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    ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ๋ชจ๊ฒฝํ™˜.Recently, teacher learning communities are attracting attention as a way to develop teacher expertise. Teacher learning community means a group of teachers who cooperate and reflectively practice to explore educational activities and problems with the common value and vision of promoting students learning. Many domestic and overseas previous studies have demonstrated that teacher learning communities contribute to enhancing both teachers expertise and students learning activities. In Korea, the operation of teacher learning communities has become significantly common due to the policies led by the Office of Education. Many domestic researchers argue that the voluntary nature of members is essential in the operation of teacher learning communities. However, some scholars insist that teachers voluntary participation in teacher learning community activities is not necessarily a prerequisite. Therefore, considering that the operation of teacher learning communities has become prevalent due to the enforcement of compulsory policies in Korea, it is necessary to understand the significance of voluntary participation of members in the teacher learning community activities. Unlike other subjects, social studies education is characterized by its nature, goals, and content being inherently controversial, sensitive to social changes and needs and being integrated with content with various academic backgrounds. Therefore, social studies teachers should incorporate constantly changing social phenomena in their classes based on a clear understanding of the nature and goals of social studies subjects, and a higher level of teaching expertise is required to acquire content knowledge and teaching-learning methods in other major areas of social studies subjects. However, it is not easy to meet several social studies teachers who have the same subject or major in secondary schools where the teaching and learning system is operated by each subject. Therefore, it can be expected that teacher learning community activities, in which social studies teachers cooperate and explore educational activities and problems with the common interest in social studies classes, will have a positive effect on enhancing teaching expertise of social studies teachers. Therefore, in the present study established the research hypothesis as follows, assuming that social studies-related teacher learning community is activated and that the spontaneity of social studies teachers will have a significant effect on social studies teaching expertise. The higher the level of activation of teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of social studies teacherss teaching expertise is. Sub-hypothesis 1-1: The higher the level of activation of teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of social studies teachers basic knowledge and ability is. Sub-hypothesis 1-2: The higher the level of activation of teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of social studies teachers ability to plan classes is. Sub-hypothesis 1-3: The higher the level of activation of teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of social studies teachers ability to implement classes is. Sub-hypothesis 1-4: The higher the level of activation of teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of social studies teachers efforts to improve their expertise is. The higher the level of social studies teachers voluntary participation in teacher learning communities is, the higher their teaching expertise is. Sub-hypothesis 2-1: The higher the level of social studies teachers voluntary participation in teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of their basic knowledge and ability is. Sub-hypothesis 2-2: The higher the level of social studies teachers voluntary participation in teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of their ability to plan classes is. Sub-hypothesis 2-3: The higher the level of social studies teachers voluntary participation in teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of their ability to implement classes is. Sub-hypothesis 2-4: The higher the level of social studies teachers voluntary participation in teacher learning communities is, the higher the level of their efforts to enhance expertise is. In order to verify the above hypotheses, a survey was conducted on 230 middle and high school social studies teachers participating in teacher learning communities and working in schools located in Seoul and Gyeonggi. Teachers who participated in the survey of this study were selected through convenience sampling, and the responses by a total of 227 teachers were used in the statistical analysis, excluding 3 participants who responded improperly. As a result of multiple regression analysis of this study, , The higher the level of activation of teacher learning communities is, the higher social studies teacherss teaching expertise is was adopted at the p , The higher the level of social studies teachers voluntary participation in teacher learning communities is, the higher their teaching expertise is was not adopted. As a result of re-verifying statistically significant sub-hypothesis 1 of Hypothesis 1, sub-hypotheses 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, and 1-4 were all adopted at the p<0.001 level. Based on the analysis results of this study, the following conclusions were drawn. Firstly, the effects of the level of activation of teacher learning communities to which middle and high school social studies teachers belong on their social studies teaching expertise were statistically significant. In addition, as a result of verifying the effects of the level of activation of teacher learning communities on social studies teachers teaching expertise, the explanatory power of the ability to implement classes was the highest and the explanatory power of the ability to plan classes was the lowest. Therefore, Koreas policies should lead teacher learning communities to improve its participants ability to understand the entire class, from preparation to implementation, reflection, and evaluation. In particular, in order to operate social studies-related teacher learning communities effectively, social studies teachers should not only plan and implement classes based on the goal of cultivating citizenship but also prepare various programs to reflect on and improve classes in light of the goal. Secondly, although this study found that the effects of members voluntary participation on the improvement of their social studies teaching expertise were insignificant, it should not be judged that members spontaneity is not important in teacher learning communities. Policy executors need to correctly understand Koreas unique teacher learning communities, which have both spontaneity and coercion. In order to lead teachers to participate in teacher learning communities, it is necessary to rely less on external motives such as mandatory completion of training or credit recognition. It is necessary to seek practical ways to encourage teachers to voluntarily participate in teacher learning communities through internal motivation. Thirdly, today, due to the policies of the Office of Education, the operation of teacher learning communities is considerably prevalent in schools. A teacher learning community originally aims to enhance teaching expertise with emphasis on student learning and teacher cooperation. Accordingly, the Office of Education also presents the main goal of policies on teacher learning communities as change in schools through class improvement. However, in reality, various goals such as basic education, reading education, and character education are also included. This is because teacher learning communities, which have recently been a growing trend, are regarded as a cure-all to solve all kinds of educational problems. If educational policies using teacher learning communities are excessively implemented, there may be a problem that teachers, the actual operators of the teacher learning community, will be exhausted. Therefore, it is necessary to help teacher learning communities be operated based on their original goal by allowing teachers who participate in teacher learning communities to set their own goals and directions.์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ž€ ํ•™์ƒ ํ•™์Šต ์ฆ์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋น„์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ํ•™์Šต ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์šด์˜์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์ฒญ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ถ”์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์šด์˜์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ „์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์šด์˜์ด ๊ฐ•์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ค ์ •์ฑ… ์ง‘ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต๊ณผ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ•™์Šต ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ต๊ณผ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์—…์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ตฐ ๋‚ด์˜ ํƒ€ ์ „๊ณต ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ง€์‹ ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜ใ†ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ์Šต๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ต์ˆ˜ใ†ํ•™์Šต ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ต๊ณผ๋ณ„๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ต๊ณผ๋‚˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช… ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—…์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 1-1. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 1-2. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ธฐํš ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 1-3. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹คํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 1-4. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 2-1. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 2-2. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ธฐํš ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 2-3. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹คํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 2-4. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์ œ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธํŠน๋ณ„์‹œ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ธ ์ค‘ใ†๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ 230๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ํŽธ์˜ ํ‘œ์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ 3๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ด 227๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋Š” p ์˜ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋Š” ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐ€์„ค 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ p < 0.001 ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘ใ†๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์†ํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹คํ–‰ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ธฐํš ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ค€๋น„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑใ†ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์‹ค ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ํ•จ์–‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๊ธฐํš ๋ฐ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ์‹ ์žฅ์— ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •์ฑ… ์‹คํ–‰์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์ œ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–‘๊ฐ€์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์ˆ˜ ์ด์ˆ˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ํ•™์  ์ธ์ • ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๋™๊ธฐ์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ด์  ๋™๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ฒญ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๊ต ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์šด์˜์ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ํ•™์ƒ ํ•™์Šต ๊ฐ•์กฐ, ๊ต์‚ฌ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ต์œก์ฒญ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ํ•™๋ ฅ, ๋…์„œ ๊ต์œก, ์ธ์„ฑ ๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์œ ํ–‰์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋œ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๊ต์œก ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ๋ณ‘ํ†ต์น˜์•ฝ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์‹ค์ œ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ™œ๋™ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ทจ์ง€์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์šด์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€์›ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 7 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 8 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 12 1. ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ 12 1) ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 12 2) ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์˜์—ญ 15 3) ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ 18 2. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ๋™ 22 1) ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์†์„ฑ 22 2) ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์˜์˜ 27 3) ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€ 33 4) ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์„ฑ 35 3. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ 38 4. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  45 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 49 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 49 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 49 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 51 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ธ 52 1) ์ข…์† ๋ณ€์ธ 52 2) ๋…๋ฆฝ ๋ณ€์ธ 53 3) ํ†ต์ œ ๋ณ€์ธ 53 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 55 4. ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ 58 5. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 62 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 68 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 68 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„ 71 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 74 1) ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 74 2) ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ธ์‹ ์ฐจ์ด 76 3) ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„ ์ฐจ์ด 79 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 82 5. ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 84 1) ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 84 2) ๊ต์‚ฌํ•™์Šต๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์š”์ธ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 86 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  93 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์š”์•ฝ 93 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ์˜ 97 3. ์ œ์–ธ 103 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 106 ๋ถ€๋ก 117 Abstract 125์„

    Sythesis and Shape control of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles via Precipitation and Hydrothermal process

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    ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous preparation routes of a precipitation and a hydrothermal process. In the processes, the powders were formed by mixing aqueous solutions of Zn-nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO)ยท6HO) with NaOH aqueous solution under controlled reaction conditions such as Zn-precursor concentration, reaction pH and temperature. Single ZnO phase has been obtained under low Zn-precursor concentration, high reaction pH and high temperature. The synthesized particles exhibited flakes (plates), multipods or rods morphologies and the crystallite sizes and shapes would be efficiently controllable by changing the processing parameters. The hydrothermal method showed advantageous features over the precipitation process, allowing the precipitates of single ZnO phase with higher crystallinity at relatively low temperatures below 100โ„ƒ under a wider pH range for the Zn-precursor concentration of 0.1~1.0 M. The nano-array of the vertically aligned rod-like particles grown on ZnO coated glass-substrates was obtained via hydrothermal process. ZnO thin film coatings were prepared on the glass substrates using a MOD dip-coating method with zinc chloride dihydrate as starting material and 2-ethylhexanol as solvent. ZnO nanorods were synthesized on the seeded substrates by hydrothermal method at 80ยฐC using zinc-nitrate hexahydrate as a Zn source and sodium hydroxide as a mineralizer. Under the hydrothermal condition, the rod-like nanocrystals were easily attaching on the already ZnO seeded (coated) glass surface. It has been shown that the hydrothermal synthesis parameters are key factors in the nucleation and growth of ZnO crystallites. By controlling of hydrothermal parameters, the ZnO particulate morphology could be easily tailored. Rod-shaped ZnO arrays on the glass substrates consisted of elongated crystals having 6-fold symmetry were predominantly developed at high Zn-precursor concentration in the pH range 7~11.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ 1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2.1 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) 4 2.1.1 ZnO์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ 4 2.1.2 ZnO์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ , ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ 6 2.2 ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ถ„๋ง ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  8 2.2.1 ๊ธฐ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ• 8 2.2.1.1 ๊ธฐ์ƒ ์ฆ๋ฐœ ์‘์ถ•๋ฒ•(Inert Gas Condensation method; IGC) 8 2.2.1.2 ์—์–ด๋กœ์กธ๋ฒ•(Aerosol method) 10 2.2.1.3 ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ฆ๊ธฐ ์‘์ถ•๋ฒ•(Chemical Vapor Condensation method;CVC) 10 2.2.2 ์•ก์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ• 12 2.2.2.1 ์นจ์ „๋ฒ•(Precipitation method) 12 2.2.2.2 ์ˆ˜์—ดํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•(Hydrothermal method) 12 2.2.2.3 ์กธ-๊ฒ”๋ฒ•(Sol-gel method) 15 2.3 MOD๋ฒ•(Metal-Organic Decomposition method) 17 3. ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3.1 ์นจ์ „๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ZnO ๋ถ„๋ง ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 19 3.2 ์ˆ˜์—ดํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ZnO ๋ถ„๋ง ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 19 3.3 MOD๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ZnO ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ œ์กฐ 23 3.4 ์ˆ˜์—ดํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ZnO ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 23 3.5 ZnO ๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์ธก์ • 23 4. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 4.1 ์นจ์ „๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ZnO ๋ถ„๋ง ํŠน์„ฑ 25 4.2 ์ˆ˜์—ดํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ZnO ๋ถ„๋ง ํŠน์„ฑ 25 4.3 ZnO ๋ถ„๋ง ํŠน์„ฑ ๋น„๊ต 28 4.3.1 X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ(X-ray Diffractometer; XRD) ๋ถ„์„ 28 4.3.2 ์ „๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ(Field Emission-Scanning Electron microscope;FE-SEM) ๋ถ„์„ 35 4.4 MOD๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ZnO ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์ œ์กฐ 42 4.5 ์ˆ˜์—ดํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•œ ZnO ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋กœ๋“œ ์ œ์กฐ 44 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  46 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 48 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 49Maste

    A study on the principles of teaching speaking

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ,2007.Docto

    Optimization of Multi-Bank Configuration for Graphics DRAM

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2012. 2. ์„ฑ์›์šฉ.์ตœ๊ทผ GPGPU (General Purpose Graphics Processing Unit)๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋†’์€ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ DRAM์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ GDDR (Graphics Double Data Rate) DRAM์ด ์‚ฐ์—…ํ‘œ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. GDDR5 SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM) ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•€ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 6.0 Gbps์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. GPGPU์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ DRAM ์˜ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์— ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, DRAM์˜ ํด๋ฝ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ฌ๋ ค๋„ DRAM ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ์ด ๊ผญ ๋Œ€ํญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. GDDR์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฑ…ํฌ (bank) ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํด๋ฝ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฑ…ํฌ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€์—ญํญ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ฑ…ํฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ฑ…ํฌ ๊ฐ„์„ญ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. DRAM์˜ ํด๋ฝ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ, DRAM ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ํด๋ฝ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, GPGPU์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” DRAM์˜ ํด๋ฝ ์†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ DRAM ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‚˜, ์ด๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š” DRAM์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ƒ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ๋ฑ…ํฌ DRAM ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ํด๋ฝ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์— DRAM ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์˜ ๋ฑ…ํฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด ํ‰๊ท  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฑ…ํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜ ๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฑ…ํฌ ๊ฐ„์— ๊ณต์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค๋“ค๊ณผ DRAM ์นฉ ์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ œํ•œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ–ฅํ›„ DRAM์—์„œ ๋ฑ…ํฌ ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์ง€์—ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณ ์ •๋œ DRAM ํด๋ฝ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฑ…ํฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ํฌํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฑ…ํฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ DRAM์—์„œ ์ตœ์  ๋ฑ…ํฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ DRAM ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง (profiling)์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฑ…ํฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์‹œ์ผœ, DRAM์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.As the performance of computer systems increases, the peak bandwidth of the DRAM system needs to be improved. For this purpose, the DRAM clock frequency has been increased substantailly since the introduction of the synchronous DRAM. In GDDR5 (Graphics Double Data Rate 5)-SGRAM (synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory), the pin bandwidth has been raised up to 6.0 Gbps. Although the extent of execution time affected by the underlying memory systems is a complex function of latency and memory access behavior of a program, the performance of memory intensive applications are likely to be bounded by the DRAM bandwidth. This phenomenon is especially more apparent in multi-threaded architectures. However, increasing the DRAM clock frequency alone is not enough for reducing the execution time. Reading cells in DRAM actually takes much time when compared with that in SRAM, and the access time is not reduced much as the semiconductor process technology advances. In this work, the performance of multi-bank DRAMs when increasing the clock frequency is analyzed. We employ three metrics: data bus busy time, bank busy time, and inter-bank interference time. The analysis result shows that the bank busy time is a more dominant factor that determines the execution time than the data bus busy time. The bank busy time can be reduced by increasing the number of banks. The bank busy time is almost inversely proportional to the number of banks. However, the inter-bank interference time becomes the performance bottleneck when the number of banks becomes large enough. Therefore, this work suggests that, for design of the future multi-bank DRAM systems, the side-effects also have to be considered seriously to efficiently exploit the increased bandwidth of high frequency DRAM.Maste

    Russian' foreign policy change toward United States during Putin Era

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์™ธ๊ตํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.8. ์‹ ๋ฒ”์‹.Maste

    User-oriented querying for image retrieval

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „์‚ฐ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ,2000.Docto

    Social capital and suicide : the ecological study of international data

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต,2007.Maste

    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊น€์ง„ํ˜„.๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณ‘์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‹จ์œ„์™€ ํ™˜์ž๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2010๋…„ ์š”์–‘๊ธฐ๊ด€ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์˜๊ณผ์ž…์› ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์‹ ์งˆํ™˜, ์ž„์‹  ๋ฐ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž…์›๊ฑด์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 18์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ 4,984๊ฐœ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ 4,552,106์ธ์˜ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ๋กœ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜, ๋ณด์ •์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜, ๋ณ‘์ƒ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜, ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ , ์žฌ์ž…์›์œจ์„, ํ™˜์ž๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜, ์‚ฌ๋ง, ์žฌ์ž…์›์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„, t-๋ถ„์„, ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„, ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„, ํ™˜์ž๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž„์˜๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ์˜์›์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ณด์ •์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์ด, ๋ณ‘์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์„ธ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ƒ๊ธ‰โ€ค์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ , ์žฌ์ž…์›์œจ์—๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ƒ๊ธ‰โ€ค์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์˜, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ณ‘โ€ค์˜์›์˜ ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง, ์žฌ์ž…์› ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋™๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  4 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 5 1) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ 5 2) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 3) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€ 6 4) ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 6 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 8 1. ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ œ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ธ 8 1) ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ œ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 8 2) ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ œ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 11 2. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 14 1) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 2) ์ ์ • ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 15 3) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 17 3. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 21 1) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 2) ์ ์ • ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 22 3) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 24 4) ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ 28 ์ œ3์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 36 1. ๊ฐœ๋…์  ํ‹€ 36 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 37 ์ œ4์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 39 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 39 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ 39 3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ 40 1) ์ž๋ฃŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 40 2) ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ 42 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 43 1) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€ 43 2) ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 3) ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํŠน์„ฑ 45 4) ํ™˜์ž ํŠน์„ฑ 46 5. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„ 50 ์ œ5์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 53 1. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์ง• 53 2. ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ํ™˜์ž ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 58 1) ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‹จ์œ„ 58 2) ํ™˜์ž๋‹จ์œ„ 65 3. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ„์„ 68 1) ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜ 68 2) ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  76 3) ์žฌ์ž…์› 84 4. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: ํ™˜์ž ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ„์„ 92 1) ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜ 92 2) ์‚ฌ๋ง 100 3) ์žฌ์ž…์› 112 ์ œ6์žฅ ํ†  ์˜ 124 1. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€ 124 2. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 125 1) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ž…์›์ผ์ˆ˜์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 125 2) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง, ์žฌ์ž…์›๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 128 3. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํ™•๋ณด์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 130 4. ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 131 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 132 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  132 2) ์ œ์–ธ 133 ์ œ7์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  135 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 136 Abstract 148Docto

    Continuous peritoneal dialysis vs automated peritoneal dialysis complication compare

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    ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ง๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „์€ ์‹ ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์„ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ํˆฌ์„(ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„, ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„)์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ ์žฅ ์ด์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์š”๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์‹์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2007๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ ๋‡Œ์‚ฌ์ž ๊ธฐ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ 280๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ž์˜ 5% ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์‹ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ž๋™ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋™ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ์ค‘ 12%๋กœ ์ ์–ด ์ž๋™ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํˆฌ์„์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์„ ํƒ๊ณผ ํˆฌ์„์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ์ง€์†์„ฑ ์™ธ๋ž˜ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„๊ณผ ์ž๋™ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด์ , ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” CAPD๊ตฐ 45๋ช…๊ณผ APD๊ตฐ 42๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž ์ด 87๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 2008๋…„ 5์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€์˜€๊ณ , ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„์‹ค ๊ธฐ๋ก์ง€์™€ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํˆฌ์„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด, ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ Window-SPSS 12.0 program์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ตฐ๋ณ„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์‚ฌํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” t-test์™€ chi-square test๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ด€์—ฌ์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ chi-square test์™€ Fisher's exact test๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ Cox's proportional hazards ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ Logistic regression ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณ„๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต๋Š” Kaplan-Meier ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1) CAPD๊ตฐ๊ณผ APD๊ตฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋ณดํ—˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜, ์ง์—… ์œ ๋ฌด, ํˆฌ์„ ๋ณด์กฐ์ž ์œ ๋ฌด, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์›์ธ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2) ์‹œ์ž‘ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” Kt/Vurea๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํˆฌ์„์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3) ์ด ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด์ „์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ „ํ™˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 4) ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ง‰์—ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด๋ฉฐ ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ํ„ฐ๋„์—ผ์ฆ์€ ๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์ง์—…์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ, ํˆฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ์ค‘ ํƒˆ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ฆ์€ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋„๊ด€ ์ „์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ถ€์ „์€ ๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์€ ๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ statin ์•ฝ์ œ์˜ ๋ณต์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์ง€์†์„ฑ ์™ธ๋ž˜ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„๊ณผ ์ž๋™ ๋ณต๋ง‰ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํˆฌ์„์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํˆฌ์„ ์ „ ์ง์—…์ด๋‚˜ ํ™œ๋™ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๊ต์œก์ •๋„, ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ƒํ™ฉ, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณ„ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ต์œก์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ ํ›„ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํˆฌ์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์„ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ดํ–‰๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์—ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํˆฌ์„ ์ƒํ™œ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค [์˜๋ฌธ]End stage renal disease, is the disease that needs kidney replacement therapy such as dialysis or kidney transplantation, which are substituted for excretory and control function of the a kidney. Automated peritoneal dialysis among peritoneal dialysis methods, which is used in 15.7% of all kidney replacement therapies, is selected in order to keep the guideline which directs proper solute and moisture removal as residual renal function decreases two or three years after dialysis starts. Recently more and more patients choose Automated peritoneal dialysis from the beginning in order to increase ultrafilteration volume and dialysis volume. In addition, patients who choose APD can make use of their daytime flexibly. However, in Korea, there is almost no reports on not only specific features related to peritoneal dialysis but also the patients who develop complications or maladjustment. Since this therapy is being practiced with relatively small number of patients in many hospitals, the research on automated peritoneal dialysis has rarely been carried out up to now. As a result, the materials on which we can compare continuous ambulato๊ต peritoneal dialysis with automated peritoneal dialysis are insufficient. Therefore, in this research, after dividing patients into two groups according to peritoneal dialysis methods, the patients' clinical checkups and general features will be examined. On the basis of finding on this examination, the development of complications between two peritoneal dialysis methods will be compared. This research is projected to provide reference materials necessary in deciding which dialysis method is appropriate for new patients. These materials are also helpful in treating existing patients as well. This research was conducted with 87 patients who are under peritoneal dialysis treatment; 45 patients are treated with CAPD while 42 patients are treated with APD. In this research, general features, clinical checkup results, the information involved dialysis, and development of some peritoneal dialysis complications and their progress will be examined based on computerized peritoneal dialysis unit's records and other medical records.Collected materials were analyzed by using Window-SPSS 12.0 program. The comparison between general features and the value measured in the research were tested with t-test and chi-square test. Verification of factors related to the development of complications is conducted by chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. Through Cox's proportional hazards analysis and Logistic regression analysis method on verified factors, relative risk of risk factor is obtained. Lastly Kaplen-Meier method was used in order to analyze the calculation and comparison of the period of complication development depending on different dialysis methods. According to the analysis results, there are no significant differences requiring any serious attention in general features, patients' past medical history, and origin disease between two groups. In addition, appropriate dialysis is being carried out keeping Kt/Vurea as far as both the groups don't deviate from given guideline from the beginning. The total period of dialysis between two groups shows no differences, but depending on the reason for conversion into different dialysis method, there are noticeable differences in the period during which previous peritoneal dialysis method has been administered. In developing peritoneal dialysis complications, it is analyzed that peritoneal dialysis methods have no relation with the cause of peritonitis, an inflammatory complication, exit site and tunnel inflammation. It is shown that the age plays important role in heightening the risk of peritonitis. Of complications which has no inflammation, a hernia and a pain don't show any differences. However, according to the result of univariate analysis, in catheter lacation and cardiac insufficiency, there are some differences to be attended to, whereas multivariate analysis shows no statistical matters to be taken into consideration. Age, internal application of statin medicine, and dialysis method are proved to be the main factors of the development of complications involving heart's-blood in univariate analysis test. In conclusion, this research shows that which method to choose between CAPD and APD doesn't have any serious influence on the developments of peritoneal dialysis complications. (the developments of complications of peritoneal dialysis) Therefore, it seems that quality of life for patients and convenience of selected method should be primarily taken into account in deciding which peritoneal dialysis method is applied. It will reduce concern derived from deciding peritoneal dialysis method depending upon patients' preferenceope

    Therapeutic effects of thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ํ‰์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์€ ์ค‘์ฆ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ด€ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ‰์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ž„์ƒ ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ณ‘์ธ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์ค‘์ฆ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ฆ ์ง„๋‹จ ํ›„ ํ‰์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆํ›„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ด 84์˜ˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ anticholinesterase๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž(ACE๊ตฐ) 66์˜ˆ์™€ ACE์™€ steroid๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž(steroid๊ตฐ) 18์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€ํ•ด, ๊ฐœ์„ , ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ฐœ์„ , ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ด€ํ•ด์™€ ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ตฐ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ๋ฏธ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ตฐ์€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹คํŒจ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆํ›„์ธ์ž๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ์ค‘์ฆ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ฆ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์œ ๋ฌด, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž„์ƒ ์ฆ์ƒ, ํ‰์„ ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ACE ํ™˜์ž 66์˜ˆ์—์„œ ํ‰์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ด€ํ•ด๊ฐ€ 12์˜ˆ, ํ˜ธ์ „ 25์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์€ 56%์˜€๋‹ค. Steroid๊ตฐ 18์˜ˆ ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ฆ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 8์˜ˆ(44.4%)์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ด€ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ACE๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ‰์„  ์ฆ์‹ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 29์˜ˆ ์ค‘ 23์˜ˆ(79.3%)๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ตฐ์ด์–ด์„œ ํ‰์„ ์ข… ํ™˜์ž(36%)๋‚˜ ํ‰์„ ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ„์ถ•๋œ ํ™˜์ž(41.7%)์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฝํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ์ค‘์ฆ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ฆ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์˜ˆํ›„์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ steroid๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ‰์„  ์ฆ์‹์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ steroid ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์—ญ์ œ์ œ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ํ‰์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์ฆ ๊ทผ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์•ฝ ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜ ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ‰์„  ์ฆ์‹ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฝํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ steroid์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ‰์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ํ›„ ๊ด€ํ•ด์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ , ์žฅ๊ธฐ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์—๋Š” ํ‰์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Thymectomy is considered as one of the important therapy far patients with myasthenia gravis(MG) for reducing the symptoms and hasting the time of remission. However, the efficacy of thymectomy in previous studies were not in concordant with each others. It might be resulted from the different therapies before thymectomy and different investigating methods in each reports, and was also resulted from the fructating course and diverse pathogenic mechanisms of MG. This retrospective study was designed to assess the effects of thymectomy in 84 MG patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to their medications before thymectomy : the patients who had been treated with anticholinesterase(ACE group) and the others who had been treated with both anticholinesterase and steroid(steroid group). Sixty-six patients were included in ACE group and 18 in steroid group. The outcomes of thymectomy were divided into two group : "success" and "failure". The "success" outcomese included the patients with remission or improvements and the "failure" outcomes included the patients with improvement by immunosuppressive agents, unimprovement, and death. To find factors which might influence on the prognosis after thymectomy, the following variables were considered for statistics; The onset age of MG, gender, myasthenic crisis before operation, the clinical symptoms at the time of operation, and the pathologic findings of thymus. The results were as follows. The success were occurred in 37 patients among ACE group(56%) and in 8 patients among steroid group(44.4%). In ACE group, the success more frequently occurred in the patients with thymic follicular hyperplasia(79.3%) than in those with thymoma(36%), and normal or atrophic thymus (41.7%). The patients who had mild clinical symptoms at the operation also showed higher success rate. However, gender, the age of onset, and the presence of myasthenic crisis before the operation did not influences on the results of the operation. In steroid group, the success rate was higher in the patients with shorter duration of steroid treatment before thymectoiny(< 6month) and follicular hyperplasa. In addition, the immunosuppressive treatments also gave symptomatic improvements in most patients with failure outcomes after thymectomy. In conclusion, thymectomy demonstrated beneficial effects in about half of MG patients. Follicular hyperplasia and mild symptoms at the operation were considered to be factors for predicting better results after thymectomy. Our findings also suggest that the longstanding steroid treatment before thymectomy may negatively affect on the successful thymectomy, especially on remission.restrictio
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