37 research outputs found
Improvement of Aerodynamic and Noise Performance for Light Civil Helicopter Rotor through Blade Tip Geometry Optimization
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : 공곌ëí êž°ê³í공공íë¶, 2019. 2. ìŽêŽì€.í¬ëŠ¬ìœ¥í° ë¡í° ëžë ìŽëì íìì ê³µë ¥ ì±ë¥ì ë¹ë¡¯í ìì, 구조 ë± ì 첎ì ìž ì±ë¥ì í° ìí¥ì 믞ì¹ë€. ìŽë ë¡í° ëžë ìŽëê° íì ì íì¬ ìë ¥ ë° ì¶ë ¥ì ëŽë ëìì ë°ììí€ë ìë¥ ë묞ìžë°, ìŽ ìë¥ê° ë¡í° ìëë¡ íê°íë©° ë ê°, ë첎, ꌬ늬 ë¡í° ë±ì ì§ê°ì ì ìŒë¡ ë¶ëªíë©° ë³µì¡í ì ë ë° ì±ë¥ ì í륌 ìŒêž°ìíšë€. ìŽë° ìë¥ì ìí¥ì ìœíìí€êž° ìíŽ ë¡í° ëžë ìŽë íì ì€ê³ê° ì ìžê³ì ìŒë¡ ìŽë£šìŽì žìê³ , ìµê·Œìë CFD ë° ìµì í êž°ë²ì íµí ìµì ì€ê³ê° ìŽë£šìŽì§ê³ ìë€.
ííž íêµììë íêµí êž°ë í¬êž°ë¥Œ ë¹ë¡¯íì¬ ìµê·Œ ìí ë¬Žì¥ í¬êž° ë° ìí 믌ì í¬êž° ê°ë°ì ì§ííê³ ìë€. ìë¡ìŽ í¬êž° ê°ë°ìŽ ìë êž°ì¡Ž í¬êž°ìì ë¶í ê°ëìŽ ì§íëê³ ììŒë©° ê°ë ìì
ì ë§ì ì ìœìŽ ë°ë¥Žê³ ìë€. í¹í 죌 ë¡í° ëžë ìŽëì ê°ëì ê²œì° ìµëš íì ìŒë¶ì í ë¶ì°©ë§ ê°ë¥íêž°ì ìì ëê° í¬ì§ ìì ìí©ìŽê³ , ì구 조걎 ëí ëì ê³µë ¥ ë° ìì ì±ë¥ìŽêž°ì ìŽë¥Œ ë§ì¡±ìí€êž°ìë íì€ì ìŒë¡ ë§ì ìŽë €ììŽ ë°ë¥žë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ììë ìì ìžêží ì í 조걎 íìì ëžë ìŽë ìµëš íì ë³í ë° í ë¶ì°©ì íµí ê³µë ¥ ë° ìì ì±ë¥ ìµì í륌 ì§ííìë€. íì ë³ì ì€í°ë륌 íµíŽ 5ê°ì§ ìµëš íì ë³ìì 1ê°ì§ í ê°ë ë³ì륌 ì€ê³ ë³ìë¡ ìŒê³ ìŽì©ì±ì ê³ ë €íŽ ì¬ë¬ê°ì§ êž°ë 조걎ììì ê³µë ¥ ë° ìì ì±ë¥ì 목ì íšìë¡ ëìë€. ì ì늬 ë¹í 3ê°ì§ 조걎곌 ì ì§ ë¹í 3ê°ì§ 조걎ì ê³ ë €íë©°, ì ì§ ë¹íì ê²œì° ížëŠŒ íŽìì íµíì¬ ì€ì ì ëì¥ì 몚ì¬íìë€. íšìšì ìž ì ëì¥ ë¶ìì ìíŽ hybrid CFD íŽììê° ìŽì©ëììŒë©° ìì ë¶ìì Farassat 1A ë°©ì ìì ìŽì©íì¬ ëê» ìì ë° íì€ ììì ê³ ë €íìë€. ìµì ì€ê³ë¥Œ ìíŽ í¬ëŠ¬ê¹
ëªšëž (Kriging model) ì ê·Œì¬ëªšëžë¡ ìŽì©íë©° ìµì íŽë¥Œ ì°Ÿìê°ë ìê³ ëŠ¬ìŠìŒë¡ë ë¹ êµ¬ë°°ë² êž°ë°ì ì ì ìê³ ëŠ¬ìŠê³Œ EI (Expected Improvement) 륌 ìŽì©í íšê³Œì ìž ì ììµì í ë°©ë²ìŽ ì¬ì©ëìë€.
결곌ì ìŒë¡ ì ì늬 ë° ì ì§ ë¹í ê³µë ¥ ì±ë¥ê³Œ ìì ì±ë¥ìŽ ì¬ë¬ êž°ë조걎ìì 몚ë í¥ìë ìµì íŽë¥Œ ì»ì ì ììë€. ì ëì¥ ë° ìì ë¶ìì íµíŽ ê°ê°ì ë³ìì ì±ë¥ ì¬ìŽì êŽê³, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì±ë¥ í¥ìì ììžì ë¶ìíìë€. ê³µë ¥ ì±ë¥ì ê²œì° ì ì늬 ë¹í곌 ì ì§ ë¹íì ìŒë¶ ì±ë¥ì ìŠê°ìí€ë ê²ì ê°ë¥íë 몚ë ì±ë¥ì ëìŽêž°ìë ìŒì ì ëì íê³ê° ììì íìžíìë€. ëí ìì ì±ë¥ì ê²œì° ììì ê°ë륌 ì€ìŽë ê²ì íê³ê° ìì§ë§ ë°©ì¬ì±ì ë³í륌 ì£ŒìŽ ììì ì€ìŽë ê²ì 충ë¶í ê°ë¥íë€ë ê²ì íìžíìë€.The shape of the helicopter rotor blades can dramatically affects the overall performance, including aerodynamics, noise and structure performances. This is due to the vortex generated by the rotor blade rotating. This vortex descends below the rotor and directly or indirectly bumps into the wing, fuselage, and tail rotor, resulting in complicated flow and performance degradation. In order to weaken the effect of this vortex, rotor blade shape research has been ongoing worldwide. In recent years, design optimization has been achieved through CFD and optimization techniques.
Meanwhile, Korea has been developing a light armed helicopter and a light civil helicopter as well as a Korean utility helicopter, Surion. For these helicopter developments, existing parts were used and therefore, many restrictions on the improvement works hindered the development. Mainly, in the case of the improvement of the main rotor blades, changing only the tip shape and the tab attachment is made possible. As the requirements are also highly coupled with the aerodynamic and noise performance, lots of difficulties exist.
In this study, the design optimization for higher aerodynamic and noise performance was conducted by changing blade tip and tab shape under the harsh conditions. Through the tip parameter study, five tip shape parameters and one tap angle parameter were used as design parameters, and the aerodynamic and noise performance in various conditions were set as the objective function. Three hovering conditions and three forward flight conditions were taken into consideration. Hybrid CFD solver, which simulates the wake as the model was used for efficient flow field analysis. Thickness noise and loading noise were considered for noise analysis using Farassat 1A equation. For optimization technique, the efficient global optimization using expected improvement was used with Kriging model as a surrogate model.
As a result, the optimal solutions were improved both in aerodynamic and noise performance in various conditions. The relationships between each variable and performance are identified and the cause of performance improvement was figured out through the analysis of flow field. In case of the aerodynamic performance, it is possible to increase some performance of hovering and forward flight, but there is a limit on increasing overall performance. In addition, reducing the noise by changing the directivity is more effective than diminishing the intensity of the noise.ìŽ ë¡ 1
목 찚 3
귞늌 목찚 5
í 목찚 6
I. ìë¡ 7
A. í¬ëŠ¬ìœ¥í° ë¡í°ì íì ê°ì ì°êµ¬ 7
B. ì°êµ¬ì íìì± ë° ëª©ì 9
II. ìì¹ êž°ë² 11
A. ì ëì¥ íŽì 11
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°. ì ì°ì 첎ìí ë구 12
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°. íë¥ ëªšëž 16
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°i. ì ëì¥ íŽì êž°ë² ê²ìŠ 18
B. ìì ì±ë¥ íŽì 21
C. ìµì ì€ê³ êž°ë² 23
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°. ê·Œì¬ ëªšëž 23
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°. íšê³Œì ìž ì ììµì í ë°©ë² 24
III. ìµì ì€ê³ 27
A. ì€ê³ 묞ì ì ì 27
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°. êž°ì€ ëžë ìŽë íì 27
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±. íì ë³ì ì ì 28
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±i. 목ì íšì ë° ì í 조걎 31
B. ì€ê³ 결곌 ë° ë¶ì 34
i. ìµì ì€ê³ 결곌 34
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±. ê³µë ¥ ì±ë¥ ë¶ì 37
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±. ìì ì±ë¥ ë¶ì 46
IV. ê²°ë¡ 51
ì°žê³ ë¬ží 53
ABSTRACT 57Maste
Political Allocation in the Budget delieration process of the National Assembly and Budget execution
íìë
Œë¬ž (ë°ì¬) -- ììžëíêµ ëíì : íì ëíì íì í곌(íì íì ê³µ), 2020. 8. êžíì.볞 ì°êµ¬ë êµí ìì°ê²°ì°í¹ë³ììíì ìì°ì¬ì¬ê³Œì ìì ëíëë ìì°ì¬ìì êŽë šë ì ì¹ì ë°°ë¶ìŒë¡ ëíëë ë¹ì¬ìë€ì íëìŽ ìì°ì ì§íì ë¶ì ì ìž ìí¥ì 믞칚ì ì€ìŠì ìŒë¡ ìŽíŽë³Žê³ ì íë€. ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ìŠì¡ ë±ìŽ 묞ì ê° ëë ìŽì ë êµíìì곌 ì§ì죌믌ìŽë êž°êŽì ì
ì¥ìì ìì°íëì ì¶êµ¬íë ê²ìŽ í©ëŠ¬ì ìŽê³ ì ë¹í íìë¡ ìŽíŽë ì ìë ë°ë©Ž, 곌ìí¬ìì ì¬ì 걎ì ì±ì ì
í, ìì ë°°ë¶ì ì곡 ë± ì¬í ì 첎ì ìŒë¡ë ë¹íšìšì ìž ê²°ê³Œë¥Œ ìŽëíêž° ë묞ìŽë€. 볞 ì°êµ¬ë ìŽë° 묞ì ììíì íì¬ êµíìì ìŽì ì€ìž ìì°ì¬ì¬ê³Œì ìŽ ìŒêž°íë 결곌 ì€ ìì°ì§íì ë¶ì§ê³Œ ì€ììì°êž°êŽìŒë¡ì êž°íì¬ì ë¶ì ìì°ì§í íµì ê° ë°ìíšì ì€ìŠíê³ , ìŽë¥Œ ì ëì ìŒë¡ 볎ìíêž° ìí ì ì±
ì ìì¬ì ì ì ìíê³ ì íë€.
공공ì íë¡ ì ìì°ê³Œì ìŽ ê°ì§ê³ ìë ì ì¹ì±ê³Œ ìì°ê³Œì ì ì°žì¬íë 죌첎ë€ì íëì늬륌 ì€ëª
í ì ìë ìŽë¡ ì í ë륌 ì ê³µíë€. íšì©ê·¹ëí륌 ë¬ì±íë €ë í¬íì, ëíê·¹ëíì ì¬ì ì ì¶êµ¬íë ì ì¹ê°, ìì°ê·¹ëí륌 ì¶êµ¬íë êŽë£, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ê³µì ì¬ì í¹ì§ì ê°ì§ ìì°ì ì¬íí¹ì±ìŒë¡ ìžíŽ í¬í¬ë°°ëŽ(pork-barrel) íììŽ ëíëë€. í¬í¬ë°°ëŽìŽ 묞ì ê° ëë ì ì ìì°ê³Œì ì ì°žì¬íë 죌첎ë€ì ê°ìì 목ì íšì륌 ë¬ì±íêž° ìíŽ ìµì ì íëì íì§ë§, ê·ž ê²°ê³Œê° ì 첎ì ìž ì¬í íìì ìµì í륌 ë¬ì±íì§ ëª»í ì ìë€ë ê²ìŽë€. í¬í¬ë°°ëŽì ìíŽ ë°ìí ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì â í볎í ì ìë ì¬ì
ì ìì£Œë¡ ìŠì¡íë €ê³ íë€ë ì , â¡ ì ì ê·ëªšì ìì°ì ë°ìíêž°ë³Žë€ ì§ì구ì ë°°ì ëë ìì°ì¬ì
ì ì«ì(Frisch, 1998)륌 ëëŠ¬ë €ê³ íë€ë ì , ⢠ì¬ì
ì ì§íìŽë ìê²° ê°ë¥ì±ë³Žë€ë ì¬ì
ì ì ì¹ë ìŠì¡ì ì§ì€íê² ëë€ë ì (Arnold, 1992)ìì ìì ë°°ë¶ì ì곡곌 íšê» ë€ë¥ž ì¬ì
ìì°ì ë¹íŽ ì§íì ë¶ì§ìŽ ëíëê² ëë€. ëí íì¬ íêµì êµí ìì°ì¬ì ì ëíìì ìŠì¡ì구ë ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ì ê²œì° ì¬ì
ê³í곌 ì¬ì ì ì°š ì€ìì¬ë¶ ë±ì 충ë¶í ê²í ë°ì§ 못íë€ë ì , ìŠì¡ì¬ì¬ê³Œì ìŽ ë¶í¬ëª
íë€ë ì ìì êž°íì¬ì ë¶ì ìì°ì§ííµì ë ì€ì ìì°ì§í 곌ì ììì ë¶ì§ìŒë¡ ìŽìŽì§ë ììžìŽ ëë€.
ìì°ê³Œì ì ì ì¹ì ìž ì£Œêž°, 구첎ì ìŒë¡ë ì ê±°ë íêžë ¥ìŽ í° ì ì¹ì ìž ì¬ê±Žì ë°ì곌 êŽë šìŽ ìë€. W. Nordhaus (1975)ì ìíŽ ì£Œì°œë ì ì¹ì 겜Ʞìí죌Ʞ(Politically Induced Business Cycle : PBC)ìŽë¡ ì ë°ë¥Žë©Ž, ì ê¶ìë€ì í©ëŠ¬ì ìŽëŒ íëëŒë ì 볎ì ë¹ëì¹ì±ê³Œ ì ìœìŒë¡ ìžíŽ ì ì¹ìžê³Œ ì ë¶ê° ì ê±° ìŽì ì ì ê³µíìë 겜ì ì ííì ë¹ë¡íì¬ í¬í륌 íë€. ì ì¹ìžì ì ê¶ìë€ìê² ìì ìŽ ê²œì ì ííì ì€ ì ìë ì ì¹ìžìŒë¡ íê°ë°êž° ìíŽì, ì ê¶ìë€ìê² ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ì ê³µíë €ê³ íë€.
íì¬ íêµì ì§ë°©ì ê±°ìì ì ë¹ê³µì²ì ê° ì€ìëê³ ìë€ë ìž¡ë©Žì ê³ ë €íë€ë©Ž, ì§ì구ì êµíìì곌 ì§ë°©ìì¹ëšì²Žì¥, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì§ë°©ìíììì ìë¡ì ë¹ì ì íë ¥íë ê²ìŽ 공공ì íë¡ ì êŽì ììì ì¬ì ê°ë¥ì±ì ëìŽë íëìŽ ëë€. 2ë
ì£Œêž°ë¡ ìŽì 곌 ì§ë°©ì ê±°ê° ë²ê°ìê°ë©° ì€ìëê³ ìêž° ë묞ì ìíêŽê³ì ë³íê° ì£Œêž°ì ìŒë¡ ëíëì§ë§, ë¹ì ìŽ ìŒì¹íë ê²œì° ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ì í볎íê³ ì§ííë ê²ìŽ ì§ë°©ìì¹ëšì²Žì¥ê³Œ ì§ë°©ìíìììê² ììŽìë ì¬ì ê°ë¥ì±ì ëìŽëë° ëììŽ ëë€.
ìì°ì¬ì륌 íµíŽ íì ë ìì°ì ê³íë ì§í ìŒì ì ë§ì¶ìŽ íê³ì°ë ê° ì§íëë€. íì§ë§ ížì±ë ìì°ìŽ ì§íì íµíŽ 몚ë ì§ì¶ëë ê²ì íì€ì ìŒë¡ ë¶ê°ë¥íë€. ìì°ì ë°ìëìŽ ì¬ììŽ ë°°ë¶ëììŒë ì¬ìì 믞ì§íìŽ ë°ìíìì 겜ì°, íŽë¹ ì¬ì
ë³Žë€ ë íìíê±°ë ìêží ì¬ì
ì ê·ž ì¬ìì í¬ì
í ì ìììë ë¶êµ¬íê³ ì¬ì©íì§ ëª»íë€ê³ 볌 ì ìë€. êž°íë¹ì©ì ìž¡ë©Žìì ë¶ì©ì¡ ë± ìì°ì 믞ì§íì¡ì ìì°ì§íì ë¶ì§ í¹ì ë¹íšìšì±ì ëíëŽë ì§íëŒê³ 볌 ì ìë€. ííž ì ë¶ë ìì°ì ì§íìŽ íšìšì ìŒë¡ ì§íë ì ìëë¡ ë
žë ¥íë€. êž°íì¬ì ë¶ì ììë°°ì ì ëë ê·žë° ë
žë ¥ ì€ íëë€. ììë°°ì ì ëë ìì°ížì± ì ì¬ì
ê³íìŽ ë¯žíì ìŽê±°ë ëë ì¬ì
ìíì ì ê²ìŽ íìí ì¬ì
ì ëíì¬ ë¶êž°ë³ ì êž°ë°°ì ì êŽê³ììŽ ììë°°ì ìŽ ì구륌 ë°ì íŽë¹ì¬ì
ì ì¶ì§ìí© ë° ë¬žì ì ë±ì ë¶ì ê²í í í ìì°ì ë°°ì íë ì ëë€. ì€ì ë¡ ìì°ì¬ìê° ì¢
ë£ë í íê³ì°ëê° ììëë©Ž êž°íì¬ì ë¶ììë ê° ì¬ì
ì ê³íì륌 ë€ì ê²í íê³ ììë°°ì ìŒë¡ 묶ì ê²ìžì§ì ëí ê²°ì ì íë€. ìŽ ë ì¬ì
ê³íìŽ ë¯žì§í ë¹íŽ ì¬ì
ë€ì ë€ë¥ž ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ ììë°°ì ëìì¬ì
ìŽ ë ê°ë¥ì±ìŽ ëë€.
êµí ìì°ì¬ì¬ì êŽë šë ì¬ë¬ ì°êµ¬ë€ì ìì°ì¬ìì 묞ì ì ì íì
íê³ , ê°ì íêž° ìí ë°©ìì ì ìíê³ ìë€. íì§ë§ ëë¶ë¶ì ì°êµ¬ë ì ì¬ì± ìì°(pork-barrel)ì ížì±ê³Œì ì ì§ì€íê³ ììŒë©°, ì ì¬ì± ìì°ìŽ ì€ì ë¡ êµë¯Œê³Œ ìì¥ê²œì ì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì ëíŽìë êž°íë¹ì©ì 잡멎곌 ë¶ì ì ìž ìžìì ìŽì ìŽ ë§ì¶°ì ž ìë€. ë€ì ë§íŽ, ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ìŽ ìŽëíë ë¶ì ì ìž íšê³Œì ëí ì€ìŠë¶ììŽ ìë ìíëŒê³ 볌 ì ìë€. 볞 ì°êµ¬ë ìŽë° 묞ì ììíì ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ìŽ 볎ìŽë ë¶ì ì ìž íšê³Œìì ìžê³ŒêŽê³ ì¬ë¶ ë° ì ëì ìŽì ì ë§ì¶ê³ ì íë€. ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ì€ì ë°ìíê³ ìë, ì ì¹ì ìž ìëì ìì° ë°°ë¶ìŽ ì 거죌Ʞì ì ì¹ì ì°ê³ì ë°ëŒ ê·ž ë¶ì ì ìž íšê³Œì ì ëê° ë¬ëŒì§ ì ììì ë°íê³ ì íë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ì ë¶ìì ìíŽì 2011ïœ2018ë
8ë
ê°ì ìì°, ì¶ê²œ, ê²°ì°ìë£ë¥Œ ì¢
í©íì¬ ìžë¶ì¬ì
ì€ êµíìì ìŠì¡ë ì¬ì
ì ëììŒë¡ íìë€. íŽë¹ ì¬ì
ì€ ìì°ê²°ì°í¹ë³ììíìì ìŠì¡ëììŒë©°, ìì°ì ëììŽ í¹ì ì§ììŽë í¹ì ì§ìì êž°êŽìž ìì°ë€ì êž°ì€ìŒë¡ ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ë¶ë¥Œ íë³íì¬ ìœë©íìë€. ìŽë¥Œ ê²í íê³ íìžíêž° ìíŽ êµí ìê²°ìì ìì°ìë±ì¡°ì ìì ì¬ì¬ìë£, êµí íìë¡, ìžë¡ 볎ë ë±ì ìë£ë¡ íìë€. ëí ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ì¬ì
ëìì§ìì 구ë¶íì¬ ì§ìë³ë¡ ì§í íšê³Œê° ë€ë¥Žê² ëíëëì§ íìžíìë€. êž°íì¬ì ë¶ë¡ë¶í° ë¶ìëì êž°ê° ëìì ììë°°ì ì¬ì
목ë¡, ê²°ì°ìë£ë¥Œ íµíŽ ìžë¶ì¬ì
ë³ ì§íë¥ , ìì°ìŽììš, ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšì ê²°í©íìë€. ì ê±°ìë ¥, ìŠ ì ì¹ì£Œêž°ë êµíììì íŽë¹ êž° ì°ì°šë¥Œ ë³ìë¡ ìŒìë€. ì ì¹ì ì°ê³ì ê²œì° êµíìì ë€ìë¹-ì§ë°©ìíìì ë€ìë¹-ì§ë°©ìì¹ëšì²Žì¥ì ë¹ì ìŽ ìŒì¹íëì§ ì¬ë¶ë¡ ë³ìííìë€. ìŽ ë°ì ìí¥ììžì íµì íêž° ìíŽ ìì°ê·ëªš, ìì°ìŠê°ìš, í¹ë³íê³ ë° êž°êžì¬ë¶, ì ì±
ë³ ë¶ë¥, ë¶ì² ë³ì륌 ì¬ì©íìë€. ë¶ì몚íìŒë¡ë ê° ì°ë ë¶ìì ìíŽ ë¡ì§ê³Œ ìŒë°í ì í몚í(Generalized Linear Model)ì, ì 첎 ë°ìŽí° ë¶ìì ìíŽ íšëë¡ì§ê³Œ GEE(Generalized Estimating Equations)륌 ì¬ì©íììŒë©°, ë¶ììë STATA 16.1 íë¡ê·žëšì íì©íìë€. 죌ì ë¶ì결곌ë ë€ì곌 ê°ë€.
첫짞, êµí ìì°ì¬ì¬ 곌ì ìì ë°ìí ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ì ê·žë ì§ ìì ìŠì¡ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ êž°íì¬ì ë¶ì ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ì§ì ë ê°ë¥ì±ìŽ ëì ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€. ê° ì°ëë³ë¡ ë¶ìí 결곌 2012ë
곌 2017ë
ì ì ìžíê³ ëëšžì§ 6ê°ë
ëìì ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ì ìŒë° ìŠì¡ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ ììë°°ì ì í¬íšë ê°ë¥ì±ìŽ 1.679ë°°(2013ë
)ìì 4.209ë°°(2015ë
)ì ë²ììì ëíë¬ë€. 8ê°ë
ë íµí©ìë£ë¥Œ ë¶ìí íšëë¡ì§ 몚íììë ìŒë° ìŠì¡ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ìŽ ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ìí íë¥ ìŽ 3.193ë°°ë¡ ëíë¬ë€. ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ì ì¬ì
ëìì§ìë³ë¡ ìŽíŽë³Žë©Ž â ìŒë° ìŠì¡ì¬ì
ì ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì§ì íë¥ ìŽ ìëì ìŒë¡ ê°ì¥ ë®ê³ , â¡ ê°ì, 충ì², 겜ì, ì ëŒê° ìŒë° ìŠì¡ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽìë ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ìí ê°ë¥ì±ìŽ ëìŒë ì§ì ê°ìë íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì°šìŽê° ììŒë©°, ⢠ì¬ì
ì íšê³Œê° ì¬ë¬ ì§ìì ë°°ë¶ëë ì¬ì
ë€ê³Œ ììž, ìžì²Â·ê²œêž°ì ì¬ì
ë€ìŽ ê°ì¥ ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ìí íë¥ ìŽ ëê² ëíë¬ë€.
ë짞, êµí ìì°ì¬ì¬ 곌ì ìì ë°ìí ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ì ê·žë ì§ ìì ìŠì¡ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšìŽ ëê³ , ì§íë¥ ìŽ ë®ì ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€. 뚌ì ê° ì°ëë³ë¡ ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ìŽ ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì 2014, 2016, 2018ë
ì ë¶ë¶ì ìŒë¡ ëíëšì íìží ì ììë€. 2014ë
곌 2018ë
ìë ì§ë°©ì ê±°ê°, 2016ë
ìë 20ë ìŽì ìŽ ìë íŽììì ê³ ë €íŽë³žë€ë©Ž, ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ì§í ë¶ì§ìŽ ì 거죌Ʞì ë°ëŒ ëíëê³ ììì íìží ì ìë€. ë¶ì©ê³Œ ìŽìì¡ì íšê» ê³ ë €í ìì°ì§íë¥ ì 믞ì¹ë ìí¥ì 2014ë
ïœ2018ë
ì 5ê°ë
ì ìë£ìì ì(-)ì êŽê³ê° ì¶ì ëìë€. 8ë
ê°ì ìë£ë¥Œ íµí©íì¬ ë¶ìí 결곌, êµíìì ìŠì¡ë ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ë€ë¥ž ìŠì¡ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšìŽ ìœ 26% ëìŒë©°(p<0.01), ì§íë¥ ì 3.3% ë®ì(p<0.01) ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€. ê° ì§ìë³ë¡ ì ì¬ì± ìì°ì¬ì
ì ìì°ì§íì ì°šìŽê° ìëì§ì ëí ë¶ìí 결곌 ìŒë° ìŠì¡ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ ììžìŽ ì¬ì
ëìì§ììž ì ì¬ì± ìì°ì¬ì
ì ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšìŽ 156.4%, 겜Ʞ·ìžì²ìŽ 47.7% ëì ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€. ì§íë¥ ì ê²œì° ê°ìì ì ìží ëë¶ë¶ì ê¶ììì ì ì¬ì± ìì°ì¬ì
ì ì§íë¥ ìŽ ìŒë° ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽì ë®ìì íìží ì ììë€.
ì
짞, ì ì¬ì± ì§ìì¬ì
ì¬ë¶ê° ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ì§ì ëëì§ ì¬ë¶ ë° ìì°ì§í곌ì êŽê³ì ì ë륌 ì ê±°ì£Œêž°ê° ì¡°ì íëì§ ì¬ë¶ë¥Œ ìŽíŽë³Žêž° ìíì¬, ì ê±°ìë ¥ ë³ìì ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ë¶-ì ê±°ìë ¥ ë³ìì êµížíì ì¶ê°ë¡ í¬ì
íì¬ ë¶ìíìë€. ê·ž 결곌 â ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ì§ì ëìëì§ ì¬ë¶, ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšìŽ ì¢
ìë³ììž ê²œì° ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ë¶ì ì ê±°ìë ¥ ë³ìì êµíží ì€ìì 2ë
ì°š ë³ìê° ì(+)ì ì ì믞í êŽê³ë¡ ì¶ì ëììŒë©°, â¡ ì§íë¥ ì ì¢
ìë³ìë¡ í 몚íììë ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì¬ë¶ì ì ê±°ìë ¥ì êµíží ì€ 2ë
ì°šïœ4ë
ì°š ë³ììì 몚ë ì ì믞í ì(-)ì ê³ìê° ì¶ì ëìë€.
ë·ì§ž, ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì° ì¬ë¶ê° ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ìí ê°ë¥ì±ê³Œì êŽë šì±, ê·žëŠ¬ê³ ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšê³Œ ì§íë¥ ë¡ ìž¡ì í ìì°ì§í곌ì êŽë šì±ì ì ì¹ì ì°ê³ê° ì¡°ì íëì§ë¥Œ ë¶ìí 결곌 â ì§ë°©ìíì ì§ì ëŽ êµíìì ë€ìë¹ìŽ ìŒì¹íë ì§ìì ì ì¬ì± ìì°ì¬ì
ì ê·žë ì§ ìì ì§ìì ì ì¬ì± ìì°ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ìí íë¥ ìŽ 1.943ë°°ìŽë©°, ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšìŽ 37.2% ëê³ , ì§íë¥ ìŽ 2.93% ë®ì ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ë€. â¡ ì§ë°©ìì¹ëšì²Žì¥ê³Œ ì§ë°©ìíì ë€ìë¹ìŽ ìŒì¹íë ì§ìì ì ì¬ì± ìì°ì¬ì
ì ê·žë ì§ ìì ì ì¬ì± ìì°ì¬ì
ì ë¹íŽ ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìšìŽ 34.1% ë®ì ê²ìŒë¡ ëíë¬ìŒë©°, ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ìí ê°ë¥ì± í¹ì ì§íë¥ ê³Œë íµê³ì ìŒë¡ ì ì믞í êŽê³ê° ìë ê²ìŒë¡ ì¶ì ëìë€.
볞 ì°êµ¬ë êž°ì¡Žì ì°êµ¬ë€ìŽ êµí ìì°ì¬ì¬ì ëíì¬ ìì°ì¬ì¬ê³Œì ìì ìŒìŽëë ìížìì©(ì겜ì, 2009; ííì , 2018), ìì°ì¬ì¬ 결곌 ë°ìí 쪜ì§ìì°ì ì±ê²©ì ëí ê·ëª
(ë°°ì죌, 2016), ìì°ì¬ì ê²°ê³Œë¬Œìž ìŠÂ·ê°ì¡ ì¬ì
ì ì±ê²©(ê¹ìë¡Â·ê¹ìì, 2018) ë± ìì°ì¬ì¬ 곌ì ì첎ë ì°ì¶ë¬Œì ì±ê²©ì ì§ì€í ê²ê³Œ ë¬ëŠ¬, êµí ìì°ì¬ì¬ 곌ì ìì ë°ìí ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ìŽ ìì°ì ì§í곌ì ììë ì¬íì ìŒë¡ ë¶ì ì ìž ìí¥ì ë¯žì¹ ì ììì 죌목íìë€. ìì°ì¬ì 곌ì ìì ë°ìíë í¬í¬ë°°ëŽì ìí ìì°ìŽ ê·ž ì±ê²©ê³Œ íì¬ íêµì êµí ìì°ì¬ìì ëë¡ ìžíŽ ìì°ì§íìë 묞ì ê° ìì ì ìë€ë ì ì ë°í ê²ìŽ 볞 ì°êµ¬ê° ê°ì§ 첫 ë²ì§ž ì믞ë€.
ë€ììŒë¡ 볞 ì°êµ¬ë ìì°ížì±-ìì°ì¬ì ë° íì âìì°ì§íì 곌ì ìì ì ì¹ìíì£Œêž°ê° ëíëê³ ììì ë°íê³ ìë€. ì¬ì í ì ê¶ìì ì ì¹ìž ê°ì ì 볎ë¹ëì¹ìŽ ì¡Žì¬íê³ , ìì°ížì± ë° ì¬ì곌ì ìì í¬ëª
ì±ìŽ ë¶ì¡±íë€ë ì ì ì€ìŠê²°ê³Œë ë§íê³ ìë€. ìì°ì íì±ê³Œì ìŽ í¬ëª
íì§ ìê³ ê³µê°ë ì¥ììì ë
Œìëì§ ìì ìì°ìŽ ìŽë ìê° íì ëìŽ ìíëë€ë©Ž, ê·ž ì ì±
ìŽ ì ëë¡ ë ì ìì ê²ìŽë€(ë°°ì죌, 2016). ë°ì€ìì ê²°ì ë ìì°ì ëê° ë§ë€ìëì§ ì ì ìê³ , ì±
ìì ì§ì°êž° ìŽë €ìŽ ê²ìŽ ì¬ì€ìŽë€. ìì°ê³Œì , í¹í ìì°ì¬ì 곌ì ì í¬ëª
íê² ë§ëë ì ëë€ì íìì±ì 죌ì¥íêž° ìí ì€ìŠì 귌거륌 ë§ë šíìë€ë ì ìì 볞 ì°êµ¬ì ìì륌 ì°Ÿì ì ìì ê²ìŽë€.
ì§ìì ìì륌 ë§ì¡±ìí€êž° ìí ëì ìž¡ë©Ž, ìì°ê³Œì ì ì°žì¬íë ì°žì¬ìë€ìê²ë ìµì ì íëìŽëŒë ìž¡ë©Žìì ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ì ì¹ì í©ëŠ¬ì± ìž¡ë©Žììë ë°ëì§í ì ìë€. íì§ë§ êµê° í¹ì ì¬í ì 첎ì íì곌, ë íìí ê³³ì ìì°ìŽ ì°ìŒ ì ììë€ë êž°íë¹ì© ìž¡ë©Žììë ëìë€ê³ íê°í ì ìë€. 볞 ì°êµ¬ë íì¬ íêµì êµí ìì°ì¬ì ì ëíìì ë°ìíë ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ìŽ ìëì ìŒë¡ ë€ë¥ž ìŠì¡ìì°ì ë¹íŽ íšê³Œì ìž ì§íìŽ ìŽë µë€ë ê²ì 볎ìë€. ìŽë° ì ìì ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ìŽ ìì°ì§í ìž¡ë©Žìì ë¶ì ì ìž ìí¥ì ì€ì ë¡ ë¯žì¹ëì§, ìí¥ì 믞ì¹ë€ë©Ž ìŒë§ë 믞ì¹ëì§ë¥Œ 볎ìë€ë ìž¡ë©Žìì ììê° ìë€.
ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ë¶ì ì íšê³Œë¥Œ ì€ìŽêž° ìí ì ëì ìž ëìì ë€ì곌 ê°ë€.
첫짞, ìŠì¡ì¬ì¬ 곌ì ì í¬ëª
ì±ì í볎íêž° ìíŽìë ìì°ê²°ì°í¹ë³ììí ê°ì¬ëšê³Œ êž°íì¬ì ë¶ ì°šêŽì ì€ì¬ìŒë¡ í ììì, ìëŽëíì ì ì±
ììì¥ì ì€ì¬ìŒë¡ í 2+2íì ë± êµíë²ì ê·ì ëìŽìì§ ìì íì첎륌 íµí ìŠì¡ì¬ì¬ë¥Œ ì§ìíë ê²ìŽ íìíë€. ë¶ê°íŒíë€ë©Ž ìììì íì륌 ê³µê°íê±°ë, ë
¹ì·šÂ·íìë¡ ê³µê° ë±ì íµíŽ ìŽë€ ì¬ì
ìì°ìŽ ìŠì¡ë
Œìëê³ , ì€ì ë¡ ìŠì¡ëëì§ ì ì ìëë¡ íŽìŒ íë€.
ìëì ìŒë¡ ìì ê·ëªšì ì§ììì°ì¬ì
ì ê²œì° ìì°ìë±ì¡°ì ìì ìììŽ ê°ì ë¹ì ì§ì êµíììë€ì ì§ì구 ì¬ì
ì ëŽë¹íì¬, êž°íì¬ì ë¶ ìì°ì€ì ëŽë¹ìì ìŠì¡ì¬ì¬ë¥Œ ì§ííë€. ìì°ì ì¬ì ì¢
ë£ í íì ìì°ìŽ ê³µê°ë ë ìŠÂ·ê°ì¡ìŽ ìŽë£šìŽì§ ì¬ì
ì ìŠÂ·ê°ì¡ ì견ì ì ìí ììì ë° ìê²°ì ììì ì ìíë ë°©ìì ê³ ë €í ì ìë€. ìŠì¡ê³Œì ì í¬ëª
íê² ë§ëë ìŠì¡ì¬ì¬ 몚ëí°ë§ ì ë륌 ëì
íë ê²ìŽ ìì°ì¬ìì ì§í곌ì ìì êµíììì ì±
ìì±ì í볎íë ë°©ììŽ ë ê²ìŽë€.
ë짞, ê°ì¡ì ë¹ë¡¯íì¬ ìŠì¡ì¬ì¬ë¥Œ ë©Žë°íê² ì§ííêž° ìíŽìë íì¬ 30ìŒ ì ëì êž°ê°ìŒë¡ ì§ííê³ ìë ì¬ì¬êž°ê°ì ë늎 íìê° ìë€. íí ì ëíììë 11ì ìŽì ìì°ê²°ì°í¹ë³ììíì ì¢
í©ì ì±
ì§ìì ë¶ë³ì¬ì¬, ììììíì ìë¹ì¬ì¬ê° ëìì ì§íëë©°, ì€ì§ì ìŒë¡ ê°ì¡ì¬ì¬ì ìŠì¡ì¬ì¬ê° ìŽë£šìŽì§ë ìê°ì 20ìŒ ëšì§ìŽë€. ìŽì ê°ì íí ìì°ì¬ì ì ëìì ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ì¬ì
ì±, ì¬ì ì 찚륌 ì€ìíëì§ ì¬ë¶, ì¬ì
ê³í ìì±ì¬ë¶ ë±ì ë©Žë°íê² ê²í ë°êž° ìŽë €ìŽ ê²ìŽ ì¬ì€ìŽë€. ë°ëŒì êµì ê°ì¬ì ìŒì ì ì¡°ì íë€ë ê°, ì êž°êµíì ìŒì ì ì°ì¥íë ë± ì€ì§ì ìŒë¡ ìì°ì ì¬ì¬í ì ìë ìê°ì ·묌늬ì ìž ììì ì ê³µìŽ íìí ê²ìŽë€.
ë€ë§ ìŽë° ì°êµ¬ê²°ê³Œìë ë¶êµ¬íê³ ë³ž ì°êµ¬ë êµíììì 목ì íšìì íëì늬륌 ì íì ìŒë¡ ê°ì íê³ ë¶ìíìë€ë ì , ìì°ížì±ê³Œì ì ëí ê³ ë €ê° ë¶ì¡±íë€ë ì , ë¶ììë£ì íê³ê° ìë€ë ì ë±ì íê³ì ìŽ ìë€. 묞ì ì ë€ìŽ 볎ìë íì ì°êµ¬ê° íìí ê²ìŽë€.This study aims to empirically analyze the negative impact of the political allocation related to the budget deliberation process of the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts of the National Assembly. The pursuit of budget acquisition by politicians, local residents and institutions can be understood as a reasonable and just act. But the pork barrel regional budget has the following problems: The pork-barrel regional budget causes inefficient results throughout society, including excessive investment, worsening fiscal soundness, and distortion of resource allocation.
The public choice theory provides a theoretical basis for explaining the political nature of the budgetary process and the principle of the actors involved in the budgetary process. Pork barrel is caused by the characteristics of voters trying to achieve utility maximization, politicians seeking votes and re-election, bureaucrats seeking budget-maximization, and budgets as a common pool resources. The problem with "Pork-barrel regional budget" is that the subjects participating in the budgetary process do the best to achieve their objective functions, but the results may not achieve the overall social welfare optimization.
The budgetary process is related to political cycles, specifically the occurrence of political events such as an election. According to the Politically induced Business Cycle (PBC) theory, even reasonable voters vote according to the economic benefits that politicians and governments had provided before the election due to the asymmetry information and constraints. Politicians try to provide voters with a pork-barrel regional budget in order to be judged by voters as a politician who can give them economic benefits.
The approved budget through budget deliberation process is executed during the fiscal year in accordance with the budget allocation plan and process. However, it is practically impossible for the budget to be executed perfectly. In terms of opportunity cost, the unexecuted amount of the budget, such as unused budget, can be seen as an indicator of the sluggishness or inefficiency of budget execution. Meanwhile, the government tries to execute the budget efficiently. The Ministry of Economy and Finance's occasional allocation system is one such effort. The occasional allocation system is a system that allocates budgets after analyzing and reviewing the progress and problems of the project after receiving requests for occasional allocation regardless of quarterly regular allocation for projects whose project plans are not formulated or that require check of project implementation. The projects which have insufficient plans, are likely to be subject to occasional allocation compared to other projects.
There are few empirical analysis of the negative effects of the pork barrel regional budget. This study focuses on whether or not there is a causal relationship with the negative effects between the pork barrel regional budget and budget execution. And the degree of negative effects of the political budget allocation may vary depending on the political cycle and political ties.
For these purposes, this study used data which budget and settlement on account data for the eight years from 2011 to 2018 were aggregated. Among the projects, the detailed project was coded as the pork-barrel regional budget by determining whether or not the project based on the budgets of specific regions or institutions in specific regions, and whether it was increased by the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts. In order to confirm this, the Special Committee on Budget and Accounts's review documents, minutes of the National Assembly, and press reports were reviewed. This study combines the list of occasional allocation projects and settlement of account data from the Ministry of Economy and Finance during the analysis period with the execution rate, carry-over rate, and unused ratio of expenditure budget. Election pressure, or political cycles, was measured as a variable for National Assembly members' annual periods. In the case of political ties, it was measured whether the majority party of National Assembly members, the majority party of local council members, and the heads of local governments had the same party affiliation.
Logit and Generalized Linear Model(GLM) were used for each year analysis, random-effect panel logit and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used for overall panel data analysis. STATA 16.1 program was used for analysis. The main findings of the analysis are as follows.
First, the pork barrel regional budget project, which occurred during the parliamentary budget deliberation process, is more likely to be designated by the Ministry of Economy and Finance as an occasional allocation project than the other increased project. Second, the pork-barrel regional budget project, which occurred during the parliamentary budget deliberation process, showed a higher ratio of unused budget and a lower execution rate compared to the other increased projects. Third, the moderation effect of political pressure could be confirmed in the relationship between pork barrel regional budget and budget execution. Fourth, if the majority parties of local councils and members of the National Assembly are matched, and if the heads of local governments and the majority parties of local councils are matched, the moderation effect of political tie has been shown.
It is the first implication of this study that it revealed that the budget by pork barrel, which occurs during the budget deliberation process, may also have problems in budget execution due to its characteristics and the current political budget deliberation system in the National Assembly. Next, this study reveals that the political business cycle is emerging in the process of budget formulation - budget deliberation and approval - budget execution. The second implication of this study is that it has provided empirical evidences for asserting the need for systems to make the budget process, especially the budget deliberation process transparent.
The institutional alternatives to reduce the negative effects of pork-barrel regional budgets are as follows:
First, in order to ensure transparency in the budget increase deliberation process, it is necessary to avoid a meeting body which is not stipulated in the National Assembly Act. Introducing a budget increase deliberation process monitoring system that makes the budget increase deliberation process transparent will be a way to ensure politicians' accountability in the budget deliberation and execution process.
Second, it is necessary to extend the period of deliberation, which is currently being conducted for about 30 days. It will be necessary to provide time and physical resources to deliberate the budget practically, such as adjusting the schedule of the National Assemblys audit of state affairs or extending the schedule of the regular session of the National Assembly.ì 1 ì¥ ì ë¡ 1
ì 1 ì ì°êµ¬ì 목ì 1
ì 2 ì ì°êµ¬ ëì곌 ë°©ë² 5
1. ì°êµ¬ ëì곌 ë²ì 5
2. ì°êµ¬ ë°©ë² 6
ì 2 ì¥ ìŽë¡ ì ë
Œì ë° ì íì°êµ¬ ê²í 8
ì 1 ì ìì°ì¬ì ííì ëí ìŽë¡ ì ê³ ì°° 8
1. 공공ì íë¡ (Public Choice Theory)곌 í¬í¬ë°°ëŽ 8
2. ì ì¹ì 겜ꞰìíìŽë¡ 곌 ìì°ì¬ì 21
ì 2 ì êµí ìì°ížì±ì¬ì 곌ì 곌 ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì ì±ëŠœ 28
1. ì ë¶ ìì°ížì± 곌ì 곌 ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì° 28
2. êµí ìì°ì¬ì 곌ì 곌 ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì° 31
ì 3 ì ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ê³Œ ìì°ì§í 42
1. ì ì±
ìŒë¡ìì ìì°ê³Œ ìì°ì§í 42
2. ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ê³Œ ìì°ì§íì êŽë šì± 48
3. êž°íì¬ì ë¶ ììë°°ì ì ëì ìì°ì§í 52
4. ì ì¹ì ì°ê³ì ìì°ì§í 55
ì 4 ì ì íì°êµ¬ì ê²í 58
ì 3 ì¥ ì°êµ¬ì€ê³ ë° ë¶ìêž°ë² 63
ì 1 ì ì°êµ¬ë¬žì 63
ì 2 ì ì°êµ¬ê°ì€ 65
ì 3 ì ë¶ìëìì ì ì ë° í¹ì§ 71
1. êž°íì¬ì ë¶ì ììë°°ì ì¬ì
71
2. ìì°ì§í : ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìš, ìì°ì§íë¥ 75
3. ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì êµ¬ë¶ 79
4. ë¶ììë£ ë° êž°í ë³ì ìž¡ì 82
ì 4 ì ë¶ìêž°ë²ì ì ì 86
ì 4 ì¥ ë¶ì 결곌 91
ì 1 ì ì ì¬ì± ì§ììì°ì êž°ì íµê³ë 91
ì 2 ì ë¶ì결곌 99
1. 몚í 1 : ììë°°ì ì¬ì
ì ì§ì ë íë¥ 100
2. 몚í 2 : ë¶ì©ì¡ë¹ìš, ìì°ì§íë¥ 109
3. ì¡°ì íšê³Œ ê²ìŠ : ì ê±°ìë ¥ê³Œ ì ì¹ì ì°ê³ 122
ì 5 ì¥ ììœ ë° ê²°ë¡ 139
ì 1 ì ë¶ì 결곌ì ììœ 139
ì 2 ì ì ì±
ì íšì ë° ì°êµ¬ì íê³ 143
1. ì ì±
ì íšì 143
2. ì°êµ¬ì íê³ 146
ì°žê³ ë¬ží 148
Abstract 159Docto
Perception of officials on administrative corruption
íìë
Œë¬ž (ìì¬)-- ììžëíêµ ëíì : íì í곌, 2011.2. êžíì.Maste
Experimental studies on the excretion of uric acid in rabbit
ìí곌/ë°ì¬[íêž]
[ì묞]
The excretion of uric acid in man has been of great interest because of its importance as an end product in purine metabolism as well as of its role in causing gout. There are many differences in the modes of renal handling of urate among various species of animals. Uric acid actively secreted by the renal tubules of most vertebrate including amphibians, reptiles, and birds. On the other hand, in most mammals net tubular reabsorption of urate appears to be occurred with some exception, such as Dalmatian dog. In the rabbits, however, the mechanism of renal excretion of uric acid has long been a subject of controversial results. Within a given group it was possible to find individuals wish either net secretion or net reabsorption of urate depend on the experimental conditions.
Excretion of urate can be depressed or enhanced hy a variety of drugs belonging mainly to the aromatic acid group. Diodrast, probenecid, cinchophen and salicylates have been reported as uricosuric agents, on the other hand, lactate, benzoate, pyrazinoic acid, acetazolamide and chlorothiazide are known to be contraindicated to use for the patient with gout since theme agents depress the excretion of uric acid from the kidney. However, complex and sometimes the paradoxical effects on the
urate excretion by those above mentioned drugs are not uncommon.
The experiments were designed to investigate the mechanisms of renal handling of crate as well as the effects of variety of drugs on the tubular transport of uric acid in the rabbits.
Male or female white rabbits, from 1.5 to 2.5 kg in weight, were used. The experimental methods used in these studios were clearance, stop-flow, and retrograde injection techniques. The effects of saline, salicylate, chlorothiazide and probenecid were investigated in each experimental conditions.
Results of the experiments ware summarized as follows;
1. In the rabbits, the rate of urate clearance was always lower than the rate of inulin clearance. The filtration fraction of the urate was one third on an average, therefore, it is estimated that approximately two thirds of filtered crate was reabsorbed.
2. In the kidneys of rabbits, the crate clearance was increased significantly by administration of chlorothiazide and decreased by probenecid. The administration of salicylate had no effect on the rate of urate clearance. The filtration fraction of urate was increased by chlorothiazide and decreased by probenecid.
3. In the strop-flow studies, the U/P ratio of urate was higher than the U/P ratio of inulin in the proximal region, indicating the secretion of uric acid in the proximal tubuleg. The proximal peak was increased by chlorothiazide and inhibited by probenecid.
4. In the retrograde injection studies, the reabsorption of urate in the proximal reigon was observed, and these reabsorptive transport of urate was depressed by either probenecid or by chlorothiazide.
5. No distal tubular activity was observed under any of these experimental conditions concerning urate transeort.
The results of these experiments show that probenecid inhibits both secretory and reabsorptive transport of uric acid in the kidney of the rabbits. The enhancement of secretory transport of urate by chlorothiazide in the clearance study was due to the secondary action of chlorothiazide which inhibits the reabsorptive transport of urate in the proximal tubules. It is evident that the urate transport in the kidneys of rabbits is bidirectional nondiffusive flux both secretory and reabsorptive directions in the proximal tubules.restrictio
Causal factors of fruit skin disorders during cold storage of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Niitaka) and their postharvest control
íìë
Œë¬ž(ë°ì¬)--ììžëíêµ ëíì :ììí곌,2002.Docto