74 research outputs found

    Visceral fat thickness measured by ultrasonography can estimate not only visceral obesity but also risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases

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    BACKGROUND: Visceral obesity is closely associated with cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. Estimating the amount of visceral fat is important and requires a straightforward, reliable, and practical method. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether visceral fat thickness (VFT) measured by ultrasonography can adequately assess visceral fat accumulation and predict cardiovascular or metabolic diseases. DESIGN: Diabetic patients (240 men and 106 women) underwent ultrasonography to estimate visceral fat accumulation. RESULTS: The visceral adipose tissue area had the best correlation with VFT (r = 0.799, P < 0.001). VFT correlated with HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and the intima-media thickness at the common carotid artery (r = -0.30, 0.39, 0.34, 0.31, and 0.33, respectively; P < 0.05) in men and with triacylglycerol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (r = 0.33, 0.44, and 0.30, respectively; P < 0.05) in women. Men in the middle and high VFT tertiles had a higher odds ratio (OR) of coronary artery disease [ORs: 4.48 (95% CI: 1.29, 5.51) and 2.04 (1.06, 3.94), respectively; P = 0.016], hypertriacylglycerolemia [ORs: 2.87 (1.41, 5.86) and 1.91 (1.24, 2.95), respectively; P = 0.003], and the metabolic syndrome [ORs: 3.38 (1.61, 7.10) and 1.95 (1.16, 3.27), respectively; P = 0.003] than did those in the low tertile, after adjustment for age, waist circumference, and body mass index. CONCLUSION: VFT might be a reliable index for assessing the amount of visceral fat and for identifying diabetic patients, particularly men, who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease.ope

    (A) study of prehospital emergency medical service system

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณต์žก๋‹ค๋‹จํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ ์†์—์„œ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ณ‘์›์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด 1994๋…„ 1์›”1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›”30์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ๋‚ด ๋ณ‘์›์ „์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ 119, 129์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‘๊ธ‰๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์ผ์ง€์™€ ์šด์˜์ผ์ง€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰ํ™œ๋™ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์†ก์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์†ก๋œ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์žโ€•119๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€ 39,313๋ช…, ํ•œ๊ตญ์‘๊ธ‰๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‹จ 23,626๋ช…, 129 ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ •๋ณด์„ผํ„ฐ 4,777๋ช…โ€•๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. 119์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์žฌ๋‚œ, ์žฌํ•ด์‹œ ์ธ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” 119๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์†กํ•˜๋Š” 119๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰ํ™œ๋™ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์‘๊ธ‰ํ™˜์ž์ด์†ก์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. 1991๋…„ 7์›”์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฐ€๋™๋œ 129์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ •๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์•ˆ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜์งˆํ™˜ ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฐ ์‘๊ธ‰์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ƒ๋‹ด, ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์ฐจ์ถœ๋™ ์˜๋ขฐ๋กœ์„œ ์‘๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๋น„์‘๊ธ‰์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹ ๊ณ ์ „ํ™” ์ด ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ฑด์˜ 37.8%๋งŒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์šฉ๊ฑด์ด์˜€๊ณ  ์žฅ๋‚œ, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ 29.3%๋‚˜ ๋˜์–ด ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ํƒœ๋„์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. 1992๋…„ 3์›”์— ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋™๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€๋ฒ•์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‘๊ธ‰๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰ํ™œ๋™์€ ์œก์ƒ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๊ธด๊ธ‰๊ตฌ์กฐ, ํ•ด์–‘๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์‚ฐ์•…๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์†ก์ฒด๊ณ„์ธ 119๊ตฌ๊ธ‰๋Œ€, ์‘๊ธ‰๊ตฌ์กฐ๋‹จ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์ด์†ก์€ ์ด์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๊ทนํžˆ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ๊ณ„์ธต์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํญ ๋„“์€ ํ™๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 5. 129 ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์ •๋ณด์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ™˜์ž์ด์†ก์€ ์ž์ฒด๋‚ด ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์ฐจ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด์šด์˜์‹ค์ ์˜ 7.7%๋กœ ์ด์šฉ์ด ๊ทนํžˆ ์ €์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ์ด์†กํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ํƒ์€ ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด 3์ฐจ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰์ƒํƒœ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด์†ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. ๋ณ‘์›์ „ ์‘๊ธ‰์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‘๊ธ‰๊ตฌ์กฐ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰์š”์›์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ, ์ธ๊ณตํ˜ธํก, ์‚ฐ์†Œํ˜ธํก, ์ด๋ฌผ์ œ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ First Aid์™€ CPR๋“ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์‹ฌํ์†Œ์ƒ์ˆ (Basic Life Support)์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8. ์ด์†ก์‹œ ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 10๋ถ„์ด๋‚ด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ์ด์†ก ์†Œ์š”์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 119์™€ 129๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉยท์ผ์›ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ์•ž์„œ ์ ์ • ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์™„๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] I tried to approach this study by recognizing importance on emergency medicine in complex modern society to offer basic data to EMS system construction by analysis of over-all prehospital EMS system in Korea. Data were collected from records of emergency and management of prehospital EMS system including 119, 129 EMS system, Korea Emergency Rescue Party(KERP) and the emergency activities were investigated from January 1, 1994 to September 20, 1994 in Seoul. This study analyzed emergency patients who were transfered through EMS delivery system and EMS information system:39,313 patients in 119 relief unit, 33,626 patients from KERP, 4,777 patients from 129 emergency information system. The results were as follows. 1. There are 119 rescue unit which has saved lives in a disaster and 119 relief unit which transfers emergency patients in 119 EMS system. Most of emergency activity was just transfer of emergency patients to hospitals. 2. The main activity of 129 EMS was guiding information on available hospitals, consulting and etc. However, a total of 29.3 percent was trifle or mistake call, which indicated the users had some problems in attitude. 3. The activity of KERP as a welfare corporation, has done mostly ground rescues, highway rescues, sea rescues, mountain rescues, nursing patients and accident prevention campaigns by volunteers. 4. EMS delivery system composed of 119 relief unit, Korea emergency rescue party has been used usually by limitted class extremely and it was need for wide-spread public information. 5. Emergency patient transfer of 129 EMS information system was 7.7 percent of the total management activity and utility was very low, because there are no ambulance in it. 6. In hospital select ion of transferee patients, most of patients preferred to the third hospital arts were transfered to general hospital regardless of the emergency state. 7. Prehospital care was performed such as Basic First Aidโ€•hemorrage, artificial respiration, O2 Supply, alien sustance removal etc.โ€•Basic Life Supportโ€•CPR by emergency personnel. 8. The time required in transfering patients was mostly within ten minutes. There were a few cases more than one hour and it was necessary to shorten the transfer time. Therefore, this problems of the existing EMS system must be settled in order to supply proper EMS service promptly and efficiently just before EMS system, the unity of 119 and 129, is built.restrictio

    (The) effects of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-ฮณ(PPAR-ฮณ) agonist on the endothelial dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome and in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ •์ƒ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์‘๊ณ ์ด์ƒ, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด์ƒ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜, ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์›์ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ œ์ธ pioglitazone์„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์ „, ํ›„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ PPAR-ฮณ agonist๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ, ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž(n=210)๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ๊ฐœ์„ ์ œ์ธ pioglitazone์„ 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด์™„๋Šฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” Flow Mediated Dilatation ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. In vitro ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์— pioglitazone์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃฝ์ƒ๋™๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” Nuclear Factor ฮšb(NFฮšB) ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, โ‘  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ pioglitazone ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„์— ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ์˜์กด์„ฑ FMD๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ, hs CRP, HOMA-IR, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ adiponectin์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ adiponectin์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ FMD์˜ ํ˜ธ์ „๋„์™€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ adiponectin์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋”์šฑ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. โ‘ก ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ(adiponectin polymorphism)๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ SNP 45 GG type๊ณผ SNP 45/276 GG/GG type ์ธ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๋‹น ๊ฐ•ํ•˜ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , FMD ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ adiponectin์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ pioglitazone ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์—ญ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. โ‘ข In vitro ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ pioglitazone์€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ TNF-ฮฑ ๋ฐ oxidized LDL-cholesterol particle์˜ LysoPC์— ์˜ํ•œ NFฮบB p65 nuclear translocation์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, pioglitazone์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ LysoPC๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ Nitric oxide(NO)๋ฅผ ์ƒ์Šน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ piogli- tazone์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ NO ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์Šน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ NO์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ NFฮบB ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ํ™˜์ž๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œ์ผœ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ adiponectin์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, PPAR-ฮณ agonist ์ธ pioglitazone์ด ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜, ์„ธํฌ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ํ™˜์ž๋ณ„ ์•„๋””ํฌ๋„ฅํ‹ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome have a high risk of develo- ping macrovascular complications, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, the leading cause of death in this population. Insulin resistance, the back- ground pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, is closely related to dyslipidemia, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability and increased inflammatory markers which facilitates atherosclerosis.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pioglitazone, PPAR-ฮณ agonist, on the endothelial dysfunction in Korean metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetic patients. Furthermore, to experiment the direct effects of pioglitazone on the NFฮบB pathway, the upper-stream of inflammatory cascade, in Human Umbilicus Vein Endo- thelial Cells(HUVECs). We measured endothelial dependent and independent Flow Mediated Dilatation(FMD) of our subjects and analyzed changes of metabolic para- meters during the pioglitazone treatment.In HUVECs, we treated Lysophosphatidylcholine(Lyso PC) and TNF-ฮฑ for the sti- mulation of NFฮบB p65 nuclear translocation and measured the endothelial Nitric Oxide (NO) by pioglitazone treatment.For the results,1.In metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetic patients, The endothelial dependent FMD(%) was significantly improved after pioglitazone treatment. This FMD(%) improvement strongly correlated to the decreased serum insulin, hsCRP, and HOMA-IR and to increased % of serum adiponectin during the pioglitazone treatment. Comparing to type 2 diabetic patients, the effects of pioglitazone treat- ment showed dramatic increase of FMD(%) and serum adiponectin level in metabolic syndrome patients.2.For the adiponectin polymorphism analysis, SNP 45 GG type and SNP 45/SNP 276 GG/GG haplotype patients showed mild decrease of fasting glucose level, and inversly correlated to the FMD(%) and serum adiponectin level in our sub- jects(n=4/total n= 58).3.The pioglitazone treatment effectively blocked the NFฮบB p65 nuclear translo- cation induced by TNF-ฮฑ and LysoPC stimulation in HUVECs, especially Lyso PC stimulation. Through increasing the endothelial cell NO production in HUVECs, pioglitazone could inhibit the NFฮบB signaling pathway effectively, but the diffe- rence of the degree of blocking NFฮบB p65 translocation according to the diffe- rent stimuli still need more experiments which step would be directly involved by the pioglitazone treatment.ope

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ Ruthenium-106 ๊ทผ์ ‘๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆํ›„

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    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report long-term outcomes of ruthenium-106 (106Ru) brachytherapy for choroidal melanoma in Korean patients. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 155 consecutive patients that underwent 106Ru brachytherapy for uveal melanoma from 2006 to 2017 with a follow-up period of over 3 years. Baseline clinical characteristics and prognostic indicators such as rates of survival, local recurrence, metastasis, and loss of useful visual acuity (VA) were investigated. Additional analysis was done to determine whether there were any predictive factors for prognosis. Results: The median follow-up was 68 months after brachytherapy. The estimated five-year survival rate was 85.5%, metastasis-free rate was 79.7%, eye preservation rate was 79.7%, and the rate of recurrence-free disease was 86.1%. The rate of losing useful VA (to below 20/200) was 54.6% at 5 years. Initial apical height, radiation dose to the optic nerve and incidence of retinal detachment were found to significantly correlate with loss of VA. Additional local tumor resection did not influence prognosis in very large tumors with apical heights over 8mm. Conclusion: Medium-sized choroidal melanomas show favorable response to 106Ru brachytherapy and additional local treatment does not seem to influence prognosis. ๋ชฉ์ : ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข… ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ Ruthenium-106 ๊ทผ์ ‘๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆํ›„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„๊นŒ์ง€, ๋งฅ๋ฝ๋ง‰ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข… ์ง„๋‹จ ํ•˜ Ruthenium-106 ๊ทผ์ ‘๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ 3๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 155๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์  ์ž„์ƒ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ์ข…์–‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ , ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋ฅ , ์ „์ด์œจ, ์‹ค๋ช…์œจ ๋“ฑ ์˜ˆํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ถ”์ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์€ 68๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋…„ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์€ 85.5%, ์ „์ด์—†๋Š” ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์€ 79.7%, ์•ˆ๊ตฌ ๋ณด์กด๋ฅ ์€ 79.7%, ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์€ 54.6%์˜€๋‹ค. 5๋…„์งธ ์‹œ๋ ฅ์ด 0.1 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์‹ค๋ช…๋ฅ ์€ 54.6% ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์‹ค๋ช…์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ๋†’์ด, ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฐ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰, ๋ง๋ง‰๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ข…์–‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฝ๋™๊ณต ์˜จ์—ด์น˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ์†Œ์  ์ ˆ์ œ๋ฒ•์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋„ ์˜ˆํ›„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌ๋„๋ง‰ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์€ Ruthenium-106 ๊ทผ์ ‘๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ตญ์†Œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์˜ˆํ›„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ ์€๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.open์„

    Respiratory kinematics and coordination of respiration and phonation in normal subjects and dysphonic patients : using an integrated analysis system of respiration, EGG, and voice

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    ์–ธ์–ด๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ •/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœ์€ ํ˜ธํก ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํ˜‘์‘๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ๋‹ค. ์Œ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ์‡„๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋Œ€์ง„๋™์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์€ ์Œ์„ฑ ์‚ฐ์ถœ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ˜ธํก ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ํ›„๋‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋ฐฉํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ˜ธํก๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํ˜‘์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜ธํก ๋ฐ ์Œ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธก์ •์น˜๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธํก ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ค‘์— ํ˜ธํก์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ ๊ณต๋ช…, ์กฐ์Œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ˜ธํก๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ, ์„ฑ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธํก ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ƒ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ 55๋ช…, ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ์‡„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜์ž 20๋ช… ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„ํ™˜์ž 15๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ด 90๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ /์•„/๋ชจ์Œ์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜ธํก-๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์†Œ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์‹œ 1์ดˆ ํ›„, ์ค‘๊ฐ„, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ข…๋ฃŒ 1์ดˆ ์ „์˜ ์„ฑ๋Œ€์ง„๋™ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์Œํ–ฅํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ˜ธํก &#8228; ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์‹œ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.1. ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์Œ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํก๊ธฐ์™€ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ ํ‰๊ณฝ์˜ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ถ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ‰์‹ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํก์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‰์‹ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ‰์‹ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์€ ๋ณต์‹ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์€ ๋ชจ์ˆœ๋œ ์—ญํ–‰(paradoxical)์˜ ํ˜ธํก์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ˜ธํก ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(p > .05). ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํก๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํก๊ธฐ ์‹œ ์ „์ฒด ํํ™œ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰์‹ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค(p > .05). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(p > .05), ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ ์ „์ฒด ํํ™œ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰์‹ ํ˜ธํ™‰์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(p < .05).2. ํ›„๋‘์™€ ํ‰๋ฒฝ ์›€์ง์ž„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‰๊ณฝ, ๋ณต๋ถ€, ํ›„๋‘ ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์›€์ง์ž„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ‰๊ท  2.0์ดˆ, ํ‰๊ณฝ ์กฐ์ ˆ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํ‰๊ท  1.8์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ํ‰๊ณฝ ์›€์ง์ž„๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์˜ ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ‰๊ท  1.5์ดˆ, 1.5์ดˆ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ‰๊ณฝ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1.7์ดˆ, ํ‰๊ท  2.5์ดˆ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‘ ์Œ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ณฝ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์›€์ง์ž„๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ณฝ์›€์ง์ž„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Šฆ์€ ๋ณต๋ถ€์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.3. ํ˜ธํก-๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ํ˜‘์‘ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ํก๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํก๊ธฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์€ ํ‰๊ท  1.4์ดˆ, ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์€ ํ‰๊ท  1.9์ดˆ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์€ ํ‰๊ท  2.0์ดˆ๋กœ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งง์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(p < .001). ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์€ 0.6์ดˆ, ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ 0.2์ดˆ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์€ 1.8์ดˆ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p < .001). ์ตœ๋Œ€์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์€ 18.8์ดˆ, ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ 12.6์ดˆ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ 7.1์ดˆ๋กœ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธธ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์งง์•˜๋‹ค(p < .001).4. ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์‹œ 1์ดˆ ํ›„, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ค‘๊ฐ„, ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ข…๋ฃŒ 1์ดˆ ์ „์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ์‡„์œจ, ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์ ‘์ด‰์†๋„์œจ, ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ , ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์žก์Œ ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฐ์Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ, ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ์‡„์œจ์ด ์ ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ง€์ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ข…๋ฃŒ 1์ดˆ ์ „ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์ ‘์ด‰์†๋„์œจ์€ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ ์€ ์ ์  ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์žก์Œ ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฐ์Œ๋น„๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 5. ํ˜ธํก &#8228; ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์‹œ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€๋งˆ๋น„๊ตฐ์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์Œํ–ฅํ•™์  ์ธก์ •์น˜์ธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ , ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€,์žก์Œ ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฐ์Œ ๋น„์™€ ํ˜ธํก๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ตœ๋Œ€์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ ๋ณต์‹ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋น„์œจ, ์„ฑ๋Œ€์ง„๋™ํŒจํ„ด์ธ ์„ฑ๋ฌธํ์‡„์œจ, ์„ฑ๋ฌธ์ ‘์ด‰์†๋„์œจ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ธํก๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์‹œ์ž‘ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ค‘ ํ›„๋‘์™€ ํ‰๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ›„๋‘์™€ ํ‰๋ฒฝ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ํก๊ธฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์–‘์„ฑ์„ฑ๋Œ€์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์Œํ–ฅํ•™์  ์ธก์ •์น˜์ธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ , ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํญ ๋ณ€๋™๋ฅ , ์žก์Œ ๋Œ€ ๋ฐฐ์Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ ํ‰์‹ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‹ ํ˜ธํก์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ํก๊ธฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธธ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€์—ฐ์žฅ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์งง์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์Œ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ›„๋‘์™€ ํ‰๋ฒฝ ์›€์ง์ž„ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ฐ ํ˜ธํก-๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ›„๋‘ ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง ์‚ฐ์ถœ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์ œ์ธ ํ˜ธํก๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง ์‚ฐ์ถœ ๊ธฐ์ œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Œ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์Œ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ „ ๋ฐ ๋ณด์ƒ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Normal voice is produced by rapid and precise coordination and interrelationship between respiratory and laryngeal structures. Patients with dysphonia show incomplete glottal closure and irregular vocal folds vibration, which interrupt the airflow for efficient voice production. Therefore, clinicians should evaluate the coordination evaluation of respiratory function and phonatory function during assessing the patients with voice problem. Currently used clinical instruments in the clinical setting provide quantitative data of respiratory and phonatory function separately. Further, those give the limited historical, etiologic, and evaluative information that can be utilized for effective voice therapy. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate kinematic breathing, Electroglottography(EGG), and acoustic analysis simultaneously to obtain the information regarding the coordination of respiration and phonation in two dysphonic groups with 20 benign voice disorder(8 vocal nodules, 2 Reinke's edemas, 10 vocal polyps) and 15 unilateral vocal fold palsy (UVFP) as well as 55 normal control group using a integrated analysis system of respiration, EGG, and voice. Dynamic breathing function and pattern as well as timing relationship between chest wall movement and larynx control during /a/sustained vowel phonation were evaluated among these groups.The results revealed that the rib cage movements were observed predominantly in both normal and dysphonic groups. In respiration pattern, rib cage respiration was relatively observed in UVFP group much more than other groups and paradoxical respiration pattern in benign voice disorders group much more but there is no significantly different. Thus it can conclude that respiration patterns were similar in three groups. However, relative inspiratory lung volume excursion in %VC(p = .48), relative volume contribution of the rib cage in inspiration(p = .07) were not significantly different but expiration(p = .02) were significanatly different. Those in UFVP group were higher than two other groups. Relative expiratory lung volume excursion was not statistically significant(p = .14), however, UVFP group had lower value of it than two other groups.Chest wall movement and laryngeal control were also different among the groups. In normal group, rib cage, abdominal and laryngeal adjustment times(ATs) were measured from the onset of adjustment to the moment of phonatory onset showed that mean abdominal AT was 2.0sec(SD = 1.3), whereas the corresponding mean rib cage AT was 1.8sec(SD = 0.9), which means the abdomen adjustment preceded the rib cage movement before the phonatory onset in normal group. On the contrary, in benign voice disorders group and UVFP group, mean abdominal ATs were 1.5sec(SD =1.1)and 1.5sec(SD = 1.6)respectively as well as mean rib cage ATs were 1.7sec(SD = 0.8), 2.5sec(SD = 1.1), respectively. It represents that rib cage adjustment preceded the movement of the abdomen adjustment in benign voice disorder group and UVFP group. Particularly, UVFP group demonstrated the earliest rib cage adjustment and the latest abdomen adjustment among three groups.Maximum inspiratory time(MIT), time between inspiration initiation and the moment of maximum inspiration, time between expiratory initiation time and phonation onset time(EPT), and Maximum phonation time(MPT) were measured from the combined abdomen and rib cage channel. The mean MIT was significantly different among the three groups(p < .001). The mean MIT was 1.4sec(SD = 0.5) in normal group, 1.9sec(SD = 0.8)in benign voice disorders group, and 2.0sec(SD = 0.8)in UVFP group in that order.The mean EPT was also significantly different(p < .001). UVFP group had the longest EPT with 1.8 sec(SD = 1.0). EPT in normal group and in benign voice disorders group were 0.6(SD = 0.5)and 0.2(SD = 0.7), respectively. Further, three group demonstrated significant different mean MPTs. The mean MPT was 18.8sec(SD = 5.4)in normal group, 12.6sec(SD = 3.3)in benign voice disorders group, and 7.1sec(SD = 3.4) in UVFP. The mean MPT was 18.79sec(SD = 5.41) in normal, 12.63sec(SD = 3.25)in benign voice disorder, 7.09sec(SD = 3.40)in UVFP. Thus MPT was significantly longest in normal subjects and shortest in UVFP(p <.001).During phonation, Closed Quotient(CQ) and Speed Quotient(SQ) from EGG and jitter, shimmer and NHR at 1sec point after phonation onset, midpoint of phonation and 1sec point before phonation offset from acoustic analysis were obtained. As airflow rate passing through the glottis decreased, CQ increased in normal and benign vioce disorders groups. However, in UVFP group, CQ increased from 1 sec point after phonation to midpoint of phonation whereas CQ decreased at 1 sec point after phonation offset. SQ and NHR decreased, but jitter and shimmer increased from phonation onset to offset in all groups.These results suggested that insufficient laryngeal valving function in patients with dysphonia contributes to the abnormal control of chest wall and larynx as well to the different timing regulation between respiration and phonation. It can be that respiration and phonation interact each other and abnormal function in any subsystem during voice production affects another. Thus it is necessary to evaluate respiratoroy mechanism, phonatory mechanism, and the interactive mechanism of two simultaneously. That will give the insight to understand the underlying etiology and compensatory pattern of dysphonia, which helps clinician apply to voice therapy.ope

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    (The) effects of recombinant human parathyroid hormone[rhPTH (1-84)] on bone change ind

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๋Š˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋“ค ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๊ณจ๋‹ค๊ณต์ฆ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณจ๋‹ค๊ณต์ฆ์€ ๊ณจํ˜•์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณจ์†Œ์‹ค์ด ํŠน์ง•์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋“ค์–ด bisphosphanate ์ œ์ œ, ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‹œ๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹น์งˆ์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์ฝ”์ด๋“œ(์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ)๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์—ญ๊ฐ€(potency)๋Š” ๋‹น์งˆ์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์ฝ”์ด๋“œ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ(genomic action)์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‹น์งˆ์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์ฝ”์ด๋“œ์˜ ๋น„์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ(non-genomic action)์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์ , ๋น„์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™”์—๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณจํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ ์ „์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ƒํ›„ 7-8์ฃผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋Š”์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ๊ฐ™๊ณ  ๋น„์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ 6๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋‚˜๋Š” dexamethasone๊ณผ betamethasone(dexa > beta)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๊ตฐ : ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ, 2๊ตฐ : dexamethasone ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ, 3๊ตฐ : b etamethasone ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ, 4๊ตฐ : dexamethasone + rhPTH(1-84) ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ, 5๊ตฐ : betamethasone + rhPTH(1-84) ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋งˆ์ทจ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๋’ค ํฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1. ์ œ 2๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์ฒด์ค‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , 3๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, 4๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต ์–‘์ƒ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ(mesenchymal cell)์˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ ์ธ์ž์ธ CFU-Fs ์ง‘๋ฝ์ˆ˜์™€ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ(pre-osteoblast) ๋ถ„ํ™”์˜ ํ‘œ์ง€ ์ธ์ž์ธ ALP(alkaline phosphatase) ์–‘์„ฑ ์ง‘๋ฝ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 2๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ALP ์–‘์„ฑ ์ง‘๋ฝ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ CFU-Fs ์ง‘๋ฝ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์ œ 4๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ALP ์–‘์„ฑ ์ง‘๋ฝ์ˆ˜์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณจ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์งˆํ™”(mineralization)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ 2๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  4๊ตฐ๊ณผ 5๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ์กฐ์ง ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™(histomorphometry) ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์งˆ๊ณจ(trabecular bone)์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 4๊ตฐ๊ณผ 5๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์งˆ๊ณจ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ, ๋น„์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ dexamethasone์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ betamethasone ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณจ๋ฐ€๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ‘œ์ง€ ์ธ์ž์ธ ALP ์–‘์„ฑ ์ง‘๋ฝ์ˆ˜์™€ miner alization์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ(mesenchymal cell)์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ(pre-osteoblast) ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด in vivo ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ถ•์ (accumulation)์ด ์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘ ์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ dexamethasone์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ์†Œ์‹ค์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด, ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ(osteocyte)์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌ(apoptosis)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ต์ œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ dexamethasone์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ณจ์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋น„์œ ์ „์ž์  ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๊ณจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์œ ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณจ๋‹ค๊ณต์ฆ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The long-term use of steroids in treating patients with various diseases have been increasing, and the side effects of steroids, especially osteoporosis becomes a serious problem. Defects in bone formation, which cause significant bone loss, is a pathognomonic findings in steroid induced osteoporosis. Trabecular bone is affected more markedly than cortical bone. Many methods, such as replacement of calcium and active form Vit D, fluroride or anabolic steroids, bisphosphanates, low dose PTH administration, etc, were tried for the treatment. But, there was no clear consensus about treatment and prevention guidelines. Variable steroids have been known for their classical or genomic activity via glucocorticoid-responsive elements on genomic DNA. There is no doubt that the therapeutic effects of glucocorticoids are mostly receptor-mediated. However, in recently, there is growing evidence that there is also non-genomic activity of glucocorticoids, via cytosolic receptor or via non-specific physicochemical activity. Therefore, It is necessary to verify a clinical significance of non-genomic action of glucocorticoid on bone. In this experiment, we tried to find whether there was difference of genomic and non-genomic action in changes of mouse bones. We also tried to find the impact of combining human parathyroid hormone, which facilitates bone formation, on changes of bone induced by steroids with different mechanisms. We used 7-8 weeks old male mouse, which had maximal bone density at this stage. For the steroid, we have chosen dexamethasone and betamethasone. They have the same genomic action but have a 6-fold difference for non-genomic action. The bone density was measured under anesthetic condition and then changes of bone was analyzed by QDR 4500A(Hologic, Waltham, MA,USA). They were divided into 5 groups as ; group 1 : control, group 2 : dexamethasone for 32 days, group 3 : betamethasone for 32 days, group 4 :dexamethasone and rhPTH(1-84) for 32 days, group 5 : betametha sone and rhPTH(1-84) for 32 days. 1. In group 2, although the average weight was increased, the bone mineral density was decreased significantly, compared to other groups. The bone density reduction was not significant in group 3. 2. Such reduction of the bone density tended to be improved with human parathyroid hormone applied, particularly in group 4. 3. Comparision of the mesenchymal cell indicator, CFU-Fs colony, and the pre-osteoblast segmentation indicator, ALP (alkaline phosphatase) positive colony, suggested that in group 2, there was a marked reduction in the number of ALP positive colony while no change in CFU-Fs colony. 4. The number of the ALP positive colony increased significantly in group 4. 5. von Kossa stain, which shows mineralization, the late indicator of the differentiation of osteoblast, was decreased in group 2 and increased in group 4 and 5. 6. Histomorphometrical study demonstrated that the volume and thickness of the trabecular bone decreased in group 2 and increased in group 4 and 5. From the above results, we have shown that a long-term treatment with dexamethasone, which contains a strong non-genomic action, brought up marked reduction in the bone mineral density, compared to betamathasone treatment. Reduction of bone mineral density might be due to inhibition of differentiation from mesenchymal cell into osteoblast lineage, based on both the numbers of ALP positive colonies for early osteoblast and mineralization. These findings suggested that the accumulation of the non-genomic action of glucocorticoids has a greater impact on bone than genomic action in vivo. Injecting human parathyroid hormone has successfully inhibited the loss of bone density by dexamethasone. In conclusion, for the use of steroid in the future, non-genomic action for defects of bone formation in steroid induced osteoporosis should be considered, and the combined administration of parathyroid hormones might play an important role for prevention of bone loss.ope
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