengthened sanctions programs to prohibit certain types of non-US entitiesโ€™ dealings towards the targeted states or entities blacklisted by the U.S. Government. Moreover, the U.S. export control is currently in the process of a major expansion to cover broad categories of emerging and foundational technologies, which ultimately aims to control the release of the U.S. technologies to its rivals, such as China. The United States, under the Biden Administration, has been continuing these aggressive economic sanctions and export controls, and the trade protectionism initiated by the Trump Administration has been maintained as a central part of the U.S. foreign policy to date. The U.S. export controls and economic sanctions retain broad extraterritorial jurisdiction and have been significantly impacting global trades. In particular, these trade-restrictive measures are often found to be inconsistent with the GATT obligations. Nevertheless, the U.S. Government arguably should be able to invoke the security exception of the GATT by arguing that these measures are implemented for the protection of national security interests and thus should be justified under the security exception. The security exception of the GATT, which is provided under Article XXI of the GATT, has been controversial for a long time and subject to intense discussion due to the unclear scope and lack of clear definitions of key terms therein. There has been a general understanding that Article XXI of the GATT is a self-judging provision, and therefore, potentially abusive employment of the security exception has not been effectively controlled. However, the Panel in Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit delivered its rulings on Article XXI of the GATT, which is the very first attempt by the WTO to clarify the scope and ambit of the security exception. While such ruling reflects significant developments of the security exception as it confirms the justiciability of the security exception, it still acknowledges a substantial degree of the self-judging component of the security exception. This dissertation argues that while the review standard for the security exception of the GATT adopted by the Panel in Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit provides a great systemic balance between the member statesโ€™ interests in protecting their national security interests and their rights to free and open trade, it does not adequately solve the core problem of the security exception, which is the potentially abusive employment of the security exception due to the self-judging component of the exception. This dissertation further argues that the WTO needs to adopt a more reasonable and objective review standard for security exception disputes to effectively prevent the potential abuse of the security exception and proposes an appropriate review standard to that end.PART I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background 1 B. Purpose 6 C. Organization and Outline 9 PART II. TRADE-RESTRICTIVE MEASURES OF THE U.S. 12 A. The U.S. Export Controls 12 1. Overview 12 2. Export Controls Policies and Mechanisms 12 3. Export Administration Regulations 14 a. Overview 14 b. Scope of the EAR 14 c. Penalties 18 4. Major Developments since Trump Administration 19 a. Export Controls of Emerging and Foundational Technologies 19 b. Export Controls against China 22 i. Designation of Huawei on the Entity List 24 ii. Strengthened Controls on Exports to/for Military End User/End Use 26 B. The U.S. Economic Sanctions 28 1. Overview 28 2. Comprehensive Sanctions 32 a. Iran Sanctions 33 i. Primary Sanctions 34 ii. Secondary Sanctions 35 b. Cuba Sanctions 36 i. Primary Sanctions 36 ii. Secondary Sanctions 37 3. Major Developments since Trump Administration 38 a. Iran Sanctions 38 i. Re-imposition of Secondary Sanctions 38 ii. Expiration of the SRE Waivers 39 iii. Designation of Iranian Banks on the SDN List 40 b. Cuba Sanctions 41 i. Elimination of the โ€œU-Turnโ€ Transaction Authorization 42 ii. Amendments of the EAR to Strengthen Cuba Sanctions 43 PART III. LEGALITY UNDER PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SECURITY EXCEPTIONS UNDER THE GATT 44 A. Legality under Public International Law 44 1. Overview 44 2. Inconsistency with the Principles of Public International Laws 45 3. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 51 a. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of the U.S. Export Controls 52 b. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of the U.S. Economic Sanctions 53 c. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Accepted under Customary International Law 55 4. Multilateral Efforts on Export Controls and Economic Sanctions 60 5. Role of the WTO to Review the Security Exception Matters 63 B. Security Exceptions under Article XXI of the GATT 69 1. Overview 69 2. Inconsistency with the GATT Obligations 71 3. Security Exception of the GATT and Fundamental Issues 72 a. Scope of the Security Exception 75 b. Self-Judging Provision 78 c. Review of Foreign Policy 81 d. Sovereignty vs Spirit of Multilateralism 84 4. Next Generations of Security Exceptions: Post-Article XXI of the GATT 87 a. Security Exceptions in BITs 88 b. Security Exceptions in FCN Treaties 92 5. The GATT/WTO Decisions on the Security Exception of the GATT 94 a. Prior Cases โ€“ Before Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit 95 b. Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit 96 PART IV. REVIEW STANDARDS FOR ARTICLE XXI OF THE GATT 102 A. Overview 102 B. Analysis of the WTO Panelโ€™s Decisions on Article XXI of the GATT 105 1. Russia โ€“ Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit 105 2. Saudi Arabia โ€“ Measures Concerning the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights 109 C. Possible Alternative Review Standards for Article XXI of the GATT 115 1. Review Standards Applied in BIT/FCN Cases 115 2. Review Standards Suggested by Scholars 118 D. Proposed Review Standard for Article XXI of the GATT 127 E. Applying the Necessity Test to the Security Exception 133 1. Weighing and Balancing Test 135 a. Contribution of the Measures to the Realization of the End Pursued 135 b. Importance of the Interest that the Measure is Intended to Protect 138 c. Trade-Restrictive Impact of the Measure 140 2. Less Trade-Restrictive Alternative Means 142 F. Application of the Proposed Review Standard 144 1. The U.S. Export Controls 145 2. The U.S. Economic Sanctions 150 CONCLUSION 155 BIBLIOGRAPHY 159 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 167๋ฐ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๊น€์„ฑ๊ท .Purpose: The application range of 3D printing technology in the dental field is increasing due to the development of additive manufacturing technology and the advantages of manufacturing methods. However, there is a lack of research on differences in various characteristics when a prosthesis produced by 3D printing is compared with one produced by a conventional method. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are differences in characteristics (metal-ceramic bond strength, mechanical properties) of metal depending on different manufacturing methods (casting, milling, and selective laser melting). Materials and methods: To measure the mechanical properties of alloys, Coโ€“Cr alloy specimens were prepared in three different ways: via casting using ingots (Star Loy C, Dentsply Sirona, Pennsylvania, USA), milling using milling disks (Starbond Coโ€“Cr block, Scheftner Dental Alloys, Mainz, Germany), or selective laser melting (SLM) using powder (SP2, EOS, Krailling, Germany). Specimens were fabricated in the shape of a 34 ร— 13 ร— 1.5 mm plate in accordance with ISO 22674:2016. Twelve specimens were prepared for each group. The flexural stressโ€“strain curves of the metals were drawn based on the results of three-point bending tests. Afterward, elastic modulus, yield strength, and flexural strength values were calculated. In addition, to measure their metalโ€“ceramic bond strength values, specimens were prepared in the same way as 25 ร— 3 ร— 0.5 mm plates in accordance with ISO 9693-1:2012. An 8 ร— 3 ร— 1.1 mm ceramic part (Hera Ceram, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany) was applied in the center portion above it. For each of the 12 specimens produced, the metalโ€“ceramic bond strength (ฯ„b) value was measured through three-point bending tests. After the experiment, five specimens were randomly selected from each group, and their surface roughness (Ra) values were measured at three sites per specimen. Next, the surface of specimens was analyzed via energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) after the ceramic part had been removed. In addition, the surface where the metal had broken and the surface from which the ceramic part fell off were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the tests were checked for equal dispersion by applying the Levene's test, and the influence of manufacturing methods on Ra, elastic modulus, yield strength, flexural strength, and metalโ€“ceramic bond strength values, as well as the percentage of ceramic remaining on the surface, were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) followed by Tukey's Post-hoc test (ฮฑ = 0.05). Results: The Ra values were not statistically different (casting group 1.19 ยฑ 0.58 ฮผm, milling group 0.88 ยฑ 0.46 ฮผm, and SLM group 1.10 ยฑ 0.30 ฮผm), the elastic modulus value was the largest for the casting group (casting group 560.53 ยฑ 21.53 GPa, milling group 473.55 ยฑ 35.02 GPa, and SLM group 464.55 ยฑ 10.77 GPa), and the yield strength value (casting group 567.92 ยฑ 35.53 MPa, milling group 323.86 ยฑ 32.04 MPa, and SLM group 591.18 ยฑ 22.31 MPa) and the flexural strength value (casting group 792.31 ยฑ 81.64 MPa, milling group 494.16 ยฑ 51.93 MPa SLM group 849.48 ยฑ 24.45 MPa) were the smallest for the milling group. By observing the fracture surface of the metals via SEM, characteristic dendritic and inter-dendritic structures resulting from non-uniform cooling after casting were observed in the casting group, uniform surfaces were observed in the milling group, and the SLM group showed nanosized crystalline structures. Wave striations were observed on the fracture surface of the milling group, while the SLM group showed cleavage step patterns. The casting group attained a high ฯ„b value (casting group 32.51 ยฑ 2.68 MPa, milling group 26.98 ยฑ 3.97 MPa, and SLM group 29.07 ยฑ 2.90 MPa). However, all three groups passed the ISO standard test. Ceramic remains on the surface after removing the ceramic were observed. From the results of the component analysis using EDX, the proportion of silicon detected on the surface is in the order of the milling group, the SLM group, and the casting group, all of which showed a mixed failure pattern (casting group 36.44 ยฑ 6.37%, milling group 57.10 ยฑ 12.26%, and SLM group 49.50 ยฑ 7.69%). Conclusions: The Ra values of the Coโ€“Cr alloys produced by the three different methods were not different. Among the mechanical properties tested, the elastic modulus value was high for the casting group and yield strength and flexural strength values were low for the milling group. Every specimen showed a mixed failure pattern. Although there were differences in the results for the casting, milling, and SLM manufacturing methods, it was found that they all passed the test of bond strength according to the ISO standards. Considering many other advantages, the SLM method seems to have the potential to replace the traditional fabrication method.๋ชฉ ์ : ์ ์ธต ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์น˜๊ณผ ์˜์—ญ์— 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋ณด์ฒ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ 3D ํ”„๋ฆฐํŒ… ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ธ ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต (Selective Laser Melting; SLM) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธโ€“ํฌ๋กฌ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฃผ์กฐ, ์ ˆ์‚ญ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋จผ์ € ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ฃผ๊ดด(Star Loy C, Dentsply Sirona, Pennsylvania, USA)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฃผ์กฐ, ๋””์Šคํฌ(Starbond Coโ€“Cr block, Scheftner dental alloys, Mainz, Germany)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐ€๋ง, ํŒŒ์šฐ๋”(SP2, EOS, Krailling, Germany)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ SLM 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธโ€“ํฌ๋กฌ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ISO 22674:2016 ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 34 ร— 13 ร— 1.5 mm ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํŒ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„๋กœ 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•ด 3์  ๊ตฝํž˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ์‘๋ ฅโ€“๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„, ๊ตด๊ณก๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธˆ์†โ€“์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ISO 9693-1:2012 ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ 25 ร— 3 ร— 0.5 mm ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์œ„์˜ ์ค‘์•™ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน(Hera Ceram, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany)์„ 8 ร— 3 ร— 1.1 mm ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฐ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ๊ฐ 12๊ฐœ์”ฉ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์— 3์  ๊ตฝํž˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธˆ์†-์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๊ฐ•๋„(ฯ„b)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ํ›„ ๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ ๋‹น 5๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด ์‹œํŽธ ๋‹น 3๊ฐœ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ(Ra)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ด ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Levene's test๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“ฑ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , 3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ, ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„, ๊ตด๊ณก๊ฐ•๋„, ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ•๋„, ๊ธˆ์† ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ผ์› ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , Tukey's post-hoc test๋กœ ์‚ฌํ›„ ๊ฒ€์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค (ฮฑ = 0.05). ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ: ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 1.19 ยฑ 0.58 ฮผm, ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ 0.88 ยฑ 0.46 ฮผm, SLM๊ตฐ 1.10 ยฑ 0.30 ฮผm) ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 560.53 ยฑ 21.53 GPa, ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ 473.55 ยฑ 35.02 GPa, SLM๊ตฐ 464.55 ยฑ 10.77 GPa) ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„์™€ (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 567.92 ยฑ 35.53 MPa, ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ 323.86 ยฑ 32.04 MPa, SLM๊ตฐ 591.18 ยฑ 22.31 MPa) ๊ตด๊ณก๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 792.31 ยฑ 81.64 MPa, ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ 494.16 ยฑ 51.93 MPa, SLM๊ตฐ 849.48 ยฑ 24.45 MPa) ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ํŒŒ์ ˆ๋ฉด์„ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์กฐ ํ›„์— ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. SLM๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ ˆ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , SLM๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋‹จ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํŒŒ์ ˆ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์†-์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ•๋„(ฯ„b)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 32.51 ยฑ 2.68 MPa, ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ 26.98 ยฑ 3.97 MPa, SLM๊ตฐ 29.07 ยฑ 2.90 MPa) ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ISO ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„ธ ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ด ํƒˆ๋ฝํ•œ ๋ฉด์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์† ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋ถ„์„(EDS) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ทœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋œ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ, SLM๊ตฐ, ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 36.44 ยฑ 6.37 %, ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ 57.10 ยฑ 12.26 %, SLM๊ตฐ 49.50 ยฑ 7.69 %) ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก : ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ฐœํŠธโ€“ํฌ๋กฌ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ’์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ ์ค‘์—์„œ ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๊ตด๊ณก๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ€๋ง๊ตฐ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ํƒˆ๋ฝ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์กฐ, ๋ฐ€๋ง, SLM ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ISO ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์„ธ ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์„ ํƒ์  ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์šฉ์œต ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ œ์ž‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.I. INTRODUCTION 8 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 III. RESULTS 20 IV. DISCUSSION 30 V. CONCLUSIONS 36 REFERENCES 37 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 43Docto

    Critical Review on Criticism to Semantic Theory of Law by Ronald Dworkin -based on Jules Coleman's version of inclusive legal positivism-

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ๊น€๋„๊ท .๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์€ 1์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•˜ํŠธ์˜ ์Šน์ธ์œจ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ๋ฒ•์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด, ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ๋ฒ•์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ฐ€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณต์œ ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ์Šน์ธ์œจ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€, ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ƒ ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์œ ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šน์ธ์œจ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ๋ฒ•์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์‹ ์˜นํ˜ธ๋ก ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ•˜ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์–ธ์–ด๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์‹ ์˜นํ˜ธ๋ก ์€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต์œ ๋œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜ํŠธ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์€ ์‹ค์ฆ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ด๋ก ์ด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ฐ€๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•์‹ค์ฆ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์ด ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ฒ•์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ๊ณ ์ƒํ•œ ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง€์นญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์€ ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ์™ธ์—ฐ์„ ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์–ฝ๋งค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด, ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ด๋ก ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๋…ผ์˜ 8 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ธต์œ„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 8 1. ํ† ๋Œ€, ๊ทœ์ค€, ๋‚ด์šฉ 8 2. ๋ฒ•์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 12 3. ์ „ํ•ด์„์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ํ•ด์„์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 19 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•˜ํŠธ/์ฝœ๋จผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์‹ค์ฆ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 23 1. ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ์น™ 24 2. ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ์น™ 29 3. ๋“œ์›Œํ‚จ์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ์›๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 33 4. ํฌ์šฉ์  ๋ฒ•์‹ค์ฆ์ฃผ์˜ 38 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์  ๋ฒ•์ด๋ก  45 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์Šน์ธ์œจ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 45 1. ํšจ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์ค€ 45 2. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์ธต์œ„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 49 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด 54 1. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด 54 2. ์Šน์ธ์œจ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด 56 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์‹ ์˜นํ˜ธ๋ก  60 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์–ธ์–ด์ฒ ํ•™์  ์Ÿ์  61 1. ํ•˜ํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 61 2. ๊ทœ์ค€์˜์กด์ (criterial) ๊ฐœ๋… ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  67 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•ด์„์  ์Ÿ์  78 1. ์˜๋ฏธ๋ก ์˜ ๋…์นจ์˜ ์—ฐ์› 79 2. ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ 87 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์Šน์ธ์œจ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด์ฐจ์ด 94 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด 94 1. ๊ณต๋ฌด๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 94 2. ๊ณต๋ฌด๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 98 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ 104 1. ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์  ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ 104 2. ์—ฐ์ž‘์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ์†Œ๊ฒฉํ™”(Verfremdung) 114 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  123 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 126 Abstract 136Maste

    The Concept of the Subject in the Philosophy of Husserl , Descartes and Lacan

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ธ์‹๋ก , ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๊ธ€๋กœ์„œ, ๋ผ์บ‰ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ฒด์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ฐœ์ „์ž„์„ ๋…ผ์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฃผ์ฒด ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜์‹์ฒ ํ•™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ด€ํ•ญ์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ผ์บ‰์€ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด ์ •๊ตํ™”๋œ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์บ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ”„๋กœ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ ๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ์™€ ํ›„์„ค ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•ด๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํŠธ, ํ›„์„ค, ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ฒด์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๊ณ„์Šน์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ผ์บ‰์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์‚ฌ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„๋Œ€์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์Ÿ์  ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์„ํ•™๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค

    17๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ตฌ์น˜-์ ˆ์น˜ ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ์ฆ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ-๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์น˜์˜ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ํ—ˆ๊ฒฝํšŒ.๊ตฌ์น˜-์ ˆ์น˜ ์ €๊ด‘ํ™”์ฆ์€ 1๊ฐœ ํ˜น์€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ œ1์˜๊ตฌ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜์˜ ์ €๊ด‘ํ™”๋œ ์น˜๊ด€์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๊ตฌ์น˜-์ ˆ์น˜ ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ์ฆ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ƒ์—์„œ ํŠน์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์งง๊ณ  ์–‡์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ์ €ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์น˜๊ทผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ œ1์˜๊ตฌ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๊ตฌ์น˜์™€ ์˜๊ตฌ ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜, ๊ฒฌ์น˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ตฌ์น˜-์ ˆ์น˜ ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ์ฆ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 17๋ช…์˜ ๊ตฌ์น˜-์ ˆ์น˜ ์ €ํ˜•์„ฑ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ œ1๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜์™€ ์œ ๊ตฌ์น˜๋“ค์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ์ด ์งง๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ €๋ฐœ์œก๋œ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข์•„์ง„ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์น˜๊ด€๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์ง•ํ›„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตฌ์ ˆ์น˜์™€ ๊ฒฌ์น˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋งŒ๊ณก๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์งง์•„์ง„ ์น˜๊ทผ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฆ๋ก€์—์„œ๋Š” ์น˜๊ด€์—์„œ๋„ ์น˜๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ž…์›์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์น˜-์ ˆ์น˜ ์ดํ˜•์„ฑ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜์•„๋Š” ์น˜๊ทผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ฐ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹คํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ์งˆํ™˜์— ์ดํ™˜๋œ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a term which describes the clinical feature of one to all the first permanent molars in hypomineralized state. On the other hand, Molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a recently reported, novel dental phenotype, which is characterized by root malformation of the first permanent molars. This also may appear on the second deciduous molars as well as the maxillary permanent central incisors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the clinical and radiological features of MIM. We retrospectively reviewed the radiographic data and medical history of 17 MIM patients who visited Seoul National University Dental Hospital from January 2001 to March 2015. The affected permanent first molars and deciduous molars showed short, slender underdeveloped roots and constricted pulp chamber. However, any abnormality in shape or color on the crown portion of the affected molars had not been recorded on dental chart. All the affected permanent incisors and canines exhibited dilacerated short roots. In some cases of incisors and canines, wedge-shaped defect on the cervical part of the crown was noted. Regarding the medical history of the patients, all the patients had been hospitalized because of several problems during neonatal period. Due to the limitation of anatomical disability, MIM may cause early loss of the affected permanent teeth. Therefore, the early diagnosis on radiographs with appropriate treatment will lead to favorable prognosis for patients, especially on youth and adolescence.Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 3 Result 4 Discussion 6 References 10 Table 11 Figure 15 ์š”์•ฝ(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 22Maste

    ์ œ4์ฐจ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณต๊ฐœํ† ๋ก ํšŒ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉฐ

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    ์™ธ๊ตญ ํ•ด์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(์ผ€๋ƒํ•ด์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™์˜๊ฒฝ์šฐ)

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    This study deals with the development of curriculum for navigation science department of Kenya maritime college, which is planned to be established in near future. To achieve the goal of study, various investigations are performed as follows. Firstly, in chapter 2 the present state of Kenya in relation to education and maritime industry and JKUAT university and itโ€™s curriculum are investigated. In chapter 3, IMO requirements of maritime education for navigation officers and IMO model courses are investigated, respectively. In chapter 4, curriculums of navigation science department for foreign major maritime universities such as USMMA and CMA in USA, PMMA and MAAP in Philippine, KMOU in Korea, DMU in China and VIMARU and HCMUT in Vietnam are investigated. Finally, in chapter 5 the curriculum of Kenya maritime college and the teaching syllabuses of maritime major subjects are proposed. The proposed curriculum in this study is based on 5 year education program which is composed of 10 semesters with 2 semesters every year including 1 year onboard training. Total credit hours to be completed are 200. The subjects in curriculum are composed of basic subjects, maritime subjects, major subjects and onboard training subject with the weight ratio of 25:40:15:20. The onboard training subject is a single subject which takes 40 credit hours with Pass/Fail score. The basic subjects are chosen primarily from JKUAT curriculum, because it is to get the teaching helps from JKUAT professors. The proposed teaching syllabuses of maritime subjects are developed based on IMO model courses and those are minimum teaching contents to be taught. The more detailed syllabuses and teaching aids can be seek in relevant IMO model courses. The deficient parts in this study is that the investigation to the curriculum of foreign major maritime universities is performed insufficiently due to the lack of relevant syllabuses and the investigation to the curriculum of european maritime universities can not be performed due to no relevant curriculums.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1.3 ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ผ€๋ƒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 5 2.1 ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 5 2.2 ๊ต์œก์ œ๋„ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 7 2.3 ํ•ญ๋งŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 8 2.4 ํ•ด์šด/์„ ์› ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 9 2.5 JKUAT ์†Œ๊ฐœ 10 ์ œ3์žฅ IMO ํ•ด๊ธฐ๊ต์œก ์š”๊ฑด 16 3.1 STCW ํ˜‘์•ฝ 16 3.2 IMO Model Courses 17 ์ œ4์žฅ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ด์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ • 21 4.1 USMMA 21 4.2 CMA 25 4.3 PMMA 30 4.4 MAAP 33 4.5 KMOU 36 4.6 DMU 40 4.7 VIMARU 44 4.8 HCMUT 47 4.9 ๊ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ • ๋น„๊ต 50 4.9.1 ํ•ญํ•ด ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 50 4.9.2 ์šดํ•ญ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 51 4.9.3 ํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 52 4.9.4 ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 53 4.9.5 ์ „๊ณต ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 54 4.9.6 ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 55 ์ œ5์žฅ ์ผ€๋ƒ ํ•ด์–‘๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•ญํ•ดํ•™๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ • 57 5.1 ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 57 5.1.1 ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 57 5.1.2 ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 57 5.1.3 ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ์ˆ˜ 58 5.2 ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ 59 5.2.1 ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 59 5.2.2 ํ•ด๊ธฐ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 60 5.2.3 ์ „๊ณต ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 60 5.3 ํ•ด๊ธฐ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ต์ˆ˜์š”๋ชฉ 63 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  64 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 66 ๋ถ€๋ก 6

    A Study of 2000s Korea Poetry - Focusing on the 'infinite', 'repeat', 'excessiveโ€™ -

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    LS-DYNA ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋น„์ƒ์ฒด ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๊ฐ•ํ˜„๊ตฌ.The concrete is a principal material that has been comprehensively used in the field of civil and architectural engineering including from high-rise structures to long-span bridges. Not only these typically representative buildings, but other structures and national major facilities such as nuclear power plants also have mainly adopted concrete in various ways. These concrete structures should be designed against severe accidents causing structural failure. In this regard, the structural safety of each concrete structure should be evaluated meticulously. The primary purpose of this thesis is to suggest analytical methods to simulate the projectile impact on concrete target using the finite element software of ANSYS LS-DYNA. The analytical approach is suggested by establishing a numerical model in the software. It is used to simulate actual experiments in the past, aircraft impact experiments conducted by Sandia National Laboratories in 1988, and imaginary blade impacts on an auxiliary building in the Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). The developed numerical analysis could reduce a huge amount of time and cost compared to actual experiments, without sacrificing accuracy. In addition, the constructed numerical model in the software predicted the test results effectively regardless of time, space, and size of the specimens. The suggested numerical methods for the projectile impact and local failure in this study are expected to be utilized in the diverse research fields on the design of national facilities or shelters and various analytical and experimental studies of projectile impact.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Objective and Scope 4 1.3 Organization of Thesis 5 Chapter 2. Review of Previous Studies 7 2.1 Background Theory 7 2.1.1 Basic Principles of Dynamics 7 2.2 Aircraft Impact 9 2.2.1 F-4D Jet Impact Experiment (Sugano et al., 1993c) 9 2.2.2 Force-Time History Analysis 11 2.2.3 Missile-Target Interaction Analysis 14 2.3 Projectile Impact on Concrete Target 22 2.3.1 Previous Experimental Studies 24 2.3.2 Empirical Methodology for Local Failure 28 2.4 Discussion 40 Chapter 3. Modeling Features of Finite Element Software 41 3.1 Concrete Materials 42 3.1.1 Karagozian and Case Concrete Model (MAT_72R3) 42 3.1.2 Winfrith Concrete Model (MAT_084) 43 3.1.3 CSCM Model (MAT_159) 43 3.2 Reinforcement Material 46 3.3 Hourglass Control 46 3.4 Method to Bond Concrete and Rebar 49 Chapter 4. Numerical Analysis of Aircraft Impact 50 4.1 Summary of Previous Experiment 50 4.2 Numerical Model in LS-DYNA 51 4.2.1 F-4D Jet Modeling 51 4.2.2 Concrete Target 55 4.2.3 Contact 56 4.3 Analysis Results 58 4.4 Discussion 68 Chapter 5. Numerical Analysis of Projectile Impact on Nuclear Structures 70 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Accident Scenario 72 5.3 Numerical Model in LS-DYNA 73 5.3.1 Numerical Modeling 73 5.4 Analysis Results 77 5.5 Local Failure 78 5.5.1 Numerical Modeling 78 5.5.2 Analysis Results 80 5.5.3 Limit Thickness for Scabbing and Perforation 83 5.5.4 Results of the Energy-Based Penetration Model 87 5.6 Discussion 90 Chapter 6. Conclusions 92 References 94 Appendix A : Keywords for F-4D Jet Impact 99 Appendix B : Keywords for Blade Impact 107 ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 113Maste
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