50 research outputs found
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diseases in Korean Americans and Native Koreans Undergoing Health Checkup
BACKGROUND:
Korean Americans constitute the fifth largest subgroup in the Asian American population. Despite their increasing population, research and guidelines regarding their health status assessment and disease screening are lacking. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of diseases in Korean Americans and native Koreans to determine the risk factors and guidelines for disease screening.
METHODS:
Patients who visited the Gangnam Severance Hospital from February 2010 to May 2015 for a health checkup were enrolled in this study. Baseline characteristics, laboratory data, and the organs (stomach, colon, thyroid, brain, prostate, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, adrenal gland, and heart) of patients were examined. Data regarding patients' dietary patterns were also obtained. Overall, 1,514 Korean Americans (group 1) and 1,514 native Koreans (group 2) were enrolled.
RESULTS:
The following diseases were more prevalent in group 1 than in group 2: reflux esophagitis (12.9% vs. 10%), gastric ulcer (3.0% vs. 5.5%), colorectal polyp (37.7% vs. 28.7%), hemorrhoids (32.2% vs. 29.9%), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (30.2% vs. 14.3%). Although not statistically significant, coronary artery disease has a high prevalence rate of >20% in both groups. Dietary patterns were not significant between the two groups.
CONCLUSION:
This study showed that the prevalence of several diseases in Korean Americans differed from that observed in native Koreans. Therefore, a foundation for setting up new guidelines for disease screening among Korean Americans is established.ope
Caspase-4 is essential for saikosaponin a-induced apoptosis acting upstream of caspase-2 and ฮณ-H2AX in colon cancer cells
Saikosaponin a (SSa), a bioactive phytochemical from Bupleurum, triggers sequential caspase-2 and caspase-8 activation, and thereby induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in human colon carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, the upstream mechanism of caspase-2 activation remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the signaling mechanisms underlying SSa-induced caspase activation and apoptosis in HCC cells. SSa treatment triggered marked antitumor effects, especially in HCC cells, in a cell culture model and a mouse xenograft model. SSa also induced the activation of several endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signals. Specifically, caspase-4, a critical regulator of ER stress-induced apoptosis, was activated significantly after SSa treatment. Mechanistically, selective inhibition of caspase-4 suppressed SSa-induced apoptosis, colony inhibition, and the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -2, but not vice versa. Consistent with the important role of caspase-2 in the DNA damage response, SSa induced DNA damage, as evidenced by a cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, single-cell gel electrophoresis, and an increase in the levels of ฮณ-H2AX, a DNA damage marker. Moreover, inhibition of caspase-4 activation inhibited SSa-induced histone H2AX phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that caspase-4 is an upstream regulator of SSa-induced DNA damage and caspase activation in HCC cells. Given that SSa-induced apoptosis appeared to be specific to certain cell types including HCC cells, SSa may be a promising cancer therapy agent in certain types of cancer.ope
Advanced Colonic Neoplasia at Follow-up Colonoscopy According to Risk Components and Adenoma Location at Index Colonoscopy: A Retrospective Study of 1,974 Asymptomatic Koreans
Background/Aims: We aimed to estimate the cumulative incidence of advanced colonic neoplasia and analyze the risk factors for advanced colonic neoplasia according to risk components and adenoma location at index colonoscopy.
Methods: We reviewed 1,974 subjects who underwent a follow-up colonoscopy after a complete screening colonoscopy and the removal of all polyps. We estimated the cumulative incidence of a subsequent advanced neoplasia according to risk groups (normal, low-risk, and high-risk). Risk factors were analyzed by risk components (โฅ3 adenomas, adenoma โฅ1 cm, and villous-type adenoma) and adenoma location.
Results: Overall, 111 advanced neoplasias (5.6%) were newly diagnosed at the follow-up colonoscopy. The 3-year cumulative incidences of advanced neoplasia were 0.8%, 3.1%, and 10.2% in the normal, low-risk, and high-risk groups, respectively (p<0.0001), and the 5-year cumulative incidences were 2.2%, 8.6%, and 20.2%, respectively (p<0.0001). Age โฅ60 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 2.63), right-sided colonic adenoma (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.66), โฅ3 adenomas (HR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.22 to 3.28), and adenomas โฅ1 cm in size (HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.20 to 3.44) in the index colonoscopy were independent risk factors for subsequent development of advanced neoplasia.
Conclusions: Right-sided colonic adenoma, โฅ3 adenomas, adenomas โฅ1 cm, and age โฅ60 years at the index colonoscopy were significant risk factors for advanced neoplasia following a complete screening colonoscopy and removal of all polyps.ope
The Effect of Soluble RAGE on Inhibition of Angiotensin II-Mediated Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mice
BACKGROUND:
The cross talk between RAGE and angiotensin II (AngII) activation may be important in the development of atherosclerosis. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE), a truncated soluble form of the receptor, acts as a decoy and prevents the inflammatory response mediated by RAGE activation. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of sRAGE in inhibiting AngII-induced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (Apo E KO).
METHODS AND RESULTS:
9 week old Apo E KO mice were infused subcutaneously with AngII (1 ยตg/min/kg) and saline for 4 weeks using osmotic mini-pumps. The mice were divided into 4 groups 1. saline infusion and saline injection; 2. saline infusion and sRAGE injection; 3. AngII infusion and saline injection; 4. AngII infusion and sRAGE injection. Saline or 0.5 ยตg, 1 ยตg, to 2 ยตg/day/mouse of sRAGE were injected intraperitoneally daily for 28 days. We showed that atherosclerotic plaque areas in the AngII-infused Apo E KO mice and markers of inflammation such as RAGE, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1 were increased in aorta compared to that of the Apo E KO mice. However, the treatment of 0.5 ยตg, 1 ยตg, and 2 ยตg of sRAGE in AngII group resulted in the dose-dependent decrease in atherosclerotic plaque area. We also demonstrated that sRAGE decreased RAGE expression level as well as inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in AngII or HMGB1 treated-rat aorta vascular smooth muscle cells.
CONCLUSION:
The results demonstrated that partical blockade of RAGE activation by sRAGE prevent AngII -induced atherosclerosis. Therefore these results suggested that first, RAGE activation may be important in mediating AngII-induced atherogenesis, and second, AngII activation is a major pathway in the development of atherosclerosis. Taken together, results from this study may provide the basis for future anti- atherosclerotic drug development mediated through RAGE activation.ope
Corticotrophin-releasing factor-mediated effects of DA-9701 in Postoperative Ileus Guinea Pig Model
BACKGROUND: Postoperative ileus (POI) is abdominal surgery-induced impaired gastrointestinal (GI) motility. We aimed to investigate the effects of DA-9701, a prokinetic agent formulated from Pharbitis Semen and Corydalis tuber, likely mediated via corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) pathways, in a POI model.
METHODS: A laparotomy with cecal manipulation was performed to induce POI in guinea pigs. GI transit was measured based on charcoal migration after intragastric administration of DA-9701 1, 3, and 10 mg kg-1 . CRF1 receptor antagonist, CP-154 526 (subcutaneous) or agonist, human/rat (h/r) CRF (intraperitoneal) was injected. Then, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were measured, and the average intensity of the CRF expression was analyzed in the proximal colon and hypothalamus, and c-Fos in the hypothalamus.
KEY RESULTS: DA-9701 significantly increased delayed GI transit in POI in a dose-dependent manner and decreased plasma ACTH levels at 10 mg kg-1 . CP-154 526 significantly decreased plasma ACTH levels but was not as effective on GI transit as DA-9701 was. h/r CRF did not significantly affect GI transit and plasma ACTH levels. No significant difference was observed in GI transit and plasma ACTH levels in both groups administered DA-9701 with h/r CRF and h/r CRF alone. CRF expression in the proximal colon decreased after DA-9701 administration, but not significantly, compared with levels in POI alone. However, CRF expression in the hypothalamus was significantly lower in the DA-9701-pretreated POI than in the untreated POI.
CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES: The DA-9701-induced improvement in GI transit and inhibition of plasma ACTH levels was mediated by the central CRF pathway.restrictio
ํ๊ดํํ๊ทผ์ธํฌ์์ Zmpste24์ ๊ฒฐํ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ ํ์ ๋ณํ์ ํตํ TLR4์ ๋ฐํ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํด์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฃฝ์๋๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ์ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ํํ๋ค.
Atherosclerosis is a progressive chronic inflammatory disease and is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Advancing age is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the vascular aging-related gene, Zmpste24, on vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and acceleration of atherosclerosis, and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from whole rat aorta were used for this study. They were treated with Zmpste24 siRNA and cholesterol (20 ยตg/ml) for 48 hours in serum free-DMEM. Cholesterol accumulation of VSMCs was visualized by oil red O staining. The expression of RNA and protein associated with phenotypic switching and signaling pathways were analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. In vivo, Zmpste24F/F SM22ฮฑCre+ ApoEโ/โ mice via Tamoxifen IP were fed a high cholesterol diet to induce atherosclerosis over 8 weeks. I confirmed using oil red O staining that cholesterol increased VSMC-foam cell formation in an in vitro model. Cholesterol induced VSMC phenotype switching by downregulating SMC marker expression and upregulating macrophage marker expression. Knockdown of Zmpste24 significantly enhanced VSMC-foam cell formation and cholesterol-VSMC phenotype switching. Conversely, overexpression of Zmpste24 reduced VSMC-foam cell formation. Animal studies revealed that Zmpste24F/F SM22ฮฑCre+ ApoEโ/โ mice accelerated atherosclerosis in the aorta of mice fed with a high cholesterol diet. Consistent with the in vitro model, cholesterol-VSMC phenotype switching was accelerated in the animal model. The present results suggest that Zmpste24 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis by effectively increasing cholesterol-induced VSMC-foam cell formation and cholesterol-VSMC phenotype switching. In addition, Zmpste24 deficiency promotes cholesterol accumulation by regulating TLR4 expression through epigenetic modification in VSMCs. Taken together, the results may provide insight for the development of drugs to prevent atherosclerosis protection during cardiovascular disease.
๋ชฉ์ : ์ฃฝ์ ๋๋งฅ ๊ฒฝํ์ฆ์ ์งํ์ฑ ๋ง์ฑ ์ผ์ฆ์ฑ ์งํ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋ง ์ ์ฃผ์ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ๊ณ ๋ นํ๋ ๋๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ์ฑ ์ฌํ๊ด ์งํ์ ์ฃผ์ ์ ํ ์์์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด ํ์์ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ถ๋ถ๋ช
ํ ์ ํ์ด๋ค. ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํ๊ด ํํ๊ทผ ์ธํฌ(VSMC) ํํํ ์ ํ ๋ฐ ๋๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ ์ด์ง์ ๋ํ ํ๊ด ๋
ธํ ๊ด๋ จ-Zmpste24 ์ ์ ์์ ์ํฅ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ์ค๋ช
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ: ์ฅ ์ ์ฒด ๋๋๋งฅ์์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๊ด ํํ๊ทผ ์ธํฌ๊ฐ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ ๋ค. Zmpste24 siRNA์ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค 20ฮผg/ml๋ฅผ ๋ฌดํ์ฒญ DMEM์์ 48์๊ฐ ๋์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค. VSMC์ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค ์ถ์ ์ ์ค์ผ ๋ ๋ O ์ผ์์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐํ ๋์๋ค. ํํํ ์ ํ ๋ฐ ์ ํธ ์ ๋ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ก์ ๊ด๋ จ๋ RNA ๋ฐ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๋ฐํ์ RT-PCR ๋ฐ ์จ์คํด ๋ธ๋กฏ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์์ฒด ๋ด์์ Tamoxifen IP๋ฅผ ํตํ SMC ํน์ด์ Zmpste24 ๋
น์์ ๋ง์ฐ์ค๋ 8์ฃผ ๋์ ์ฃฝ์๊ฒฝํ์ฆ์ ์ ๋ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ณ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค ์์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค์ด ์ํ๊ด ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์์ VSMC-๊ฑฐํ ์ธํฌ ํ์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํจ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ผ ๋ ๋-O ์ผ์์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ํ์ธ๋์๋ค. ์ฝ ๋ ์คํ
๋กค์ SMC ๋ง์ปค ๋ฐํ์ ํํฅ ์กฐ์ ๊ณผ ๋์์ธํฌ ๋ง์ปค ๋ฐํ์ ์ํฅ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ํด VSMC ํํํ ์ ํ์ ์ ๋ํ๋ค. ๋ํ Zmpste24์ ๋
น๋ค์ด์ VSMC-๊ฑฐํ ์ธ ํฌ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค-VSMC ํํํ ์ ํ์ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ด์งํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋๋ก, Zmpste24์ ๊ณผ๋ฐํ์ VSMC ๊ฑฐํ ์ธํฌ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์์์ผฐ๋ค. ๋๋ฌผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ํํ๊ทผ ํน์ด์ Zmpste24์ ๋
น์์์ ๊ณ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค ์๋จ์ ์ญ์ทจํ ์ฅ์ ์ ์ฒด ๋๋๋งฅ์์ ์ฃฝ์๋๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ์ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ํ ์์ผฐ๋ค. ์ํ๊ด ๋ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง๋ก ๋๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์์๋ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค-VSMC ํํํ ์ ํ์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๋จ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ์ฌ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฒซ์งธ, Zmpste24 ๊ฒฐํ์ด ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค ์ ๋ VSMC ๊ฑฐํ ์ธํฌ ํ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค-VSMC ํํํ ์ ํ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐ์์ผ ์ฃฝ์ ๋๋งฅ ๊ฒฝํ ์ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ํํ๋ค๊ณ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋์งธ, Zmpste24 ๊ฒฐํ์ VSMC์์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ ํ์ ๋ณํ์ ํตํด TLR4 ๋ฐํ์ ์กฐ์ ํ์ฌ ์ฝ๋ ์คํ
๋กค ์ถ์ ์ ์ด์งํจ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์ข
ํฉํ๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ์ฌํ๊ด ์งํ์์ ์ฃฝ์๋๋งฅ๊ฒฝํ์ฆ ๋ณดํธ๋ฅผ ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ ๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ํต์ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.open๋ฐ
๋ํต๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ ์ฑํฅ์ ์๊ด ๊ด๊ณ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ํ๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ํ์คํธ.๋ชฉ์ : ๋ํต๊ณผ ์๋ฉด์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ๋ณต์กํ๋ค. ํธ๋ํต์ ์ผ์ ์ํ์ ์๋นํ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๋ํต์ผ๋ก, ์ด์ ์ ์์๋ ์๊ท๋ชจ ์์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ ๋์์ผ๋กํ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋จ๋ฉด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ๋ถ๋ํ ์๋ฉด ์์์ด ํธ๋ํต๊ณผ ์ฐ๊ด์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๋ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํด์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ๊ณผ ๋ํต์ ์ฐ๊ด๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ํ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ๊ทนํ ๋๋ฌผ๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ผ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ํธ๋ํต ํน์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ๋ํต๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋ฌ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ๋ํด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฉด์ฆ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๊ณผ๋ค์กธ๋ฆผ์ฆ, ์๋ฉด์ ์ง๊ณผ ํธ๋ํต๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
์คํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ: ์ด 2886๋ช
์ ์ผ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์งํ์๊ณ ,๋ฉด์ ๊ด์ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ฃ๊ณ ์ค๋ฌธ์ง๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๋๋ก ํ์๋ค. ์ค๋ฌธ์ง์๋ ์๋ฉด ์๊ฐ, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ Epworth Sleepiness Scale ๋ฑ์ ์งํ์ ๊ด๋ จํ ์ง๋ฌธ๋ค์ด ์๋ค. ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ 2550๋ช
์ผ๋ก ํ์ ํ์๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ ICHD-2 ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ํธ๋ํต, ํธ๋ํต ์ธ ๋ํต, ๋ํต์ด ์๋ ์ฌ๋ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ด ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ:ICHD-2 ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์์ 5.2%์์ ํธ๋ํต๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฅ๋์๊ณ , ํธ๋ํต๊ตฐ์ผ์๋ก ์๋ฉด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ ์ฑํฅ์ด ๋ฆ์๊ณ (p=0.039), ์๋ฉด์ ์ง์ด ๋ฎ์์ผ๋ฉฐ(p < 0.001) ๋ถ๋ฉด์ฆ (p < 0.001), ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๊ณผ๋ค์กธ๋ฆผ์ฆ (p=0.028)๊ณผ ์๋ฏธ์๋ ์๊ด ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๋ฆ์ ์๋ฉด ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ ์ฑํฅ๊ณผ ๋ํต์ ์ค์ฆ๋ ์์ฒด์๋ ๋ฌด๊ดํ์๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ ์ฑํฅ๊ณผ ๋ํต์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋๊ท๋ชจ ์ผ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ํธ๋ํต๊ตฐ์ผ์๋ก ๋ฆ์ ์๊ฐ๋์ ์๋ฉด์ ์ทจํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ฑ ์ฑํฅ์ ๋ณด์๊ณ , ๋ถ๋ฉด์ฆ, ์ฃผ๊ฐ ์กธ๋ฆผ์ฆ๊ณผ ์๊ด ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์๋ฉด์ ์ง์ด ๋ฎ์๋ค.1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects and procedures
2.2. Ethical considerations
2.3. Materials and definitions
2.4. Statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence and characteristics of headache
3.2. Sleep time
3.3. Circadian preference
3.4. Sleep disturbance, sleepiness and insomnia
4. Discussion
ReferenceMaste
๊ธฐ์ ์ ํด์ธ์์ฅ ์๊ฑด: ๊ทผ์ ์ฑ ์ ํธ ๋ฐ ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ์ ๋ต ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๊ตญ์ ๋ํ์ : ๊ตญ์ ํ๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ ์ง์ญํ์ ๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์ด์์ญ.์ธ๊ณํ์ ๊ฑฐ์ผ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์ ์๋ณธ์์ฅ์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒํ์๋ ์ด๋ฐ์งํ ๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ณ ์ ์๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ํด์ธ์์ฅ์ ํตํ ์๋ก์ด ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก์ ์ง์ถ์ ๋ชจ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ํ์ฝฉ, ๋ด์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ๋ ์ฆ๊ถ๊ฑฐ๋์์์ ํ์ฌ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด ์ง๊ณ ์๋ ํด์ธ์์ฅ์ ๊ทผ์ ์ฑ ์ ํธ์ด๋ก ์ค ์ง๋ฆฌ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ ์ , ๋ฌธํ์ ๋ฐ ์ฐ์
๊ทผ์ ์ฑ์ ํ ๋๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ , ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ์ต๊ทผ์ ์ฐ์
๋ณ ํด์ธ์์ฅ์ ์ถ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น์ฆ๋์ค ์ ๋ต์ด๋ก ์ผ๋ก ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ๋ค. 1990๋
๋ถํฐ 2010๋
๊น์ง์ ์ฆ๊ถ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์ธ ๊ณณ์ ํด์ธ์์ฅ์ ๋ถ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํด์ธ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๊ท๋ชจ๊ฐ ๋น์ทํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ ์ฐ์
์ ์ง๋ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ์์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ณด์๊ณ , ๋ ์ด์ ์ง๋ฆฌ์ ๋๋ ๋ฌธํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ทผ์ ์ฑ์ ๋ํ ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ ๋ฝ์ ๋ช
ํ ๋ธ๋๋๋ค์ด ํ์ฝฉ์ ์์ฅํ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ์ดํด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํด์ธ๊ธฐ์
์ ์์ฅํ๋ ์ ๋ต์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ฌ, ๋ธ๋๋ ์ธ์ง๋๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ์ ์ฌ ์๋น์์ ํฌ์์๋ค์ ์ ์นํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋ต์ด์๋ค. ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์๋ฉด, ํ๋ผ๋ค์ ํ์ฝฉ ์ฆ๊ถ๊ฑฐ๋์ ์์ฅ์ ๋งค์ถ์ก์ 43%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ ์์์ ํํ์ ์ง์ญ์ ๊ฒจ๋ฅํ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ํนํ, ํฅํ ์ธ๊ณ ๋ช
ํ ์์ฅ์ 20%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง ํ ์ค๊ตญ ์์ฅ์ ์ ์ ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด์๋ ๋ฐ, ์ํด๊ฐ ์๋ ํ์ฝฉ์ ํํ ์ด์ ๋ ํ์ฌ ํด์ธ ๊ธฐ์
์ ์ค๊ตญ ๋ณธํ ์ ์ํด ์ฆ๊ถ๊ฑฐ๋์์ ์์ฅ ํ ์ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ์ดํ, ๊ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ผ๋์ ๋ ์ฝ์น, ๋ก์๋
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์๋น์ฌ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค์ด ํ์ฝฉ์์ฅ์ ๋ค๋ฅผ ์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ถ์ธ๋ก ์์ธกํ๊ฑด๋, ์ ์ง ์ยท๋ฏธ ์์ฅ์ ์ค์ฌ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด ์ง๋ IPO๋ ์ ์ฐจ ์๋ก์ด ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก์ ์ง์ถ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ํด์ธ ๊ธฐ์
๋ค๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ ์ค๊ตญ์ ํฌํจํ ์์์ ์์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ทธ ์ถ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์ด๋ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ธ๋ค.As the world has stepped into an era of globalization, free capital flows allow firms to raise their capital in international markets through overseas listings. Italy-based luxury brand Prada made its successful IPO debut in Hong Kong in June 2011 while a certain Chinese conglomerate, Ali-baba, is considering its IPO either in Hong Kong or New York. In this paper, three top exchanges- HKEx, NYSE Euronext & NASDAQ, and LSEโ are chosen to see whether the proximity preference theory is still a mega trend in the field of recent overseas listings. The total number of foreign listed companies in the exchanges from 1990 to 2010 is collected and analyzed through the gravity model. The data only includes listed companies through initial public offering (IPO) and is analyzed with geographic, cultural, economic, and industrial proximity perspectives. Consequently, firms do show a greater propensity to list overseas in a country with similar economic size. In relation to industrial proximity, foreign firms prefer to be listed in a foreign country that has competitiveness in that industry. However, when choosing a listing venue, geographic and cultural proximity are not major factors to be considered any more. Moreover, the European luxury brands companies listed in Hong Kong are seeking nonfinancial benefits. Those companies in particular list in Hong Kong for the corporate strategy, increasing brand exposure and investor awareness, and earning consumer proximity in the Asia-Pacific market, especially in the Chinese market, through the listing. For instance, 43% of Pradas total sales profits come from Asia-Pacific regions. Since China will account for one-fifth of demand for luxury goods, Prada, as an Asiafocused player, is more likely to attract more consumers in the Chinese Market. After Pradas successful IPO, similar retail brands including Samsonite (US) and LOccitane (France) have followed the trend. Given these circumstances, Asian financial markets could become a leading IPO market, attracting more foreign firms to list for their business strategic purposes.Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Figures and Tables
I. Introduction
II. Literature Reviews and Analytical Framework
2.1 Literature Reviews
2.2 Analytical Framework
III. Overseas Listing and Listing Theories
3.1 Current Situation
3.2 Introduction of Listing Theories
3.2.1 Earlier Listing Theories
3.2.1.1 Market Segmentation Theory
3.2.1.2 Liquidity Theory
3.2.2 New Listing Theories
3.2.2.1 Investor Recognition Theory
3.2.2.2 Information Disclosure Theory
3.2.2.3 Legal Bonding Theory
IV. Proximity Preference Theory and Business Strategy Theory
V. Proximity Preferences Tests
5.1 Gravity model
5.2 Results and Analysis
5.3 Implications
VI. Business Strategy Theory
6.1 Case Study
6.1.1 The Prada Group
6.1.2 LOccitane International S.A.
VII. Conclusions and Implications
References
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋กMaste
(The) effect of hypouricemic treatment on the renal function in patients with gout
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ์๋ก : ๊ณ ์์ฐํ์ฆ์ ๋ค์ํ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ํด ์ ์ฅ ์งํ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ์
ํ์ ์ํ์ธ์๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ ๋๋ฌผ์คํ์ ํตํด ๊ณ ์์ฐํ์ฆ์ ๊ต์ ํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ด ํธ์ ๋จ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ ์์ง ๊ตญ๋ด์ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ ์์์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ๊ตญ์ธ ํตํ ํ์์์ ์์ฐ์ ํ์ ์น๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.๋ฐฉ๋ฒ: ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํํฅ์ ์ธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ก 2005๋
1์๋ถํฐ 2010๋
1์๊น์ง ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ๋ณดํ๊ณต๋จ ์ผ์ฐ๋ณ์๊ณผ ์ฐ์ธ๋ํ๊ต ์ธ๋ธ๋์ค ๋ณ์์ ๋ฅ๋งํฐ์ค ๋ด๊ณผ์์ ํตํ์ผ๋ก ์์ฐ์ ํ์ ๋ฅผ 1๋
์ด์ ํฌ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ์์ฐ์ ํ์ ์น๋ฃ ์ ํ์ ํ์ฒญ ์์ฐ, ํ์ฒญ ํฌ๋ ์ํด, 24์๊ฐ ์๋ณ์ ์์ฐ, ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ฌ๊ณผ์จ ๋ฐ ๋ณต๋ถ ์ด์ํ ์๊ฒฌ๊ณผ ์ถ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํ์ฌ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค.๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋์ ํ์๋ 267๋ช
์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ค์ ํ๊ท ์ฐ๋ น์ 54.4ยฑ13.9์ธ, ๋จ์๋ 247๋ช
, ์ฌ์๋ 20๋ช
(๋จ๋
๋น= 12:1) ์ด์๊ณ ํ๊ท ์ ์ฒด์ง๋์ง์๋ 24.8ยฑ3.5 kg/m2์๋ค. 267๋ช
์ ํ์ ์ค ๊ณ ํ์์ 115๋ช
, ๋น๋จ๋ 13๋ช
, ๊ณ ์งํ์ฆ์ 77๋ช
์์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋๋ฐ ํ์๋ค. ํ๊ท ์น๋ฃ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ 35.0ยฑ19.5๊ฐ์ ์ด์๊ณ 267๋ช
์ ํ์ ์ค allopurinol์ด๋ benzbromarone์ ๋จ๋
ํฌ์ฌ ๋ฐ์ ํ์๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 219๋ช
๊ณผ 19๋ช
์ด์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ๊ท ์ฉ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 162.2ยฑ83.4 mg/day, 54.4.ยฑ22.8 mg/day์ด์๊ณ 29๋ช
์ allopurinol๊ณผ benzbromarone์ ๋ณ์ฉํฌ์ฌ ๋ฐ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ํ๊ท ์ฉ๋์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 127.6ยฑ65.1 mg/day, 54.3ยฑ26.3 mg/day์๋ค. ๋ํ ์น๋ฃ ๋๋ ์๋ฐฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ผ์งํต์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ํ์๋ 104๋ช
์ด์๋ค. ํ์ฒญ ์์ฐ ์์น๋ ์์ฐ๊ฐํ์ ํฌ์ฌ ํ ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ํ์๊ณ (8.05ยฑ1.96 mg/dL vs 6.16ยฑ1.46mg/dL, p<0.0001), ํ์ฒญ ํฌ๋ ์ํด ์์น๋ ์น๋ฃ ํ์ ํธ์ ๋์๋ค(1.25ยฑ0.46 mg/dL vs 1.18ยฑ0.42 mg/dL, p=0.001). ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ฌ๊ณผ์จ ์ญ์ ์น๋ฃ ์์ ์ ์๋ 74.41ยฑ27.02 mL/min/1.73m3์ด์์ผ๋, ์น๋ฃ ํ์๋ 80.18ยฑ31.55 mL/min/1.73m3๋ก ํธ์ ๋์๋ค(p<0.0001). ํ์ฒญ ์์ฐ ์์น ๋ณํ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์ฒญ ํฌ๋ ์ํด๊ณผ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ฌ๊ณผ์จ์ ๋ณํ๋์ ์ดํด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ์ฒญ ์์ฐ ์์น์ ํ์ฒญ ํฌ๋ ์ํด์ ์ ์ํ ์์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ(r=0.18, p=0.003)๋ฅผ, ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ฌ๊ณผ์จ๊ณผ๋ ์ ์ํ ์์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ(r=-0.25, p<0.001)๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๋ํ ํผํฉ๋ชจํ์ ์ด์ฉํ ๋ถ์์์ ํ์, ๋น๋จ, ๊ณ ์งํ์ฆ, ์งํต์ ์ฌ์ฉ ์ฌ๋ถ์ ์์ธ๋ค์ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ชจํ์ ํฌํจ์์ผ ํ์ฒญ ์์ฐ์์น๊ฐ ํฌ๋ ์ํด ๋ฐ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ฌ๊ณผ์จ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ ์์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ์๋๋ฐ, ๊ตํธ์์ฉ์ ๋ํ ํจ๊ณผ(covariance estimate)๋ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.04 (p<0.001)์ -3.1 (p<0.001)๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํตํํ์์์ ์์ฐ์ ํ ์น๋ฃ๋ ํ์ค ์์ฐ์์น๋ฅผ ๋จ์ด๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ ํจ๊ณผ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ํฅ์์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ค. ์ด์ ํตํ ํ์์์ ์์ฐ์ ํ ์น๋ฃ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ํฌ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค.ope
Analytical research on Joseph Haydns <Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major>
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์์
๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊น์๋ฅ .๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์กธ์
์ฐ์ฃผํ ์์ ์ฐ์ฃผํ ๊ณก ์ค ํ๋์ธ ์์ ํ ํ์ด๋ (Franz Joseph Haydn, 1732-1809)์ ๋ํ์ ์ธ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์ค ํ๋์ธ Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐ ์ฐ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด ์ด ๊ณก์ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ณก์ ์ดํด ๋ฐ ์ค์ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ๋์์ด ๋๊ณ ์ ํจ์ด๋ค.
์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๋จผ์ , ํ์ด๋ ์ด ์ด์๋ ๊ณ ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์์
์ ํน์ง์ ๋ํด ์์๋ณธ ํ ํธ๋ผํซ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ณผ์ , ํนํ ๊ณ ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋์ ํธ๋ผํซ์ ๋ํด ์กฐ์ฌํ์๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์๋กญ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ Trumpet์ด Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major์ ๊ณก์ ์ด๋ค ์ํฅ์ ์ฃผ์๋์ง ์ดํด๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ก ํ๊ฒ ๋ค.
์ด ๊ณก์ ํ์ด๋ ์ด ์๊ณกํ ํ์ฃผ๊ณก ์ค ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ํ์ผ๋ก 1796๋
์ ์๊ณก๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์
๊ธฐ๋ค์ ์ํ ํ์ฃผ๊ณก๋ค๊ณผ๋ ๋์กฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ต์ ๋ ํฐ ๊ท๋ชจ์ ์ค์ผ์คํธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋์ ๋๊ณ ์๊ณก๋ ๊ณก์ผ๋ก, ๋
์ฃผ์์ ๋ฐ์ฃผ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ด ๋์ด๋ฌ๋ค. ํนํ ์ด ๊ณก์ ์ค์ฌ์
๊ธฐ์ธ ํธ๋ผํซ์ ์ด์ ์์ธ๊ธฐ ๋์ ์ ์จ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์์ด ๋ฐ์๊ณ์ ์ ์ฝ์ด ์๋ ๋ด์ถ๋ดํธ๋ผํซ์์ ํธ๋ผํซ ์ฐ์ฃผ์ ์ํค ๋ฐ์ด๋ฉ๊ฑฐ (Anton Weidinger, 1766-1852)์ ์ํด ๊ณ ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ณ ์๋ ํธ๋ผํซ์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ด๋ ํค(key)๊ฐ ์๋ ํธ๋ผํซ (๋
์ผ Klappentrompete, ์๊ตญ Key trumpet)์ผ๋ก ์์น์ ์ผ๋ก 5๊ฐ์ Key์ ์ํด 12์์ ๋ชจ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํด์ก๋ค. ํ์ด๋ ์ Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major๋ ํค ํธ๋ผํซ์ ์ํด ์๊ณก๋ ๊ณก์ผ๋ก ์์ ์๋ ์ฐ์ฃผ ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅ ํ๋ ๋ฐ์๊ณ์ ์ ์จ์งํ, ๋ค์ํ ์ ์กฐ ๋ฑ์ด ๋ณด์ฌ ์ง๋ค.
์ด ๊ณก์ 3์
์ฅ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋์ด ์๋ค. ์ 1์
์ฅ์ธ Allegro๋ ์๋ํํ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฒฐํ๊ณ ํ์ฐฌ coda๋ก ๋๋๋ฉฐ, ์ 2์
์ฅ Andante๋ ์์น ๋ฆฌ์๋
ธํ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ก ์์๋๋ 3๋ถ ํ์์ผ๋ก ํํ๋กญ๊ณ ์จํํ ์ ์จ์ด ์ฐ์ฃผ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ 3์
์ฅ์ธ Allegro๋ ๋ก ๋์๋ํ ํ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฝ์พํ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋์ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ด ๊ณก ์ ์ฒด๋ ๋งค์ฐ ๋จ์ํด ๋ณด์ด์ง๋ง ํธ๋ผํซ์ ํฉ๊ธ๊ธฐ์๋ ๋ฐ๋กํฌ์๋์ ๊ณ ์์ญ ํธ๋ผํซ ์ฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋ ์ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋์์ ๊ณ ์ ์๋์ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ๊ณ ์๋ ์
๊ธฐ์ธ ํค ํธ๋ผํซ์ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ด ์ ํํ๋์ด ์์ด ํธ๋ผํซ์ ์ํ ๊ณก์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ์์ด ์ค์ํ ์์น์ ์์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค.I. ์๋ก
II. ๋ณธ๋ก
1. ๊ณ ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋
(1) ๊ณ ์ ์ฃผ์ ์๋์ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์์
์ ํน์ง
(2) Trumpet์ ์ญ์ฌ ๊ณ ์ ์๋์ Trumpet
2. ํ์ด๋ ์ Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major์ ๋ํ ์ํ๊ฐ๊ด ๋ฐ ๋ถ์
(1) ํ๋์ธ ์์ ํ ํ์ด๋ (Franz Joseph Haydn)
(2) Trumpet Concerto in E-Flat Major์ ์ํ ๋ถ์
a. ์ 1์
์ฅ
b. ์ 2์
์ฅ
c. ์ 3์
์ฅ
III. ๊ฒฐ๋ก
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ
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