22 research outputs found
Focus on the Review Standards of Article XXI of the GATT
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๋ฒ๊ณผ๋ํ ๋ฒํ๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ฅ์นํ.ํธ๋ผํ ๅ๋ํต๋ น์ดโ๋ณดํธ๋ฌด์ญ์ฃผ์โ์ด๋ฐ์ฌ๋ก๊ธฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ ์ธํ ์ดํ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๋ณด ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ชฉ์ ไธ ๋งค์ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์์ถํต์ ๋ฅผ ์ด์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ณดํธ์ฃผ์์ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์ทจํ ๊ฒ์ ์ฒ์์ด ์๋์ง๋ง, ํธ๋ผํ ๅ๋ํต๋ น์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์ฑ
์ ๊ทผ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌด์ญ ์๋์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์๋ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ทน๋จ์ ์ธ ๋ณดํธ๋ฌด์ญ์ฃผ์๋ผ ํ ์ ์๋ค.
ํธ๋ผํ์ ๋ํต๋ น ์ทจ์ ์ดํ, ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์์ถํต์ ๋ ็พ์ ๋ถ ์ธ๊ต ์ ์ฑ
์ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ์ด ๋์๋ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ง๋ ๋ช ๋
๋์ ์ ๋ก ์๋ ์๋๋ก ๊ฐํ๋์๋ค. ํนํ, ํธ๋ผํ ํ์ ๋ถ๋ ็พ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋๊ธ์ง๋์์๋ก ๋ฑ์ฌํ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ธฐ์
/๊ฐ์ธ ๊ด๋ จ, ้๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์
/๊ฐ์ธ์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฅผ ํต์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌ ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๊ฐํํด์๋ค. ๋ํ, ็พ์ ๋ถ๋ ํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์๊ตญ๊ฐๅ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์ ์ ํต์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ์ ํฅ(Emerging) ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ(Foundational) ๊ธฐ์ ์ ็พ์์ถํต์ ๊ท์ ไธ ํต์ ํ๋ชฉ ๋ฒ์ฃผ์ ํฌํจ์ํค๋ ์์ถํต์ ํ๋ชฉ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ํ์ฅ์ ์งํ ์ค์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ์ ๋ถ ์ถ๋ฒ ์ดํ์๋ ็พ์์ถํต์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ ์ง์์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐํ๋๊ณ ์๊ณ , ํนํ ์ค๊ตญ ๊ฒฌ์ ๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ํ ์กฐ์น๋ ๋์ฑ๋ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ถ๊ฐ ๋์
๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ์์ถํต์ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ฌ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ์ ๊ด๋ฒ์ํ ์ญ์ธ๊ดํ ๊ถ(Extraterritorial Jurisdiction)์ ํตํด ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ์๋นํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๊ณ ์๋ค. ํนํ, ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ํ ์กฐ์น๋ค์ GATT ํ์ ๋ฌธ์ ์์น๊ณผ๋ ์ ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ผ์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ็พ์ ๋ถ๋ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ๋ฌด์ญ ์ ํ ์กฐ์น๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์๋ณด ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ํ๋ ์กฐ์น์ด๋ฏ๋ก, GATT ์๋ณด์์ธ(Security Exception)๊ฐ ์ ์ฉ๋์ด GATT ํ์ ๋ฌธ ์๋ฐ์ด ์๋์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. GATT XXI์กฐ์ ์๋ ์๋ณด์์ธ๋ ์ ์ฉ ๋ฒ์๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช
ํ๊ณ , ์กฐํญ ๅ
ง ํต์ฌ ์ฉ์ด์ ๋ํ ์ ์์ ๋ถ์ฌ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ค๋ ์๊ฐ ๋์ ๋
ผ๋์ ๋์์ด ๋์ด์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก, GATT ์๋ณด์์ธ๋ ์์ฒดํ๋จ์กฐํญ(Self-Judging Provision)์ด๋ผ๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ด ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ์๋ณด์์ธ์ ๋จ์ฉ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
ํํธ, 2019๋
WTO ํจ๋์ Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ํตํด GATT ์๋ณด์์ธ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ด๋ ธ๋๋ฐ, ์ด ํ๊ฒฐ์ GATT ์๋ณด์์ธ์ ์ ์ฉ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ ํด์์ ๋ํ WTO์ ์ต์ด ํ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ค. ํจ๋์ ํ๊ฒฐ ๋ด์ฉ์ GATT ์๋ณด์์ธ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ถ์ ์ ํด๋น ์กฐํญ ํด์ ๊ด๋ จ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, GATT ์๋ณด์์ธ ๊ด๋ จ ํฐ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๊ธฐ๋ ํ๋, WTO์๋ ์ ๋ก๊ตฌ์์ ์์น(System of Precedent)์ด ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก, ํฅํ ๋ถ์์ ๋ํ ๊ตฌ์๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์์ง๋ ์๋ค. ํด๋น ํ๊ฒฐ์ GATT์๋ณด์์ธ๊ฐ ์์ฒดํ๋จ์กฐํญ์ด ์๋์ ํ์ํ์ง๋ง, ํด๋น ์์ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์๋ณด์์ธ ์ ์ฉ ์๊ฑด ๊ด๋ จ ์๋น ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ํ ์ฌ๋๊ถ์ ์ธ์ ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ GATT ์๋ณด์์ธ ๊ด๋ จ ํจ๋์ ํ๊ฒฐ์ด ํ์๊ตญ๋ค์ ์๊ตญ ์๋ณด ๋ณดํธ์ ๋ํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ /๊ฐ๋ฐฉ ๋ฌด์ญ์ ๋ํ ๊ถ๋ฆฌ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ธ ๊ท ํ์ ์ ๊ณตํ๊ณ ๋ ์์ผ๋, ์ค๋ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ๋
ผ๋์ด ๋์ด์จ ์๋ณด์์ธ์ ํต์ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ ์ (์์ฒด ํ๋จ์ ํตํ ์๋ณด์์ธ ๋จ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ)์ ํด์ํ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ถ์กฑํ ์ ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ GATT ์๋ณด์์ธ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ๋จ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, WTO๋ ๋์ฑ๋ ์๊ฒฉํ ์ฌ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋์
ํ์ฌ์ผ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋์์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.Since former President of the United States, Donald J. Trump, declared new trade policies based on an ideology of โtrade protectionismโ, the United States has been imposing aggressive unilateral economic sanctions and export controls under the notion of national security protection. While it is not the first time the United States has taken protectionist approaches to international trade, former President Trumpโs trade policies seem to reflect an extreme version of trade protectionism in the modern world of open trade.
After former President Trump assumed the presidency, economic sanctions and export controls have become the dominant part of the United Statesโ foreign policy. The U.S. economic sanctions have been evolving at an unprecedented pace over the last few years. In particular, the Trump Administration had strengthened sanctions programs to prohibit certain types of non-US entitiesโ dealings towards the targeted states or entities blacklisted by the U.S. Government. Moreover, the U.S. export control is currently in the process of a major expansion to cover broad categories of emerging and foundational technologies, which ultimately aims to control the release of the U.S. technologies to its rivals, such as China. The United States, under the Biden Administration, has been continuing these aggressive economic sanctions and export controls, and the trade protectionism initiated by the Trump Administration has been maintained as a central part of the U.S. foreign policy to date.
The U.S. export controls and economic sanctions retain broad extraterritorial jurisdiction and have been significantly impacting global trades. In particular, these trade-restrictive measures are often found to be inconsistent with the GATT obligations. Nevertheless, the U.S. Government arguably should be able to invoke the security exception of the GATT by arguing that these measures are implemented for the protection of national security interests and thus should be justified under the security exception. The security exception of the GATT, which is provided under Article XXI of the GATT, has been controversial for a long time and subject to intense discussion due to the unclear scope and lack of clear definitions of key terms therein. There has been a general understanding that Article XXI of the GATT is a self-judging provision, and therefore, potentially abusive employment of the security exception has not been effectively controlled.
However, the Panel in Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit delivered its rulings on Article XXI of the GATT, which is the very first attempt by the WTO to clarify the scope and ambit of the security exception. While such ruling reflects significant developments of the security exception as it confirms the justiciability of the security exception, it still acknowledges a substantial degree of the self-judging component of the security exception.
This dissertation argues that while the review standard for the security exception of the GATT adopted by the Panel in Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit provides a great systemic balance between the member statesโ interests in protecting their national security interests and their rights to free and open trade, it does not adequately solve the core problem of the security exception, which is the potentially abusive employment of the security exception due to the self-judging component of the exception. This dissertation further argues that the WTO needs to adopt a more reasonable and objective review standard for security exception disputes to effectively prevent the potential abuse of the security exception and proposes an appropriate review standard to that end.PART I. INTRODUCTION 1
A. Background 1
B. Purpose 6
C. Organization and Outline 9
PART II. TRADE-RESTRICTIVE MEASURES OF THE U.S. 12
A. The U.S. Export Controls 12
1. Overview 12
2. Export Controls Policies and Mechanisms 12
3. Export Administration Regulations 14
a. Overview 14
b. Scope of the EAR 14
c. Penalties 18
4. Major Developments since Trump Administration 19
a. Export Controls of Emerging and Foundational Technologies 19
b. Export Controls against China 22
i. Designation of Huawei on the Entity List 24
ii. Strengthened Controls on Exports to/for Military End User/End Use 26
B. The U.S. Economic Sanctions 28
1. Overview 28
2. Comprehensive Sanctions 32
a. Iran Sanctions 33
i. Primary Sanctions 34
ii. Secondary Sanctions 35
b. Cuba Sanctions 36
i. Primary Sanctions 36
ii. Secondary Sanctions 37
3. Major Developments since Trump Administration 38
a. Iran Sanctions 38
i. Re-imposition of Secondary Sanctions 38
ii. Expiration of the SRE Waivers 39
iii. Designation of Iranian Banks on the SDN List 40
b. Cuba Sanctions 41
i. Elimination of the โU-Turnโ Transaction Authorization 42
ii. Amendments of the EAR to Strengthen Cuba Sanctions 43
PART III. LEGALITY UNDER PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SECURITY EXCEPTIONS UNDER THE GATT 44
A. Legality under Public International Law 44
1. Overview 44
2. Inconsistency with the Principles of Public International Laws 45
3. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 51
a. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of the U.S. Export Controls 52
b. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction of the U.S. Economic Sanctions 53
c. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Accepted under Customary International Law 55
4. Multilateral Efforts on Export Controls and Economic Sanctions 60
5. Role of the WTO to Review the Security Exception Matters 63
B. Security Exceptions under Article XXI of the GATT 69
1. Overview 69
2. Inconsistency with the GATT Obligations 71
3. Security Exception of the GATT and Fundamental Issues 72
a. Scope of the Security Exception 75
b. Self-Judging Provision 78
c. Review of Foreign Policy 81
d. Sovereignty vs Spirit of Multilateralism 84
4. Next Generations of Security Exceptions: Post-Article XXI of the GATT 87
a. Security Exceptions in BITs 88
b. Security Exceptions in FCN Treaties 92
5. The GATT/WTO Decisions on the Security Exception of the GATT 94
a. Prior Cases โ Before Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit 95
b. Russia - Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit 96
PART IV. REVIEW STANDARDS FOR ARTICLE XXI OF THE GATT 102
A. Overview 102
B. Analysis of the WTO Panelโs Decisions on Article XXI of the GATT 105
1. Russia โ Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit 105
2. Saudi Arabia โ Measures Concerning the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights 109
C. Possible Alternative Review Standards for Article XXI of the GATT 115
1. Review Standards Applied in BIT/FCN Cases 115
2. Review Standards Suggested by Scholars 118
D. Proposed Review Standard for Article XXI of the GATT 127
E. Applying the Necessity Test to the Security Exception 133
1. Weighing and Balancing Test 135
a. Contribution of the Measures to the Realization of the End Pursued 135
b. Importance of the Interest that the Measure is Intended to Protect 138
c. Trade-Restrictive Impact of the Measure 140
2. Less Trade-Restrictive Alternative Means 142
F. Application of the Proposed Review Standard 144
1. The U.S. Export Controls 145
2. The U.S. Economic Sanctions 150
CONCLUSION 155
BIBLIOGRAPHY 159
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก) 167๋ฐ
์ ํ์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ฉ์ต ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ฝ๋ฐํธโํฌ๋กฌ ํฉ๊ธ์ ๊ธ์โ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ฐ๋์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ธ ์ฑ์ง
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์น์ํ๋ํ์ ์น์๊ณผํ๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ๊น์ฑ๊ท .Purpose: The application range of 3D printing technology in the dental field is increasing due to the development of additive manufacturing technology and the advantages of manufacturing methods. However, there is a lack of research on differences in various characteristics when a prosthesis produced by 3D printing is compared with one produced by a conventional method. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are differences in characteristics (metal-ceramic bond strength, mechanical properties) of metal depending on different manufacturing methods (casting, milling, and selective laser melting).
Materials and methods: To measure the mechanical properties of alloys, CoโCr alloy specimens were prepared in three different ways: via casting using ingots (Star Loy C, Dentsply Sirona, Pennsylvania, USA), milling using milling disks (Starbond CoโCr block, Scheftner Dental Alloys, Mainz, Germany), or selective laser melting (SLM) using powder (SP2, EOS, Krailling, Germany). Specimens were fabricated in the shape of a 34 ร 13 ร 1.5 mm plate in accordance with ISO 22674:2016. Twelve specimens were prepared for each group. The flexural stressโstrain curves of the metals were drawn based on the results of three-point bending tests. Afterward, elastic modulus, yield strength, and flexural strength values were calculated. In addition, to measure their metalโceramic bond strength values, specimens were prepared in the same way as 25 ร 3 ร 0.5 mm plates in accordance with ISO 9693-1:2012. An 8 ร 3 ร 1.1 mm ceramic part (Hera Ceram, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany) was applied in the center portion above it. For each of the 12 specimens produced, the metalโceramic bond strength (ฯb) value was measured through three-point bending tests. After the experiment, five specimens were randomly selected from each group, and their surface roughness (Ra) values were measured at three sites per specimen. Next, the surface of specimens was analyzed via energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDX) after the ceramic part had been removed. In addition, the surface where the metal had broken and the surface from which the ceramic part fell off were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of the tests were checked for equal dispersion by applying the Levene's test, and the influence of manufacturing methods on Ra, elastic modulus, yield strength, flexural strength, and metalโceramic bond strength values, as well as the percentage of ceramic remaining on the surface, were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) followed by Tukey's Post-hoc test (ฮฑ = 0.05).
Results: The Ra values were not statistically different (casting group 1.19 ยฑ 0.58 ฮผm, milling group 0.88 ยฑ 0.46 ฮผm, and SLM group 1.10 ยฑ 0.30 ฮผm), the elastic modulus value was the largest for the casting group (casting group 560.53 ยฑ 21.53 GPa, milling group 473.55 ยฑ 35.02 GPa, and SLM group 464.55 ยฑ 10.77 GPa), and the yield strength value (casting group 567.92 ยฑ 35.53 MPa, milling group 323.86 ยฑ 32.04 MPa, and SLM group 591.18 ยฑ 22.31 MPa) and the flexural strength value (casting group 792.31 ยฑ 81.64 MPa, milling group 494.16 ยฑ 51.93 MPa SLM group 849.48 ยฑ 24.45 MPa) were the smallest for the milling group.
By observing the fracture surface of the metals via SEM, characteristic dendritic and inter-dendritic structures resulting from non-uniform cooling after casting were observed in the casting group, uniform surfaces were observed in the milling group, and the SLM group showed nanosized crystalline structures. Wave striations were observed on the fracture surface of the milling group, while the SLM group showed cleavage step patterns. The casting group attained a high ฯb value (casting group 32.51 ยฑ 2.68 MPa, milling group 26.98 ยฑ 3.97 MPa, and SLM group 29.07 ยฑ 2.90 MPa). However, all three groups passed the ISO standard test.
Ceramic remains on the surface after removing the ceramic were observed. From the results of the component analysis using EDX, the proportion of silicon detected on the surface is in the order of the milling group, the SLM group, and the casting group, all of which showed a mixed failure pattern (casting group 36.44 ยฑ 6.37%, milling group 57.10 ยฑ 12.26%, and SLM group 49.50 ยฑ 7.69%).
Conclusions: The Ra values of the CoโCr alloys produced by the three different methods were not different. Among the mechanical properties tested, the elastic modulus value was high for the casting group and yield strength and flexural strength values were low for the milling group. Every specimen showed a mixed failure pattern. Although there were differences in the results for the casting, milling, and SLM manufacturing methods, it was found that they all passed the test of bond strength according to the ISO standards. Considering many other advantages, the SLM method seems to have the potential to replace the traditional fabrication method.๋ชฉ ์ : ์ ์ธต ๊ฐ๊ณต ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฌ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ฅ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์น๊ณผ ์์ญ์ 3D ํ๋ฆฐํ
๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ์ฉ ๋ฒ์๊ฐ ๋์ด๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง 3D ํ๋ฆฐํ
๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ๋ณด์ฒ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ํน์ฑ์ ๋น๊ตํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ์กฑํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ 3D ํ๋ฆฐํ
๋ฐฉ์์ ํ ์ข
๋ฅ์ธ ์ ํ์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ฉ์ต (Selective Laser Melting; SLM) ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ฝ๋ฐํธโํฌ๋กฌ ํฉ๊ธ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ธ ์ฑ์ง๊ณผ ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน๊ณผ์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฃผ์กฐ, ์ ์ญ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ํฉ๊ธ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋์ง ์์๋ณด๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
์ฌ๋ฃ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ: ๋จผ์ ํฉ๊ธ์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ธ ์ฑ์ง์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์ ์ฃผ๊ดด(Star Loy C, Dentsply Sirona, Pennsylvania, USA)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์ฃผ์กฐ, ๋์คํฌ(Starbond CoโCr block, Scheftner dental alloys, Mainz, Germany)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ฐ๋ง, ํ์ฐ๋(SP2, EOS, Krailling, Germany)๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ SLM 3๊ฐ์ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ฝ๋ฐํธโํฌ๋กฌ ํฉ๊ธ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ISO 22674:2016 ๊ท๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ 34 ร 13 ร 1.5 mm ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ํ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ์ํธ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ๋ก 12๊ฐ์ ์ํธ์ ์ค๋นํด 3์ ๊ตฝํ ์คํ์ ํตํด ๊ธ์์ ์๋ ฅโ๋ณํ ๊ณก์ ์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ํ์ฑ๊ณ์, ํญ๋ณต๊ฐ๋, ๊ตด๊ณก๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ฐํ๋ค. ๋ํ, ๊ธ์โ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ฐ๋ ์ธก์ ์ ์ํด ISO 9693-1:2012 ๊ท๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ํธ์ ๋๊ฐ์ด ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก 25 ร 3 ร 0.5 mm ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์์ ์ค์ ๋ถ์์ ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน(Hera Ceram, Heraeus, Hanau, Germany)์ 8 ร 3 ร 1.1 mm ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆฐ ์ํธ์ ๊ฐ 12๊ฐ์ฉ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ดํ์ 3์ ๊ตฝํ ์คํ์ ํตํด ๊ธ์-์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๊ฒฐํฉ ๊ฐ๋(ฯb)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ๋ค. ์คํ ํ ๊ฐ ์คํ๊ตฐ ๋น 5๊ฐ์ ์ํธ์ ๋ฌด์์๋ก ์ถ์ถํด ์ํธ ๋น 3๊ฐ ๋ถ์์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ฏธ์ธ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ(Ra)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ๊ณ , ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ด ํ๋ฝํ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฑ๋ถ๋ถ์์ ์งํํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ฃผ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ ์ด์ฉํด ๊ธ์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ค. ํต๊ณ์ ๋ถ์์ ๊ฐ ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ Levene's test๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ฑ๋ถ์ฐ ํ์ธํ๊ณ , 3๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธ์ธ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ, ํ์ฑ๊ณ์, ํญ๋ณต๊ฐ๋, ๊ตด๊ณก๊ฐ๋, ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ฐ๋, ๊ธ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ด ๋จ์์๋ ๋น์จ์ ์ข
์๋ณ์๋ก ์ผ์ ๋ถ์ฐ ๋ถ์ ์ํํ๊ณ , Tukey's post-hoc test๋ก ์ฌํ ๊ฒ์ ํ๋ค (ฮฑ = 0.05).
๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ: ๋ฏธ์ธ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฐ ์คํ๊ตฐ ์ฌ์ด์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 1.19 ยฑ 0.58 ฮผm, ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ 0.88 ยฑ 0.46 ฮผm, SLM๊ตฐ 1.10 ยฑ 0.30 ฮผm) ํ์ฑ๊ณ์๋ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์์ ๋ ํฌ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 560.53 ยฑ 21.53 GPa, ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ 473.55 ยฑ 35.02 GPa, SLM๊ตฐ 464.55 ยฑ 10.77 GPa) ํญ๋ณต๊ฐ๋์ (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 567.92 ยฑ 35.53 MPa, ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ 323.86 ยฑ 32.04 MPa, SLM๊ตฐ 591.18 ยฑ 22.31 MPa) ๊ตด๊ณก๊ฐ๋๋ (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 792.31 ยฑ 81.64 MPa, ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ 494.16 ยฑ 51.93 MPa, SLM๊ตฐ 849.48 ยฑ 24.45 MPa) ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ๊ธ์์ ํ์ ๋ฉด์ ์ฃผ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๊ด์ฐฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์์๋ ์ฃผ์กฐ ํ์ ๋ถ๊ท ์ผํ๊ฒ ์์ผ๋ฉด์ ์๊ธฐ๋ ํน์ง์ ์ธ ์์ง์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๊ณ , ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ์์๋ ๊ท ์ผํ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. SLM๊ตฐ์์๋ ๋๋
ธํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ์์๋ ํ์ ๋ฉด์์ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ๋ฌด๋ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๊ณ , SLM๊ตฐ์์๋ ๊ณ๋จ๋ฉด์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด๋ ํ์ ์์์ ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ธ์-์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ฐ๋(ฯb)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์ด ๋๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 32.51 ยฑ 2.68 MPa, ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ 26.98 ยฑ 3.97 MPa, SLM๊ตฐ 29.07 ยฑ 2.90 MPa) ํ์ง๋ง ISO ๊ท๊ฒฉ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ธ ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์น๋ฅผ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ด ํ๋ฝํ ๋ฉด์ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ธ์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์ด ๋จ์์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ฑ๋ถ๋ถ์(EDS) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ๋ฉด์์ ๊ท์๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ถ๋ ๋น์จ์ด ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ, SLM๊ตฐ, ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ์์๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ์ผ๋ฉฐ, (์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ 36.44 ยฑ 6.37 %, ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ 57.10 ยฑ 12.26 %, SLM๊ตฐ 49.50 ยฑ 7.69 %) ๋ชจ๋ ํผํฉ๋ ํ๋ฝ์์์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ ๋ก : ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ์ฝ๋ฐํธโํฌ๋กฌ ํฉ๊ธ์ ๋ฏธ์ธ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์ธ ์ฑ์ง ์ค์์ ํ์ฑ๊ณ์๋ ์ฃผ์กฐ๊ตฐ์ด ๋์๊ณ , ํญ๋ณต๊ฐ๋์ ๊ตด๊ณก๊ฐ๋๋ ๋ฐ๋ง๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฎ์๋ค. ์ธ๋ผ๋ฏน ํ๋ฝ๋ฉด์ ๊ฒ์ฌํ๋ฉด, ๋ชจ๋ ํผํฉ๋ ํ๋ฝ์์์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ์ฃผ์กฐ, ๋ฐ๋ง, SLM ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์์์ง๋ง, ISO ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ธ ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฒฐํฉ๊ฐ๋๊ฐ ์์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ํต๊ณผํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ฌ๋ฌ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ ๋, ์ ํ์ ๋ ์ด์ ์ฉ์ต ๋ฐฉ์์ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ ํต์ ์ธ ์ ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋์ฒดํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.I. INTRODUCTION 8
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 11
III. RESULTS 20
IV. DISCUSSION 30
V. CONCLUSIONS 36
REFERENCES 37
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 43Docto
Critical Review on Criticism to Semantic Theory of Law by Ronald Dworkin -based on Jules Coleman's version of inclusive legal positivism-
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋ฒํ๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ๊น๋๊ท .๋์ํจ์ 1์ฅ์์ ํํธ์ ์น์ธ์จ ์ด๋ก ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ก ์ผ๋ก ๋ฌ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๋ค. ๋์ํจ์ ๋ฒ์ ํจ๋ ฅ์ ์ฐจ์๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ์ฐจ์์ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ฉด, ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๋ฒ๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ณต์ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํํธ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ์น์ธ์จ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ณธ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์, ๋์ํจ์ ๋ถ๋ฅ์ ๋ฒ์ ํจ๋ ฅ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๊ณต์ ๋ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ์กด์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ์ด๋ก ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ์น์ธ์จ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ ๊ดํ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ ์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ํ ๋์ํจ์ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐฉ์ดํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒฌํด๋ก ์ธ์ด๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ ์นํธ๋ก ์ ์๊ฐํ๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ ํํธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ฒจ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๋์ํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ธ์ด๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ ์นํธ๋ก ์ ์ค์ฌ๋ถ์ ์์ด์ ๋ฒ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๊ณต์ ๋ ์๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์กด์ฌํ๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํํธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ด๋ก ์์๋ ๋ช
๋ฐฑํ ์ฌ๋ก๋ค์ด ์ค์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ ๋ฟ์ด๋ค. ํํธ๋ ์๋ฏธ๊ธฐ์ค์ด ์ค์ฌ๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฑํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด์ง ์์๋ค.
๋์ํจ์ ์ค์ฆ์ฃผ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋ฒ๋ฅ ๊ฐ๋ค ์ฌ์ด์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๋ช
ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค๊ณ ๋นํํ๋ค. ๋ฒ์ค์ฆ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋๋ฉด ๋ฒ์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ์ด ๋ฌด์์ด์ด์ผ ํ๋๊ฐ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด๋ก ๋ง๋ ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋์ํจ์ด ๋ฒ์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋
ผํ ๋, ์ด ๋ ๋ฒ์ ํ์ฌ์ ๋ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋์งํ ํํ์ธ ๊ณ ์ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ง์นญํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ฒฌํด๋๋ฆฝ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋จ์ด์ ์ธ์ฐ์ ์ด๋๊น์ง ํ์ฅํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง์ ์ฐจ์ด์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ํํํ์์ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ฝ๋งค์ด์ง ์๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ด์ ์์ ๋ณด์๋ฉด, ๋์ํจ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ค์ฆ์ฃผ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋ฐ๋์ ์ถฉ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋๋ค.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฒ์ 4
์ 3 ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ ๊ฐ๊ด ๋ฐ ์ ํ์ฐ๊ตฌ 5
์ 2 ์ฅ ์๋น์ ๋
ผ์ 8
์ 1 ์ ๋
ผ์์ ์ธต์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ 8
1. ํ ๋, ๊ท์ค, ๋ด์ฉ 8
2. ๋ฒ์ ํจ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 12
3. ์ ํด์์ ๋จ๊ณ์ ํด์์ ๋จ๊ณ 19
์ 2 ์ ํํธ/์ฝ๋จผ์ ๋ฒ์ค์ฆ์ฃผ์ ๊ฐ๊ด 23
1. ๋ฒ๊ท์น๊ณผ ์ฌํ์ ๊ท์น 24
2. ๋์ํจ์ ์ฌํ์ ๊ท์น 29
3. ๋์ํจ์ ๊ท์น๊ณผ ์๋ฆฌ์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ 33
4. ํฌ์ฉ์ ๋ฒ์ค์ฆ์ฃผ์ 38
์ 3 ์ฅ ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๋ฒ์ด๋ก 45
์ 1 ์ ์น์ธ์จ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ต 45
1. ํจ๋ ฅ๊ธฐ์ค๊ณผ ์ ์ฉ๊ธฐ์ค 45
2. ๋
ผ์์ ์ธต์ ๊ตฌ๋ณ 49
์ 2 ์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด 54
1. ๊ฒฝํ์ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด 54
2. ์น์ธ์จ์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด 56
์ 4 ์ฅ ์ธ์ด๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ ์นํธ๋ก 60
์ 1 ์ ์ธ์ด์ฒ ํ์ ์์ 61
1. ํํธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐฉ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ ์ฐจ์ด 61
2. ๊ท์ค์์กด์ (criterial) ๊ฐ๋
์์ฒด์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ 67
์ 2 ์ ํด์์ ์์ 78
1. ์๋ฏธ๋ก ์ ๋
์นจ์ ์ฐ์ 79
2. ์ค์ฌ๋ถ์ ์ฃผ๋ณ๋ถ ๊ตฌ๋ณ 87
์ 5 ์ฅ ์น์ธ์จ์ ์ ์ฉ์ ๊ดํ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ฒฌํด์ฐจ์ด 94
์ 1 ์ ์ค์ ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด 94
1. ๊ณต๋ฌด๋ด๋น์๊ฐ ์๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ธ์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 94
2. ๊ณต๋ฌด๋ด๋น์๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ 98
์ 2 ์ ๊ฐ์น์ ๊ฐ๊ด์ฑ ๋ฌธ์ 104
1. ๊ฐ์น์ ํ์ด์ํ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ฑ 104
2. ์ฐ์์์ค๊ณผ ์๊ฒฉํ(Verfremdung) 114
์ 6 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 123
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 126
Abstract 136Maste
The Concept of the Subject in the Philosophy of Husserl , Descartes and Lacan
์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ธ์๋ก , ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ด๋ จํด ๋ผ์บ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ค๋ฃฌ ๊ธ๋ก์, ๋ผ์บ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ทผ๋์ฃผ์ฒด์ฒ ํ์ ๋นํ์ ๋ฐ์ ์์ ๋
ผ์ฆํ๋ค. ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ ๊ณผํ์ด๋ ์ธ๊ณ๊ด์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ฃผ์ฒด ์ด๋ก ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํธ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์๋๋ ๊ทผ๋์์์ฒ ํ์ ๊ณผํ์ ๋ณธ์ง์ ์ธ ์๊ดํญ์ธ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ฒด๊ณํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ผ์บ์ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ฅผ ์ด ์ ๊ตํ๋ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ํ ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋ผ์บ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ๋ก์ดํธ๋ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํธ์ ๊ธธ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด์์์ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ผ์บ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํธ์ ํ์ค ํ์ํ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ ํํ ํด๋ช
๋ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฐ์นด๋ฅดํธ, ํ์ค, ๋ผ์บ์ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋น๊ต, ๋ถ์ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทผ๋์ฃผ์ฒด์ฒ ํ์ ๋นํ์ ๊ณ์น์๋ก์์ ๋ผ์บ์ ์ฒ ํ์ฌ์ ์์๋ฅผ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๋ฉฐ, ํ๋์ฒ ํ์ ํต์ฌ ์์ ์ค์ ํ๋์ธ ์ฒ ํ๊ณผ ์ ์ ๋ถ์ํ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ํด ๋
ผ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค
17๋ช ์ ํ์์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํตํ ๊ตฌ์น-์ ์น ์ดํ์ฑ์ฆ์ ์์-๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ํ์ ํน์ฑ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ์น์ํ๋ํ์ : ์น์ํ๋ํ์ ์น์ํ๊ณผ ์น์ํ ์ ๊ณต, 2016. 2. ํ๊ฒฝํ.๊ตฌ์น-์ ์น ์ ๊ดํ์ฆ์ 1๊ฐ ํน์ ๊ทธ ์ด์์ ์ 1์๊ตฌ๋๊ตฌ์น์ ์ ๊ดํ๋ ์น๊ด์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ง๋ค. ํํธ, ์ต๊ทผ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ๊ตฌ์น-์ ์น ์ดํ์ฑ์ฆ์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ง ์์์ ํน์ง์ ์ผ๋ก ์งง๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋พฐ์กฑํ ๋ชจ์์ ์ ํ์ฑ๋ ์น๊ทผ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฉฐ, ๋๋ถ๋ถ ์ 1์๊ตฌ๋๊ตฌ์น์์ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ๊ตฌ์น์ ์๊ตฌ ์ค์ ์น, ๊ฒฌ์น์์๋ ๋ฐ๊ฒฌ๋๋ค.
์ด๋ฒ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๊ตฌ์น-์ ์น ์ดํ์ฑ์ฆ์ ์์์ , ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ํ์ ํน์ง์ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ 17๋ช
์ ๊ตฌ์น-์ ์น ์ ํ์ฑ์ฆ ํ์๋ค์ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ํ์ ์๋ฃ์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ ํํฅ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ํ์ ํน์ง์ผ๋ก๋ ์ 1๋๊ตฌ์น์ ์ ๊ตฌ์น๋ค์ ์น๊ทผ์ด ์งง๊ณ ๊ฐ๋๋ฉด์ ์ ๋ฐ์ก๋ ์์๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ์น์๊ฐ์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ข์์ง ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ณด์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง, ์น๊ด๋ถ์์๋ ์ด์ ์๊ฒฌ์ ์งํ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์์๋ค. ์๊ตฌ์ ์น์ ๊ฒฌ์น์์๋ ๋ง๊ณก๋๋ฉด์ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ ์งง์์ง ์น๊ทผ์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ช๋ช ์ฆ๋ก์์๋ ์น๊ด์์๋ ์น๊ฒฝ๋ถ์ ๊ตญํ๋ ๊ฒฐ์๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. ํ์๋ค์ ๋ณ๋ ฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ๋ ํ์๋ค์ด ์ ์์ ์๊ธฐ์ ์์ ๋ฑ์ ์ด์ ๋ก ์
์์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ด ์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค.
๊ตฌ์น-์ ์น ์ดํ์ฑ์ฆ ํ์์ ์น์๋ ์น๊ทผ์ ํํ์ด์์ผ๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ผ์ฐ ์น์๋ฅผ ์์คํ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํนํ ์ด๋ฆฐ ํ์๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ด ์งํ์ ์ดํ๋ ์น์๋ฅผ ์ฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์งํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ์ฌ์ง์ ์ด์ฉํ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง๋จ๊ณผ ์ ์ ํ ์น๋ฃ๊ฐ ํ์ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a term which describes the clinical feature of one to all the first permanent molars in hypomineralized state. On the other hand, Molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a recently reported, novel dental phenotype, which is characterized by root malformation of the first permanent molars. This also may appear on the second deciduous molars as well as the maxillary permanent central incisors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the clinical and radiological features of MIM. We retrospectively reviewed the radiographic data and medical history of 17 MIM patients who visited Seoul National University Dental Hospital from January 2001 to March 2015. The affected permanent first molars and deciduous molars showed short, slender underdeveloped roots and constricted pulp chamber. However, any abnormality in shape or color on the crown portion of the affected molars had not been recorded on dental chart. All the affected permanent incisors and canines exhibited dilacerated short roots. In some cases of incisors and canines, wedge-shaped defect on the cervical part of the crown was noted. Regarding the medical history of the patients, all the patients had been hospitalized because of several problems during neonatal period.
Due to the limitation of anatomical disability, MIM may cause early loss of the affected permanent teeth. Therefore, the early diagnosis on radiographs with appropriate treatment will lead to favorable prognosis for patients, especially on youth and adolescence.Introduction 2
Materials and Methods 3
Result 4
Discussion 6
References 10
Table 11
Figure 15
์์ฝ(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก) 22Maste
์ธ๊ตญ ํด์๋ํ ํญํดํ๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ(์ผ๋ํด์๋ํ์๊ฒฝ์ฐ)
This study deals with the development of curriculum for navigation science department of Kenya maritime college, which is planned to be established in near future. To achieve the goal of study, various investigations are performed as follows.
Firstly, in chapter 2 the present state of Kenya in relation to education and maritime industry and JKUAT university and itโs curriculum are investigated. In chapter 3, IMO requirements of maritime education for navigation officers and IMO model courses are investigated, respectively. In chapter 4, curriculums of navigation science department for foreign major maritime universities such as USMMA and CMA in USA, PMMA and MAAP in Philippine, KMOU in Korea, DMU in China and VIMARU and HCMUT in Vietnam are investigated. Finally, in chapter 5 the curriculum of Kenya maritime college and the teaching syllabuses of maritime major subjects are proposed.
The proposed curriculum in this study is based on 5 year education program which is composed of 10 semesters with 2 semesters every year including 1 year onboard training. Total credit hours to be completed are 200. The subjects in curriculum are composed of basic subjects, maritime subjects, major subjects and onboard training subject with the weight ratio of 25:40:15:20. The onboard training subject is a single subject which takes 40 credit hours with Pass/Fail score. The basic subjects are chosen primarily from JKUAT curriculum, because it is to get the teaching helps from JKUAT professors. The proposed teaching syllabuses of maritime subjects are developed based on IMO model courses and those are minimum teaching contents to be taught. The more detailed syllabuses and teaching aids can be seek in relevant IMO model courses.
The deficient parts in this study is that the investigation to the curriculum of foreign major maritime universities is performed insufficiently due to the lack of relevant syllabuses and the investigation to the curriculum of european maritime universities can not be performed due to no relevant curriculums.์ 1์ฅ ์ ๋ก 1
1.1 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์ 1
1.2 ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 3
1.3 ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 3
์ 2์ฅ ์ผ๋ ํํฉ 5
2.1 ์ผ๋ฐ ํํฉ 5
2.2 ๊ต์ก์ ๋ ํํฉ 7
2.3 ํญ๋ง ํํฉ 8
2.4 ํด์ด/์ ์ ํํฉ 9
2.5 JKUAT ์๊ฐ 10
์ 3์ฅ IMO ํด๊ธฐ๊ต์ก ์๊ฑด 16
3.1 STCW ํ์ฝ 16
3.2 IMO Model Courses 17
์ 4์ฅ ์ธ๊ณ ์ฃผ์ ํด์๋ํ์ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ 21
4.1 USMMA 21
4.2 CMA 25
4.3 PMMA 30
4.4 MAAP 33
4.5 KMOU 36
4.6 DMU 40
4.7 VIMARU 44
4.8 HCMUT 47
4.9 ๊ฐ ๋ํ์ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ต 50
4.9.1 ํญํด ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 50
4.9.2 ์ดํญ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 51
4.9.3 ํ๋ฌผ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 52
4.9.4 ๊ธฐํ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 53
4.9.5 ์ ๊ณต ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 54
4.9.6 ๊ธฐ์ด ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 55
์ 5์ฅ ์ผ๋ ํด์๋ํ ํญํดํ๊ณผ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ 57
5.1 ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ชฉํ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฐฉํฅ 57
5.1.1 ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ชฉํ 57
5.1.2 ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฐฉํฅ 57
5.1.3 ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ 58
5.2 ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ ์ 59
5.2.1 ๊ธฐ์ด ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 59
5.2.2 ํด๊ธฐ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 60
5.2.3 ์ ๊ณต ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ 60
5.3 ํด๊ธฐ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ ๊ต์์๋ชฉ 63
์ 6์ฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก 64
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 66
๋ถ๋ก 6
LS-DYNA ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ฝํฌ๋ฆฌํธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ ๋น์์ฒด ์ถฉ๋์ ๊ดํ ์์นํด์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ฑด์ถํ๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๊ฐํ๊ตฌ.The concrete is a principal material that has been comprehensively used in the field of civil and architectural engineering including from high-rise structures to long-span bridges. Not only these typically representative buildings, but other structures and national major facilities such as nuclear power plants also have mainly adopted concrete in various ways. These concrete structures should be designed against severe accidents causing structural failure. In this regard, the structural safety of each concrete structure should be evaluated meticulously.
The primary purpose of this thesis is to suggest analytical methods to simulate the projectile impact on concrete target using the finite element software of ANSYS LS-DYNA. The analytical approach is suggested by establishing a numerical model in the software. It is used to simulate actual experiments in the past, aircraft impact experiments conducted by Sandia National Laboratories in 1988, and imaginary blade impacts on an auxiliary building in the Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs).
The developed numerical analysis could reduce a huge amount of time and cost compared to actual experiments, without sacrificing accuracy. In addition, the constructed numerical model in the software predicted the test results effectively regardless of time, space, and size of the specimens. The suggested numerical methods for the projectile impact and local failure in this study are expected to be utilized in the diverse research fields on the design of national facilities or shelters and various analytical and experimental studies of projectile impact.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objective and Scope 4
1.3 Organization of Thesis 5
Chapter 2. Review of Previous Studies 7
2.1 Background Theory 7
2.1.1 Basic Principles of Dynamics 7
2.2 Aircraft Impact 9
2.2.1 F-4D Jet Impact Experiment (Sugano et al., 1993c) 9
2.2.2 Force-Time History Analysis 11
2.2.3 Missile-Target Interaction Analysis 14
2.3 Projectile Impact on Concrete Target 22
2.3.1 Previous Experimental Studies 24
2.3.2 Empirical Methodology for Local Failure 28
2.4 Discussion 40
Chapter 3. Modeling Features of Finite Element Software 41
3.1 Concrete Materials 42
3.1.1 Karagozian and Case Concrete Model (MAT_72R3) 42
3.1.2 Winfrith Concrete Model (MAT_084) 43
3.1.3 CSCM Model (MAT_159) 43
3.2 Reinforcement Material 46
3.3 Hourglass Control 46
3.4 Method to Bond Concrete and Rebar 49
Chapter 4. Numerical Analysis of Aircraft Impact 50
4.1 Summary of Previous Experiment 50
4.2 Numerical Model in LS-DYNA 51
4.2.1 F-4D Jet Modeling 51
4.2.2 Concrete Target 55
4.2.3 Contact 56
4.3 Analysis Results 58
4.4 Discussion 68
Chapter 5. Numerical Analysis of Projectile Impact on Nuclear Structures 70
5.1 Introduction 70
5.2 Accident Scenario 72
5.3 Numerical Model in LS-DYNA 73
5.3.1 Numerical Modeling 73
5.4 Analysis Results 77
5.5 Local Failure 78
5.5.1 Numerical Modeling 78
5.5.2 Analysis Results 80
5.5.3 Limit Thickness for Scabbing and Perforation 83
5.5.4 Results of the Energy-Based Penetration Model 87
5.6 Discussion 90
Chapter 6. Conclusions 92
References 94
Appendix A : Keywords for F-4D Jet Impact 99
Appendix B : Keywords for Blade Impact 107
๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ด ๋ก 113Maste