36 research outputs found

    Detecting Errors in Korean Corpus based on GMM

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    In computational linguistics, a corpus is a large and structured set of language samples collected from real world text for a specific purpose. There are be various types of errors in the corpus because most corpus are built manually and/or semi-automatically and the errors are caused by human intervention. Such errors make corpus-based learning systems worse in performance. Many studies have therefore been conducted to detect and correct such errors in various ways and most studies have been done from pre-built corpus. Human intervention is, however, still required. In addition, error correction is not only very tedious as well as laborious and cost-expensive. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting corpus errors using GMM clustering algorithm. The purpose of this paper to detect errors under the small size of corpus. That is, the proposed method can be used in developing corpus by integrating into annotation tools. The proposed method consists of three steps. The first step is to make word embedding vectors of some error-prone context. The second step is to reduce the dimension of the vectors because clustering with a large dimension of vectors is time-consuming. The third step is to group the reduced vectors and to detect outliers as errors. For experiments, we have used two kinds of corpora: Korean dependency corpus and Korean semantic role labelling (SRL) corpus of which each one comprises only 1000 sentences. Our results show that the proposed method can serve as a error detector in early stage of corpus development. Our best results achieve recall of 65.15% for Korean dependency corpus and recall of 69.46% for Korean SRL corpus. In the future, we will do research on representing features for detecting errors and also on correcting errors as well as detecting errors. Motivated by the proposed method, we will start to investigate error detection in case that there is a large tagged corpus.|๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜๋ž€ ํŠน์ • ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์—๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํƒ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” GMM(Gaussian Mixture Model)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํƒ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”๋Š” ๋น„์ง€๋„ํ•™์Šต์˜ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ํ•™์Šต๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๋ถ„์„ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ์—ญ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ์žฌํ˜„์œจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๋ถ„์„ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ์—ญ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 65.15%์™€ 69.46%์˜ ์žฌํ˜„์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌํ˜„์œจ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ž์งˆ ํ™•์žฅ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋„๊ตฌ์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ์ง€๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 2.1 ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํƒ์ง€ 3 2.2 GMM ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 6 2.3 ์ฐจ์› ์ถ•์†Œ 10 2.4 ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๋ถ„์„ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜ 11 2.5 ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ์˜๋ฏธ์—ญ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜ 13 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํ›„๋ณด ํƒ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 15 3.1 ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ํ‘œ์ƒ 16 3.1.1 ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๋ถ„์„ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ํ‘œ์ƒ 16 3.1.2 ์˜๋ฏธ์—ญ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ํ‘œ์ƒ 17 3.2 ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ํ‘œ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์› ์ถ•์†Œ 19 3.3 GMM์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ง๋ญ‰์น˜์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํƒ์ง€ 20 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 24 4.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 24 4.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 26 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 30 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 32 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 38Maste

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    (A) study for the activation of Korean non-governmental organizations in health care

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    ๊ตญ์ œ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์€ 120์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…, ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ œํ•˜์— ์ด๋“ค ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํšŒ์›, ์กฐ์ง, ์žฌ์ •, ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ์žฌ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ  ํšŒ์›์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์žฌ์ •์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐํžˆ ๊ทธ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์œ„์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์›ํ™•๋ณด, ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„ , ์žฌ์ •ํ™•์ถฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์—…ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšŒ์›์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ช…, ๋น„์ „๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ์„ค์ •, ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋™๊ธฐ ์œ ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ™๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋”์‰ฝ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ €๋ช…์ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์œ ๋„, ์—…๋ฌด๋ถ„์žฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ์กฐ์ง์„ฑ์›๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ๋น„์˜ ํ™•๋ณด, ํ›„์›๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ต์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ์ œ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์ธ์ฑ…์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์ œ๋„์ ์ธ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง ๋ฐ ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋น„์ •๋ถ€์กฐ์ง๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ์ข…๊ต๊ณ„, ํ•™๊ณ„, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋งˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋“ฑ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Since 1980s, non-governmental organizations (hereafter 'NGOs') are growing rapidly in Korea, and there are nearly 120 NGOs in health care. These NGOs are working on the problems of health care policy, health care support and health education for the vulnerable social groups like elderly, poor people, and handicapped. This study is to investigate and identify these NGOs' activities and their problems to be solved, and also to suggest some ways for activating those organizations on the assumption that their role is very important in national health promotion. By a couple of method including a questionnaire survey to 86 NGOs (30 NGOs responded) and another depth interview survey to 3 NGOs in health care, a few problems in current NGOs were identified in the phases of organization structure, financial aspect, and activities. Most NGOs have problems in that the number and scope of participation as members is too limited to achieve their objectives, and also the financial capacity is too small and make the NGOs' activities shrinking. Here are suggested some ways to solve these problems and activate the NGOs in health care. There are including increase and expansion of the participating members, improvements in the organizational structure, fund raising methods, and so on. To increase the number of participation, NGOs need to develope more socially persuadable mission, vision, and goals, and advertise them effectively. For more fund-raising, the number of member should be increased, more public funds and businessmen induced, and the national tax system reformed. To activate NGOs' programs, some attempts are needed to develop solidarities with international NGOs, religious, academic institutes, and media. And also it's desirable to make monitoring systems to follow up people's needs on the health care problems.ope

    Molecular Dynamics (MD) study on the optimum conditions of cleaning nano particles

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    DoctorThis dissertation describes molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to predict the effectiveness of cryogenic aerosol nano-cleaning techniques by calculating mass transfer, energy transfer and momentum transfer associated with bullet particle generation and contaminant particle removal. This dissertation has four major themes.First, the growth rate of nano-sized particle in a gas environment was analyzed. Inert gas atoms or molecules which will be components of fragile nano-bullet particles (BPs) formed condensation nuclei, which transformed into nano-BPs by combining with surrounding gas molecules by condensation and evaporation during supersonic expansion. The results were presented in terms of a condensation (sticking) coefficient to determine which condition could be effective for growth of BPs through MD simulation using Ar atoms and N2 molecules. The calculated condensation coefficient was very sensitive to the instantaneous particle temperature, slightly sensitive to initial gas pressure, but independent of gas temperature. MD results agreed well with the kinetic model when the vapor pressure corresponding to the critical super saturation was used instead of the equilibrium saturation pressure. Simulations of two different type of solid particles and two different gas (Ar, N2) showed that the growth rate of homogenous nucleation was highest for Ar and lowest for N2 under the same conditionsthe growth rate of heterogeneous nucleation in which pure N2 gas molecules collided with a solid Ar surface was almost midway between the rates of homogenous nucleation for Ar and N2however, when the pressure ratio of Ar to N2 was 2:3, which is almost same as the ratio of critical super saturation pressure of Ar and N2, the average condensation rate of the mixture of two gases was higher than that of the homogenous nucleation for Ar. Second, the thermal accommodation coefficient of He atoms was calculated to analyze the cooling effect of He gas which is commonly used as the carrier gas in nano-cleaning processes. He atoms can increase the average velocity of BPs in a nozzle by reducing their average molecular weight, and can decrease the surface temperature of growing particles by colliding without condensing because He atoms can condense only at very low temperatures (5.2 K). In a simulation of solid Ar / N2 BPs in He gas, the amount of surface temperature (energy) removed from the particles by collision with one He atom was only changed by the average mass of the two colliding molecules regardless of thermal conditionsi.e., MD results agree well with theoretical predictions based on single interactions between free molecules.Third, the collision between the BPs and a contaminant particle (CP) adhered to a Si substrate was simulated to analyze the momentum transfer mechanism and the motion characteristics of particles. Immediately after collision, the velocity of the CP was increased by kinetic energy transfer from the BP, but decreased continuously thereafter due to attraction to BP fragments and to substrate molecules. CPs that were not removed from the surface showed only sliding motion on the substratein contrast, successfully-removed CPs first started to slide, then began to also roll, and then detached from the surface. Therefore, the sliding motion alone could not remove CPs from substratethe rolling mechanism seems to be necessary to remove them. Rolling of the CP only occurred when its initial acceleration exceeded a certain constant value. For a CP of a given size or adhesion energy, the acceleration of the CP increased as BP velocity and size increased, but was more strongly dependent on BP velocity than on BP size. The fraction of kinetic energy transferred from the BP to the CP was almost independent of the BPโ€™s size (mass) and velocity, but was sensitively dependent on its rigidity, which was affected by its temperature and the static potential well depth energy of bullet molecules. Fourth, removals of CPs adhered to various shapes of substrate or from trenches were examined to check whether particle-beam cleaning techniques are feasible to clean components of semiconductors. MD simulations suggested that the required velocity of the BP for cleaning was almost 1.0 to 2.0 times as high as minimum velocity required for cleaning a flat substrate and was in an almost a feasible range in actual nano-cleaning experiments, although the behaviors of CPs were influenced by the shape of the substrate. Further, when the BP was much larger than the CP, cleaning efficiency decreased drastically. Therefore, a small BP removed CPs more effectively than did a large BP.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์„ธ์ •๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ „๋‹ฌ, ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํ…€์ „๋‹ฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฃผ์œ„ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ • ํƒ„ํ™˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ทน์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ดˆ์Œ์† ์œ ๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค, ์งˆ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์€์ง€ condensation coefficient (sticking coefficient)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์ž๋™์—ญํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ต์˜ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์˜จ๋„์—” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ž„๊ณ„ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์šด๋™์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ MD์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ์น˜ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค, ์งˆ์†Œ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์ž…์ž์™€ ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค, ์งˆ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ ํ•ต์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž…์žํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์‘์ถ•๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์งˆ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ผ ํ•ต์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‘์ถ•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค ํ•ต ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์งˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€์Šค๋งŒ ์‘์ถ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ข…ํ•ต์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์•ž์˜ ๋‘ ๋‹จ์ผ ํ•ต์ƒ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์‘์ถ•๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค๊ณผ ์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์ดˆ์ž„๊ณ„ ์••๋ ฅ ๋น„์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค๊ณผ ์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ๋ชฐ๋น„๊ฐ€ 2:3์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ์„ž์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ๋‹จ์ผ ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค ํ•ต์ƒ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ์‘์ถ•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์„ธ์ •์—์„œ ์šด๋ฐ˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋กœ ์ž˜ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” He์˜ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด He์˜ thermal accommodation ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต He์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์™€ ์„ž์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋…ธ์ฆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ํƒ„ํ™˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ๋งŒ (5.2 K) ์‘์ถ•์ด ์ผ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ž…์ž ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ถฉ๋Œ ์‹œ์— ์‘์ถ•ํ˜„์ƒ ์—†์ด ์ž…์ž ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅด๊ณค๊ณผ ํ—ฌ๋ฅจ, ์งˆ์†Œ์™€ ํ—ฌ๋ฅจ์„ ์„ž์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ํ—ฌ๋ฅจ์ด 1ํšŒ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋บ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•ตํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„(์—๋„ˆ์ง€)๋Š” ์—ด์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•œ ๋‘ ๋ถ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ๋‘ ์ž์œ  ๋ถ„์ž๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ ์ด๋ก  ์‹๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ MD ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ’์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์„ธ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์œ„์— ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์™€ ํ•ต ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํƒ„ํ™˜์ž…์ž์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์ „์‚ฐ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐ ์šด๋™๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ถฉ๋Œ ์‹œ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋‘ ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํ…€ ์ „๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์†์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—” ํ‰ํŒ ๋ฐ ํƒ„ํ™˜์˜ ๋ถ€์„œ์ง„ ํŒŒํŽธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ •์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์† ์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ์ข… ์†๋ ฅ์ด 0์ด ๋  ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์† ํ‰ํŒ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ์šด๋™ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋งŒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ์ •์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—” ํšŒ์ „์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ์šด๋™๊ณผ ํšŒ์ „์šด๋™์ด ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ‰ํŒ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋„๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ‰ํŒ์—์„œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ์ • ์‹œ์—” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํšŒ์ „์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ‰ํŒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšŒ์ „์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด (์„ธ์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด)์€ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํ•  ์‹œ ํƒ„ํ™˜์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์†๋ ฅ์ด ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ ธ ์ž˜ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํƒ„ํ™˜ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํƒ„ํ™˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์šด๋™์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™˜์˜ ์†๋„, ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—†์ด ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ํƒ„ํ™˜์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์—๋„ˆ์ง€(๋‹จ๋‹จํ•จ)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™˜์˜ ์˜จ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ํฌํ…์…œ ์šฐ๋ฌผ ๊นŠ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ’์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋“ฑ์— ์„ธ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‰ํŒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋ Œ์น˜ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ‰ํŒ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋“  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™˜์˜ ์†๋„๋Š” ํ‰ํŒ์—์„œ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œ ์†๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 1.0~2.0๋ฐฐ์ด๋ฉด ์ „๋ถ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™˜์†๋„ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํƒ„ํ™˜์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” (ํƒ„ํ™˜์ด ์˜ค์—ผ์ž…์ž์˜ ์•ฝ 3๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ) ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ •ํšจ์œจ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ธ์ • ์‹œ ์ž‘์€ ํƒ„ํ™˜์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํฐ ํƒ„ํ™˜์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์ •๊ทผ์‹.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ •๊ถŒ์— ํ•ญ๊ฑฐํ•ด ์ •์น˜์  ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ท ๋ถ„์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”์•…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ์˜ ์ ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜์‹ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ์˜ ์ฃผ์ ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜€์ง€๋งŒ(๊ณ ์ „์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜), 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ (์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜), ๋ƒ‰์ „์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค(๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜). ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ž์œ ์˜ ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ธํ•  ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋นˆ๊ณค ํƒˆํ”ผ์™€ ๋ฐ˜๊ณต ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์œ , ์ƒ์กด๊ถŒ์„ ์กฐํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ƒ์€ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์žˆ์„์ง€์–ธ์ • ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์  ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์— ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน๊ธฐํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ ์€ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์ด 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์ „์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ ํƒœ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ณดํŽธํ™”๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ž์œ ๋ฐฉ์ž„ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •์น˜์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ž…์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ ๊ท ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด, ์ž์œ ์™€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์ถฉ์  ์ด๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํŒŒ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ขŒ์šฐ, ๋‚จ๋ถ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋œ ์ •์น˜์ง€ํ˜•์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ •๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ํ›„ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€์—์„œ๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ์„ ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋งŒ์ด ๊ธ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. โ€˜์ง„๋ฆฌโ€™์™€ ํ•ฉ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์  ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์‹์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ ๊ธฐํš์˜ ์ผํ™˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€์˜ โ€˜์ž์œ โ€™ ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” โ€˜๊ฒฝ์ œโ€™์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€์—๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜๋ ด๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ง„๋œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ๋ก ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์ž์œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ์ • ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋นˆ๊ณค ํƒˆํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…์€ ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •๋‹นํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ›„์ง„๊ตญ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ข…์†๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์กด๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์  ์œค๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์ค€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฌ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์• ์ดˆ์— ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ €ํ•ญ ์ด๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ถ•์†Œ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์š”์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๊ณ ์ „์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ๋„๋•์  ์ž์งˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€์— ํ•ญ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐœ์ž…์„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1963๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€์˜ โ€˜์ž์œ โ€™ ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ โ€˜๋ฏผ์ฃผโ€™์˜€๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€๋Š” 1963๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1970๋…„ 5์›” โ€œ์˜ค์ โ€ ํ•„ํ™”๋กœ ํ๊ฐ„๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ณต์›์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด์— ๋ชฐ๋‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€๋Š” ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™์›์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด์™€ ๋™์ผ์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์ž๋งˆ๋‹ค ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1963๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋œ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ์ค€ํ•˜์˜ ์ž…์žฅ ์„ ํšŒ์™€ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต์‹์ , ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ํƒ„์••์ด ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ฆํญ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์žฅ์ฐจ๋กœ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์ง€์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์‹์ธ์„ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•œ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘์‹ฌ์  ํ†ต์น˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์˜ ๊ด€๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•…์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฉด์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์— ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™์›๊ณผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—๋Š” ์ด์˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ์–‘์‹ฌ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ์ž์งˆ์ด ๋†’๊ณ  ์–‘์‹ฌ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์‚ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ช…์šด์„ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ด๋ง๊ณผ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ˆ๋ฐ•๊ฐ์ด ๊ณต์กดํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ๋ถˆ์‹ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ๊ณผ ๋™์›์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃผ์•„ ๊ต์–‘ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์‚ฌ์  ์ง€์‹์ธ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ทธ์— ํ˜ธ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ข…์†๋  ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ์— ์ˆœ์ข…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์ธ์ด ์ง€์‹œํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋งŒ์ด โ€˜์ฐธ๋œ ์ž์œ โ€™๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฐœ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ณต๊ณต์„ ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ง€์Šคํƒ•์Šค, ํ›„์ง„์„ฑ ๊ทน๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋กœ์˜์š•, ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด ๋“ฑ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฉด๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์œ ์ˆœํ•œ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€๋Š” ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด์˜ ๋‹น์œ„์„ฑ์„ ์„คํŒŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ใ€Ž์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ใ€ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๋™์› ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์œ ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์  ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ์ค‘๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ฉ์ผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๊ทน๋ณต๋˜์–ด ๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.This study focused on the distinct characteristic of the liberal discourse in Korea. Intellectuals who cherished liberalism protested against authoritarian rule and claimed fair distribution by state intervention at the same time. This characteristic could not be shown from the classic liberalism that regarded a state as a necessary evil. In the history of Western liberalism, โ€˜libertyโ€™ was considered to be oppressed by states at first, by poverty in the early 20th century, and by communism after outbreak of Cold War. However, in Korea an authoritarian state, poverty and communism altogether threatened liberty just after the liberation from Japanese rule. A strong state was needed to fight poverty and communism. Korean intellectuals who favored liberalism desired to harmonize an impartial strong state with individual liberty and welfare. They thought that social liberalism(new liberalism) which originated from Britain would correspond to their idea. Social liberalism was accepted by some intellectuals in Japanese ruling period, but it could not has any real meaning in colonized Korea. But later on, it would be a realistic blueprint after Korean liberation. Especially, intellectuals who refused both capitalism and communism perceived social liberalism as an idea which compromise the Left and the Right, in other words, North Korea and South Korea. This project failed but social liberalism continued after Korean War. Intellectual discourse about social liberalism could be found on academic magazine Sasanggye which was published from 1952 to 1970. Writing articles for Sasanggye, they prioritized mutual interdependency of individual and community, and affirmed only valuable freedom that accorded with โ€˜veritasโ€™. They regarded themselves as prophets and enlighteners for the public. In 1950s, an economic system was the most important issue of the liberal discourse in Sasanggye. Based on social liberalism, arguments claiming restriction on economic freedom continued. But some intellectuals asserted that economic freedom should be enlarged for economic efficiency and reduction of state power. These conflicting opinions gradually converged in late 1950s when intellectuals sought ways to improve Korean economic structure for modernization. They concluded that a state plan was needed for the construction of more efficient economy. The state plan oriented to fight poverty was justified also by social liberalism and welfare state theory. In Korea, as an underdeveloped country, the role of welfare state was defined as rather development than redistribution. However, as successful gross development caused inequality, intellectuals claimed that the state should guarantee existence right of the people. Intellectuals who resisted Park Chung Hee demanded the intervention of a moral state. It was social liberalism that affected intellectuals asking a moral state. They took a strong state for granted but criticized Parkโ€™s brutal morality. However, Sasanggye coterie tried to mobilize masses to achieve a turnover of political power. Liberal democracy was the criteria in the discourse of mobilization and criticism. Defiant intellectuals thought that an authoritarian ruler, Park must be removed for the restoration of liberal democracy. On the other hand, liberal democracy was needed for mass mobilization. There was an ambiguous consensus about what liberal democracy really meant, but it was regarded as the most urgent objective. Resisting Parkโ€™s long-term seizure of power, intellectuals regarded a political turnover as equivalent as liberal democracy. After Sasanggye intellectuals diabolized Parkโ€™s government, mobilization and participation for a political turnover was justified in religious mood. Yet, they had conviction that modern states should take massive roles for the integration of the nation and the welfare of individuals. Conscience and morality of the ruler mattered. They thought that the stronger the state was, the freer the individuals, under the moral government control. The nature of a state depended on the character of a ruler. Intellectuals had an aspiration for a strong state and a political turnover at the same time. That is the reason that Sasanggye coterie were absorbed in mass mobilization and indifferent to the intensity of state power.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 1. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2. ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ž์› 17 1. ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ง€์‹์‚ฌํšŒํ•™ 17 2. ๊ฐœ๋…์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋…์‚ฌ 21 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 1. ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„ 24 2. ๋‹ด๋ก ๋ถ„์„ 26 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ฒ€ํ†  28 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 28 2. ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 30 ์ œ6์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 43 1. ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 43 2. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 45 ์ œ2์žฅ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์œ ์ž…๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ 47 ์ œ1์ ˆ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ˜์‹ : ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ 47 1. ์ž์œ ์™€ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜: ์†Œ๊ทน์  ์ž์œ ์™€ ์ ๊ทน์  ์ž์œ  48 2. ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ 51 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก  58 1. ๊ณ ์ „์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋น„ํŒ 59 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ 61 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ •๊ตญ์˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก  64 1. ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ 65 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜: ์‹ ์ฒœ์ง€์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํŒŒ 68 ์ œ3์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์œ ๋ก : ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ๋ก ์—์„œ ๋„๋•์  ์ฑ…์ž„๋ก ์œผ๋กœ 75 ์ œ1์ ˆ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ž…์žฅ๋“ค 75 1. ํœด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์  ์ž์œ ๋ก : ๋„๋•์  ํ‰๋“ฑ์ฃผ์˜ 77 2. ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜: ์ž์œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ก  ๋น„ํŒ 84 3. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์‹ ํŒŒ์˜ ์ž์œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ก  89 4. ์งˆ์„œ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜: ์ž์œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž… 96 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ณ„ํš๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด 99 1. 4์›”ํ˜๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹: ํ›„์ง„์„ฑ ๊ทน๋ณต์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ 100 2. 4์›”ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ๋ก  106 3. 516์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ณ„ํš๋ก  112 4. ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ณ€์šฉ 117 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ž์œ ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค 123 1. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐจํ™” 124 2. ํ•œ์ผํ˜‘์ •๊ณผ ์ž๋ฆฝ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ก  126 3. ๋ณต์ง€๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํƒˆํ”ผ 128 4. ๋…์ ์žฌ๋ฒŒ ๋น„ํŒ๊ณผ ์ƒ์กด๊ถŒ ๋‹ด๋ก  131 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ก : ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ 136 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ 137 1. ๋น„ํŒ ๋‹ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ 137 2. 4์›”ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก  140 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฐ˜๊ณต์ฃผ์˜์  ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ก  145 1. ํ•œํƒœ์—ฐ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ก : ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์งˆ์„œ 145 2. ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ์˜ '์ง„์ •ํ•œ' ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ 149 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ˜์‹ ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ 154 1. ํ˜์‹ ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ๋น„ํŒ 154 2. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ์ „์œ ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ 156 3. ์ฒญ๋งฅ์˜ ๋ฐ˜(ๅ)์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ 160 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋™์›, ๋™์›์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์œ  165 1. ์ •์น˜์  ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋กœ์„œ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ 165 2. ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ •๊ถŒ๊ต์ฒด๋ก  168 3. ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋™์› ๋‹ด๋ก : 4์›”ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์žฌํ˜„ 173 4. ๋™์›์˜ ์ขŒ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜๋ฉธ 178 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  182 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 182 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 185 ๋ถ€๋ก: ์˜๋ฏธ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„ 188 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 211 Abstract 222Docto

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