50 research outputs found

    Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diseases in Korean Americans and Native Koreans Undergoing Health Checkup

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: Korean Americans constitute the fifth largest subgroup in the Asian American population. Despite their increasing population, research and guidelines regarding their health status assessment and disease screening are lacking. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of diseases in Korean Americans and native Koreans to determine the risk factors and guidelines for disease screening. METHODS: Patients who visited the Gangnam Severance Hospital from February 2010 to May 2015 for a health checkup were enrolled in this study. Baseline characteristics, laboratory data, and the organs (stomach, colon, thyroid, brain, prostate, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, adrenal gland, and heart) of patients were examined. Data regarding patients' dietary patterns were also obtained. Overall, 1,514 Korean Americans (group 1) and 1,514 native Koreans (group 2) were enrolled. RESULTS: The following diseases were more prevalent in group 1 than in group 2: reflux esophagitis (12.9% vs. 10%), gastric ulcer (3.0% vs. 5.5%), colorectal polyp (37.7% vs. 28.7%), hemorrhoids (32.2% vs. 29.9%), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (30.2% vs. 14.3%). Although not statistically significant, coronary artery disease has a high prevalence rate of >20% in both groups. Dietary patterns were not significant between the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the prevalence of several diseases in Korean Americans differed from that observed in native Koreans. Therefore, a foundation for setting up new guidelines for disease screening among Korean Americans is established.ope

    Caspase-4 is essential for saikosaponin a-induced apoptosis acting upstream of caspase-2 and ฮณ-H2AX in colon cancer cells

    Get PDF
    Saikosaponin a (SSa), a bioactive phytochemical from Bupleurum, triggers sequential caspase-2 and caspase-8 activation, and thereby induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in human colon carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, the upstream mechanism of caspase-2 activation remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the signaling mechanisms underlying SSa-induced caspase activation and apoptosis in HCC cells. SSa treatment triggered marked antitumor effects, especially in HCC cells, in a cell culture model and a mouse xenograft model. SSa also induced the activation of several endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signals. Specifically, caspase-4, a critical regulator of ER stress-induced apoptosis, was activated significantly after SSa treatment. Mechanistically, selective inhibition of caspase-4 suppressed SSa-induced apoptosis, colony inhibition, and the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -2, but not vice versa. Consistent with the important role of caspase-2 in the DNA damage response, SSa induced DNA damage, as evidenced by a cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, single-cell gel electrophoresis, and an increase in the levels of ฮณ-H2AX, a DNA damage marker. Moreover, inhibition of caspase-4 activation inhibited SSa-induced histone H2AX phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that caspase-4 is an upstream regulator of SSa-induced DNA damage and caspase activation in HCC cells. Given that SSa-induced apoptosis appeared to be specific to certain cell types including HCC cells, SSa may be a promising cancer therapy agent in certain types of cancer.ope

    Advanced Colonic Neoplasia at Follow-up Colonoscopy According to Risk Components and Adenoma Location at Index Colonoscopy: A Retrospective Study of 1,974 Asymptomatic Koreans

    Get PDF
    Background/Aims: We aimed to estimate the cumulative incidence of advanced colonic neoplasia and analyze the risk factors for advanced colonic neoplasia according to risk components and adenoma location at index colonoscopy. Methods: We reviewed 1,974 subjects who underwent a follow-up colonoscopy after a complete screening colonoscopy and the removal of all polyps. We estimated the cumulative incidence of a subsequent advanced neoplasia according to risk groups (normal, low-risk, and high-risk). Risk factors were analyzed by risk components (โ‰ฅ3 adenomas, adenoma โ‰ฅ1 cm, and villous-type adenoma) and adenoma location. Results: Overall, 111 advanced neoplasias (5.6%) were newly diagnosed at the follow-up colonoscopy. The 3-year cumulative incidences of advanced neoplasia were 0.8%, 3.1%, and 10.2% in the normal, low-risk, and high-risk groups, respectively (p<0.0001), and the 5-year cumulative incidences were 2.2%, 8.6%, and 20.2%, respectively (p<0.0001). Age โ‰ฅ60 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 2.63), right-sided colonic adenoma (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.66), โ‰ฅ3 adenomas (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.22 to 3.28), and adenomas โ‰ฅ1 cm in size (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.20 to 3.44) in the index colonoscopy were independent risk factors for subsequent development of advanced neoplasia. Conclusions: Right-sided colonic adenoma, โ‰ฅ3 adenomas, adenomas โ‰ฅ1 cm, and age โ‰ฅ60 years at the index colonoscopy were significant risk factors for advanced neoplasia following a complete screening colonoscopy and removal of all polyps.ope

    The Effect of Soluble RAGE on Inhibition of Angiotensin II-Mediated Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mice

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: The cross talk between RAGE and angiotensin II (AngII) activation may be important in the development of atherosclerosis. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE), a truncated soluble form of the receptor, acts as a decoy and prevents the inflammatory response mediated by RAGE activation. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of sRAGE in inhibiting AngII-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (Apo E KO). METHODS AND RESULTS: 9 week old Apo E KO mice were infused subcutaneously with AngII (1 ยตg/min/kg) and saline for 4 weeks using osmotic mini-pumps. The mice were divided into 4 groups 1. saline infusion and saline injection; 2. saline infusion and sRAGE injection; 3. AngII infusion and saline injection; 4. AngII infusion and sRAGE injection. Saline or 0.5 ยตg, 1 ยตg, to 2 ยตg/day/mouse of sRAGE were injected intraperitoneally daily for 28 days. We showed that atherosclerotic plaque areas in the AngII-infused Apo E KO mice and markers of inflammation such as RAGE, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 were increased in aorta compared to that of the Apo E KO mice. However, the treatment of 0.5 ยตg, 1 ยตg, and 2 ยตg of sRAGE in AngII group resulted in the dose-dependent decrease in atherosclerotic plaque area. We also demonstrated that sRAGE decreased RAGE expression level as well as inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in AngII or HMGB1 treated-rat aorta vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that partical blockade of RAGE activation by sRAGE prevent AngII -induced atherosclerosis. Therefore these results suggested that first, RAGE activation may be important in mediating AngII-induced atherogenesis, and second, AngII activation is a major pathway in the development of atherosclerosis. Taken together, results from this study may provide the basis for future anti- atherosclerotic drug development mediated through RAGE activation.ope

    Corticotrophin-releasing factor-mediated effects of DA-9701 in Postoperative Ileus Guinea Pig Model

    No full text
    BACKGROUND: Postoperative ileus (POI) is abdominal surgery-induced impaired gastrointestinal (GI) motility. We aimed to investigate the effects of DA-9701, a prokinetic agent formulated from Pharbitis Semen and Corydalis tuber, likely mediated via corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways, in a POI model. METHODS: A laparotomy with cecal manipulation was performed to induce POI in guinea pigs. GI transit was measured based on charcoal migration after intragastric administration of DA-9701 1, 3, and 10 mg kg-1 . CRF1 receptor antagonist, CP-154 526 (subcutaneous) or agonist, human/rat (h/r) CRF (intraperitoneal) was injected. Then, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were measured, and the average intensity of the CRF expression was analyzed in the proximal colon and hypothalamus, and c-Fos in the hypothalamus. KEY RESULTS: DA-9701 significantly increased delayed GI transit in POI in a dose-dependent manner and decreased plasma ACTH levels at 10 mg kg-1 . CP-154 526 significantly decreased plasma ACTH levels but was not as effective on GI transit as DA-9701 was. h/r CRF did not significantly affect GI transit and plasma ACTH levels. No significant difference was observed in GI transit and plasma ACTH levels in both groups administered DA-9701 with h/r CRF and h/r CRF alone. CRF expression in the proximal colon decreased after DA-9701 administration, but not significantly, compared with levels in POI alone. However, CRF expression in the hypothalamus was significantly lower in the DA-9701-pretreated POI than in the untreated POI. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: The DA-9701-induced improvement in GI transit and inhibition of plasma ACTH levels was mediated by the central CRF pathway.restrictio

    ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ Zmpste24์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•œ TLR4์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฃฝ์ƒ๋™๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค.

    No full text
    Atherosclerosis is a progressive chronic inflammatory disease and is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Advancing age is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the vascular aging-related gene, Zmpste24, on vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and acceleration of atherosclerosis, and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from whole rat aorta were used for this study. They were treated with Zmpste24 siRNA and cholesterol (20 ยตg/ml) for 48 hours in serum free-DMEM. Cholesterol accumulation of VSMCs was visualized by oil red O staining. The expression of RNA and protein associated with phenotypic switching and signaling pathways were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. In vivo, Zmpste24F/F SM22ฮฑCre+ ApoEโˆ’/โˆ’ mice via Tamoxifen IP were fed a high cholesterol diet to induce atherosclerosis over 8 weeks. I confirmed using oil red O staining that cholesterol increased VSMC-foam cell formation in an in vitro model. Cholesterol induced VSMC phenotype switching by downregulating SMC marker expression and upregulating macrophage marker expression. Knockdown of Zmpste24 significantly enhanced VSMC-foam cell formation and cholesterol-VSMC phenotype switching. Conversely, overexpression of Zmpste24 reduced VSMC-foam cell formation. Animal studies revealed that Zmpste24F/F SM22ฮฑCre+ ApoEโˆ’/โˆ’ mice accelerated atherosclerosis in the aorta of mice fed with a high cholesterol diet. Consistent with the in vitro model, cholesterol-VSMC phenotype switching was accelerated in the animal model. The present results suggest that Zmpste24 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis by effectively increasing cholesterol-induced VSMC-foam cell formation and cholesterol-VSMC phenotype switching. In addition, Zmpste24 deficiency promotes cholesterol accumulation by regulating TLR4 expression through epigenetic modification in VSMCs. Taken together, the results may provide insight for the development of drugs to prevent atherosclerosis protection during cardiovascular disease. ๋ชฉ์ : ์ฃฝ์ƒ ๋™๋งฅ ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ์€ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ฑ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋Š” ๋™๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ™”์„ฑ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ„ ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ƒ ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ์„ธํฌ(VSMC) ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ฐ ๋™๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ™” ์ด‰์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋…ธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ-Zmpste24 ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ” ์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ฅ ์ „์ฒด ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ ๋‹ค. Zmpste24 siRNA์™€ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค 20ฮผg/ml๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํ˜ˆ์ฒญ DMEM์—์„œ 48์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. VSMC์˜ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ์ถ•์ ์€ ์˜ค์ผ ๋ ˆ๋“œ O ์—ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ „ํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ RNA ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ RT-PCR ๋ฐ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋ธ”๋กฏ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ์ฒด ๋‚ด์—์„œ Tamoxifen IP๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ SMC ํŠน์ด์  Zmpste24 ๋…น์•„์›ƒ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” 8์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃฝ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ ๋กค ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์ด ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ VSMC-๊ฑฐํ’ˆ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ค์ผ ๋ ˆ๋“œ-O ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฝœ ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค์€ SMC ๋งˆ์ปค ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ ๋งˆ์ปค ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์ƒํ–ฅ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด VSMC ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์œ ๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Zmpste24์˜ ๋…น๋‹ค์šด์€ VSMC-๊ฑฐํ’ˆ ์„ธ ํฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค-VSMC ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด‰์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, Zmpste24์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ VSMC ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ํŠน์ด์  Zmpste24์˜ ๋…น์•„์›ƒ์€ ๊ณ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ์‹๋‹จ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ์ฅ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๋Œ€๋™๋งฅ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์ƒ๋™๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ๋„ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค-VSMC ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ „ํ™˜์ด ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ˜„์žฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, Zmpste24 ๊ฒฐํ•์ด ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ์œ ๋„ VSMC ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค-VSMC ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ „ํ™˜์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃฝ์ƒ ๋™๋งฅ ๊ฒฝํ™” ์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, Zmpste24 ๊ฒฐํ•์€ VSMC์—์„œ ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด TLR4 ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ์ถ•์ ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•จ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ข… ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์ƒ๋™๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ™”์ฆ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜ ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.open๋ฐ•

    ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ํ™์œคํ˜ธ.๋ชฉ์ : ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต์€ ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‘ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ, ์ด์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœํ•œ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์–‘์ƒ์ด ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ณผ ๋‘ํ†ต์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทนํžˆ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต ํ˜น์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆผ์ฆ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ๊ณผ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ด 2886๋ช…์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ ,๋ฉด์ ‘๊ด€์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ฐ, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Epworth Sleepiness Scale ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ 2550๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ICHD-2 ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต, ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต ์™ธ ๋‘ํ†ต, ๋‘ํ†ต์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„ธ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ:ICHD-2 ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ 5.2%์—์„œ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ตฐ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๊ณ  (p=0.039), ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ(p < 0.001) ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ (p < 0.001), ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆผ์ฆ (p=0.028)๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Šฆ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋‘ํ†ต์˜ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„ ์ž์ฒด์™€๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋‘ํ†ต์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ตฐ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋Šฆ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋Œ€์— ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์กธ๋ฆผ์ฆ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค.1. Introduction 2. Methods 2.1. Subjects and procedures 2.2. Ethical considerations 2.3. Materials and definitions 2.4. Statistical analyses 3. Results 3.1. Prevalence and characteristics of headache 3.2. Sleep time 3.3. Circadian preference 3.4. Sleep disturbance, sleepiness and insomnia 4. Discussion ReferenceMaste

    ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ์ƒ์žฅ ์š”๊ฑด: ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ ์„ ํ˜ธ ๋ฐ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ „๋žต ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œ์ง€์—ญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์ด์˜์„ญ.์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ๊ฑฐ์„ผ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์€ ์ž๋ณธ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ™”์—๋„ ์ด๋ฐ”์ง€ํ•œ ๋ฐ”, ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์œ ์ˆ˜๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ํ•ด์™ธ์ƒ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„์ถœ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™์ฝฉ, ๋‰ด์š• ๋ฐ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ์ƒ์žฅ์„ ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ ์„ ํ˜ธ์ด๋ก  ์ค‘ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„ ํ•ด์™ธ์ƒ์žฅ์˜ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์ „๋žต์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2010๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ์„ธ ๊ณณ์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ์ƒ์žฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•์„ธ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์— ์ƒ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ์ ‘์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋ช…ํ’ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋“ค์ด ํ™์ฝฉ์— ์ƒ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ•ด์™ธ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์‹œ์žฅํ™•๋Œ€ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ์ธ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž ์žฌ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์™€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ „๋žต์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ํ”„๋ผ๋‹ค์˜ ํ™์ฝฉ ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ ์ƒ์žฅ์€ ๋งค์ถœ์•ก์˜ 43%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์‹œ์•„ ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ช…ํ’ˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ 20%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ ํ•  ์ค‘๊ตญ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์„ ์  ํ•  ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”, ์ƒํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ™์ฝฉ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ณธํ† ์˜ ์ƒํ•ด ์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์†Œ์— ์ƒ์žฅ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘” ์ฝ”์น˜, ๋ก์‹œ๋•…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋น„์žฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ํ™์ฝฉ์ƒ์žฅ์˜ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ฑด๋Œ€, ์„ ์ง„ ์˜ยท๋ฏธ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ์ง€๋˜ IPO๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ง„์ถœ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ถ•์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.As the world has stepped into an era of globalization, free capital flows allow firms to raise their capital in international markets through overseas listings. Italy-based luxury brand Prada made its successful IPO debut in Hong Kong in June 2011 while a certain Chinese conglomerate, Ali-baba, is considering its IPO either in Hong Kong or New York. In this paper, three top exchanges- HKEx, NYSE Euronext & NASDAQ, and LSEโ€“ are chosen to see whether the proximity preference theory is still a mega trend in the field of recent overseas listings. The total number of foreign listed companies in the exchanges from 1990 to 2010 is collected and analyzed through the gravity model. The data only includes listed companies through initial public offering (IPO) and is analyzed with geographic, cultural, economic, and industrial proximity perspectives. Consequently, firms do show a greater propensity to list overseas in a country with similar economic size. In relation to industrial proximity, foreign firms prefer to be listed in a foreign country that has competitiveness in that industry. However, when choosing a listing venue, geographic and cultural proximity are not major factors to be considered any more. Moreover, the European luxury brands companies listed in Hong Kong are seeking nonfinancial benefits. Those companies in particular list in Hong Kong for the corporate strategy, increasing brand exposure and investor awareness, and earning consumer proximity in the Asia-Pacific market, especially in the Chinese market, through the listing. For instance, 43% of Pradas total sales profits come from Asia-Pacific regions. Since China will account for one-fifth of demand for luxury goods, Prada, as an Asiafocused player, is more likely to attract more consumers in the Chinese Market. After Pradas successful IPO, similar retail brands including Samsonite (US) and LOccitane (France) have followed the trend. Given these circumstances, Asian financial markets could become a leading IPO market, attracting more foreign firms to list for their business strategic purposes.Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables I. Introduction II. Literature Reviews and Analytical Framework 2.1 Literature Reviews 2.2 Analytical Framework III. Overseas Listing and Listing Theories 3.1 Current Situation 3.2 Introduction of Listing Theories 3.2.1 Earlier Listing Theories 3.2.1.1 Market Segmentation Theory 3.2.1.2 Liquidity Theory 3.2.2 New Listing Theories 3.2.2.1 Investor Recognition Theory 3.2.2.2 Information Disclosure Theory 3.2.2.3 Legal Bonding Theory IV. Proximity Preference Theory and Business Strategy Theory V. Proximity Preferences Tests 5.1 Gravity model 5.2 Results and Analysis 5.3 Implications VI. Business Strategy Theory 6.1 Case Study 6.1.1 The Prada Group 6.1.2 LOccitane International S.A. VII. Conclusions and Implications References ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋กMaste

    (The) effect of hypouricemic treatment on the renal function in patients with gout

    No full text
    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ์„œ๋ก : ๊ณ ์š”์‚ฐํ˜ˆ์ฆ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹ ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์•…ํ™”์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋™๋ฌผ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ์š”์‚ฐํ˜ˆ์ฆ์„ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ํ˜ธ์ „๋จ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง ๊ตญ๋‚ด์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ž„์ƒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ํ†ตํ’ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์š”์‚ฐ์ €ํ•˜์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ 2005๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2010๋…„ 1์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณต๋‹จ ์ผ์‚ฐ๋ณ‘์›๊ณผ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ๋ฅ˜๋งˆํ‹ฐ์Šค ๋‚ด๊ณผ์—์„œ ํ†ตํ’์œผ๋กœ ์š”์‚ฐ์ €ํ•˜์ œ๋ฅผ 1๋…„ ์ด์ƒ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์š”์‚ฐ์ €ํ•˜์ œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ด, 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์†Œ๋ณ€์˜ ์š”์‚ฐ, ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—ฌ๊ณผ์œจ ๋ฐ ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋Œ€์ƒ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 267๋ช…์ด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 54.4ยฑ13.9์„ธ, ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 247๋ช…, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 20๋ช…(๋‚จ๋…€๋น„= 12:1) ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท  ์‹ ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” 24.8ยฑ3.5 kg/m2์˜€๋‹ค. 267๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••์€ 115๋ช…, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋Š” 13๋ช…, ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ์€ 77๋ช…์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 35.0ยฑ19.5๊ฐœ์›” ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  267๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ allopurinol์ด๋‚˜ benzbromarone์„ ๋‹จ๋… ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 219๋ช…๊ณผ 19๋ช…์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‰๊ท ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 162.2ยฑ83.4 mg/day, 54.4.ยฑ22.8 mg/day์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  29๋ช…์€ allopurinol๊ณผ benzbromarone์„ ๋ณ‘์šฉํˆฌ์—ฌ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ท  ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 127.6ยฑ65.1 mg/day, 54.3ยฑ26.3 mg/day์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์—ผ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 104๋ช… ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์š”์‚ฐ๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (8.05ยฑ1.96 mg/dL vs 6.16ยฑ1.46mg/dL, p<0.0001), ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ด ์ˆ˜์น˜๋„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์— ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(1.25ยฑ0.46 mg/dL vs 1.18ยฑ0.42 mg/dL, p=0.001). ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—ฌ๊ณผ์œจ ์—ญ์‹œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „์—๋Š” 74.41ยฑ27.02 mL/min/1.73m3์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„์—๋Š” 80.18ยฑ31.55 mL/min/1.73m3๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.0001). ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ด๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—ฌ๊ณผ์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜์™€ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ด์€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„(r=0.18, p=0.003)๋ฅผ, ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—ฌ๊ณผ์œจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„(r=-0.25, p<0.001)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋‹น๋‡จ, ๊ณ ์ง€ํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจํ˜•์— ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ์š”์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ ˆ์•„ํ‹ด ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—ฌ๊ณผ์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ(covariance estimate)๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.04 (p<0.001)์™€ -3.1 (p<0.001)๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ†ตํ’ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์š”์‚ฐ์ €ํ•˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์š”์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ†ตํ’ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์š”์‚ฐ์ €ํ•˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.ope

    Analytical research on Joseph Haydns <Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major>

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊น€์˜๋ฅ .๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กธ์—…์—ฐ์ฃผํšŒ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ณก ์ค‘ ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ์š”์ œํ”„ ํ•˜์ด๋“  (Franz Joseph Haydn, 1732-1809)์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด ๊ณก์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณก์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ €, ํ•˜์ด๋“ ์ด ์‚ด์•˜๋˜ ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ ํ›„ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ Trumpet์ด Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major์˜ ๊ณก์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ ํ•˜์ด๋“ ์ด ์ž‘๊ณกํ•œ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก ์ค‘ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ 1796๋…„์— ์ž‘๊ณก๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•…๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ฃผ๊ณก๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋” ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘๊ณ  ์ž‘๊ณก๋œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ๋…์ฃผ์ž์™€ ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์•…๊ธฐ์ธ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์€ ์ด์ „ ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ ์œจ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฐ˜์Œ๊ณ„์  ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ถ”๋ŸดํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์—์„œ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ ์—ฐ์ฃผ์ž ์•ˆํ†ค ๋ฐ”์ด๋”ฉ๊ฑฐ (Anton Weidinger, 1766-1852)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ‚ค(key)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ (๋…์ผ Klappentrompete, ์˜๊ตญ Key trumpet)์œผ๋กœ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ 5๊ฐœ์˜ Key์— ์˜ํ•ด 12์Œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ˜์Œ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋“ ์˜ Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major๋Š” ํ‚ค ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘๊ณก๋œ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š” ์—ฐ์ฃผ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜์Œ๊ณ„์  ์„ ์œจ์ง„ํ–‰, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „์กฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก์€ 3์•…์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์•…์žฅ์ธ Allegro๋Š” ์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํž˜์ฐฌ coda๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ œ2์•…์žฅ Andante๋Š” ์‹œ์น ๋ฆฌ์•„๋…ธํ’์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” 3๋ถ€ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ‰ํ™”๋กญ๊ณ  ์˜จํ™”ํ•œ ์„ ์œจ์ด ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ3์•…์žฅ์ธ Allegro๋Š” ๋ก ๋„์†Œ๋‚˜ํƒ€ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์พŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณก ์ „์ฒด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์˜ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ๊ธฐ์˜€๋˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœํฌ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณ ์Œ์—ญ ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ์ „์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์•…๊ธฐ์ธ ํ‚ค ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์˜ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด ํŠธ๋ŸผํŽซ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณก์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  II. ๋ณธ๋ก  1. ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ (1) ๊ณ ์ „์ฃผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง• (2) Trumpet์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๊ณ ์ „์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ Trumpet 2. ํ•˜์ด๋“ ์˜ Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๊ฐœ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ (1) ํ”„๋ž€์ธ  ์š”์ œํ”„ ํ•˜์ด๋“  (Franz Joseph Haydn) (2) Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์„ a. ์ œ1์•…์žฅ b. ์ œ2์•…์žฅ c. ์ œ3์•…์žฅ III. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ AbstractMaste
    corecore