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    ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์น˜

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ดํ˜„์ •.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ „๋žต์ด ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ ํ†ˆ์ง„์‹œ ๊ต์™ธ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์ˆœ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋งˆ์„ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋œ ์ดํ›„์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์— ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€-๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฐ์ œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋†๋ฏผ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์น˜์˜ ์žฅ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜ํƒˆ์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋†์ดŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์ ๊ณผ ๋†์ดŒ ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋†๋ฏผ ์ง‘์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋†์ดŒ ํ† ์ง€์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ๋ณด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋…ธ๋™์ง‘์•ฝ์  ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ฃผ๋„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์™€ ํ† ์ง€์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ „๋žต ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฑด์„ค ๋ถ๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ ค์™”๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์œ ์ž์›์ธ ๋†์ดŒ ์ง‘์ฒด ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ† ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹คํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๋†์ดŒ ์ธ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ ์›์น™์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฑด์„คํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณดํ—˜์ด ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ๊ทผ๊ต์™€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์„ ์ž์‚ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ๋„์‹œ ์ฃผํƒ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ† ์ง€๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ถ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์—๋Š” ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐœ์„ ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ๋„ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ณต์ง€ํ˜œํƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์™”๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์–ด์™”๋˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํ† ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์ „์ œ๋œ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋˜์–ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋†์ดŒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ƒํ–ฅ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด ์ดํ›„์— ๋งˆ์„ ๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž„๊ธˆ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ™œํ•ด์˜จ ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ฝ์†์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์ด ๊ฑด์„ค๋œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ˆ, ๋ถ€์žฌ, ํ™ฉํํ•จ, ๋ˆ„์ˆ˜, ๊ณ ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด์™€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์˜ ์•ฝ์†์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋Š” ํš๋“ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ ์‹ ๋ถ„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ์˜ ์†Œ์†์— ์˜๋ฌธ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ ๋‘ ์ฑ„์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉํ•œ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณด์ˆ˜์™€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„ ๋ณด์กฐ๋„ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํš๋“ํ•œ ํ˜œํƒ์€ ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฑฐ์ € ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ์•„์„œ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์ดŒ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ง‘์ฒด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ž๋ ฅ๊ฐฑ์ƒ์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘์–ด์™”๋˜ ๋†์ดŒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด์˜จ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒ ์ ˆ์ฐจ, ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ์™”๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์˜ ํ™ฉํํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ฑ์€ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ์ดํ›„์— ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์ œ์™€ ๋ฐฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ž„๋Œ€์†Œ๋“์„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‘ ์ฑ„์˜ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ ์ค‘์— ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผํƒ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„๋Œ€ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์„ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฑด์„คํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณต ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„์‹œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์žฅ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋˜์–ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š” ์—†๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์ธ ์ƒ์—… ํ™œ๋™๋„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณต ๋ฐ€์ง‘์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ชจํ•œ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ ๋‹จ์ง€๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์™€ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ์€ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„๋Œ€ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ธ ์›”์„ธ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ์ƒํ™œ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์ถœ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์—…๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ํ•˜์œ„๋…ธ๋™์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผํƒ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์ฃผํƒ ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœํ›„์˜ ๋ณด๋ฃจ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๊ฐ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ํ† ์ง€์ค‘์‹ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์•ฝ์†๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ๊ตฌํ˜„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This research aims to examine the complex outcome of rural land development for an experimental new town project in Tianjin in the north of China, focusing on multiple exclusions as experienced by landless peasants. Through this analysis, I highlight the changing ways in which peasants are excluded in China. Since the 2000s, the turn from labor-intensive to land-centered development, quite often combined with infrastructure and real estate projects, has led to the massive expropriation of rural collective land through local governments. This shift has resulted in the exclusion of many peasants from access to their land. The affected peasants, however, do not necessarily experience exclusion from their land as dispossession but often as a promise of a better quality of life under the changing compensation policy to protect the resilience of rural communities, particularly in suburban areas. Once their land is expropriated, the peasants are also promised access to the state care historically unavailable to them under an enduring socialist legacy of the urban-rural dual structure. Resettlement housing offered by the state as compensation embodies this promise. Defining exclusion as the ways in which people are prevented from benefiting from various material things such as land, infrastructure, and buildings, I argue that resettlement housing became a new aspect of exclusion for Chinese peasants. This form of exclusion has important implications for the state-peasant relationship and for urban citizenship. Dengli villagers, who made a living by wage work at village factories before their land loss, are the only peasants who resettled in the developed new town among the affected villages. The villagers welcomed land expropriation in expectation of a better life and were able to live in resettlement housing located in the new town through negotiations with the local government. Through field research, I found that the resettled villagers have experienced multiple modes of exclusion while in the newly built resettlement housing, including disconnections, ruination, absences, leakages, breakdowns. Material exclusion invokes in the villagers the collective feeling of betrayal of the promise to improve their living conditions. It also undermines their temporal expectations of linear development and progress. It further makes the villagers question their own belonging in the city, despite their gained urban citizenship status. Through this process, they imagine the role and responsibility of the state, undertaking negotiations with the state by formal and informal means. Ongoing practices of repair and maintenance, renovation, and a subsidy for management fees emerge as the new modes of state care. The villagers legitimize their claims as contributor rights, based on their land loss for urban development. Through the analysis, I attempt to show how resettlement housing became an important site of contention between peasants and the state. The crude material conditions paradoxically made it easier for the villagers to use their extra housing to earn rental income. The main tenants in their houses are migrant workers who work at construction sites in the new town and prefer the rough living conditions for their own convenience. The massive group of migrant workers living in these houses also contributes to the villagers informal commercial activities. As a result, the resettlement housing complex has been transformed into a crowded, dirty, and unruly migrant enclave. It has enhanced the material, spatial, and social exclusion of the resettled peasants under the states attempt to standardize urban governance and formalize urban spaces. The housing and cash compensation represent important assets for the now landless peasants, who usually take low-end jobs in the new town. With these assets, the villagers can invest in urban real estate. In this sense, resettlement itself for them is a process of becoming investing citizen-subjects. These peasants are not excluded from land-centered development but rather take an active part in it. Moreover, the resettlement housing is not merely an asset but a basis of their lives - the basis of the politics of their quality of life. The multiple exclusion phenomenon experienced by landless peasants around resettlement housing serve to demonstrate the contradictions and complexity of the recent wave of land development in China.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 4. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 30 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋†์ดŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์„ ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ 33 1. ํ™ฉ๋ฌด์ง€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋กœ 37 1) ๋†์ง€๊ฐœ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์—…๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏผ์ดŒ๋ฝ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 37 2) ๋งˆ์„๊ธฐ์—…๊ณผ ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” 41 2. ๋งˆ์„ ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 47 1) ๋†์ดŒ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์™€ ๋งˆ์„ ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ 47 2) ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ๋†์ดŒ ์ฃผํƒ 53 3. ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ์ฐจ๋“ฑ์  ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ 59 1) ํ˜‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜์šฉ ๋ณด์ƒ 59 2) ์ฐจ๋“ฑ์  ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์™€ ์„ฑ์›๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 69 ์ œ3์žฅ ์ด๋ฏผ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 77 1. ์œ ๋ น๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏผ๋„์‹œ๋กœ 82 1) ๋„์‹œ๊ฑด์„ค๊ณผ ์ฃผํƒ์ •์ฑ… 82 2) ์ง€์—ญ ํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์™€ ์‹ ์ด๋ฏผ(ๆ–ฐ็งปๆฐ‘) 88 2. ์ด๋ฏผ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์ด๋™์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์น˜ 94 1) ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ํ˜ธ๊ตฌ 94 2) ํ˜„์ง€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ 100 3. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ์‹คํ—˜ 104 1) ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์ˆœํ™˜ 104 2) ๋…น์ƒ‰๊ฑด์ถ• ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์  ๋„์‹œํ™” 111 ์ œ4์žฅ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค 120 1. ๋„์‹œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ์‹คํ—˜ 124 1) ์‹ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๊ฑด์„ค 124 2) ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋œ ์ค‘๊ฐœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 127 2. ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค 130 1) ์ค‘๊ฐœ์ž๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธต๊ตฐ์ค‘์„ฑ ์ž์น˜์กฐ์ง 130 2) ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ 137 3. ์žฌ์ •์ฐฉ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐœ์  ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค 144 1) ํ˜‘์ƒ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 144 2) ๋ฏธ๋‚ฉ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์†Œ์งˆ(็ด ่ดจ)์˜ ์ •์น˜ 154 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ฏธ์™„์„ฑ ์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋œ ์•ฝ์† 165 1. ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์„ค์•„ํŒŒํŠธ 171 1) ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณต ์†Œ๊ตฌ(ๆฐ‘ๅทฅๅฐๅŒบ)์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 171 2) ์‹ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋†๋ฏผ๊ณต ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฑด์„ค์•„ํŒŒํŠธ 177 2. ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ 182 1) ๊ฑด์„ค๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†์ดŒ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 182 2) ๋„๊ธ‰๋ฐ˜์žฅ๊ณผ ๋„๊ธ‰๋…ธ๋™์ฒด์ œ 186 3. ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋™์ฒด์ œ์™€ ์œ ์˜ˆ๋œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ 191 1) ๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋™์ฒด์ œ์™€ ๋„์‹œ์•ˆ์ „์ฒด์ œ 191 2) ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ฒฝํ—˜ 198 ์ œ6์žฅ ์œ„์ƒ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ 210 1. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 215 1) ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ณ„ 215 2) ์œ„์ƒ๋„์‹œ ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™” 223 2. ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์ƒ์—…ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 229 1) ํ† ์ง€์ƒ์‹ค๋†๋ฏผ ๋…ธ์ ์ƒ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 229 2) ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์„ฑ 234 3. ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ์•„์ฃผ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ฒœ 238 1) ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ์•„์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค์™€ ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ์˜๋ก€ 238 2) ์ง‘๋‹จ์ž„๋Œ€์ฃผํƒ๊ณผ ์œ„์ƒ๋„์‹œ 243 ์ œ7์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  249 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 254 Abstrct 281๋ฐ•

    Urban Hierarchy and Convergence of World Cities

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ(๋„์‹œ๋ฐ์ง€์—ญ๊ณ„ํš์ „๊ณต), 2015. 8. ๊น€๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ.๊ตํ†ต๊ณผ ํ†ต์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์  ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ น ๋ฐ ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ ๋กœ์กด ์œ„๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ตด๊ธฐ์— ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์œ„์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ ์žํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ตํ†ต๋ง ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋„์‹œ ์œ„๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ ์œ„๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์„ฑ์˜ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ตํ†ต๋ง์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๊ณต ๊ตํ†ต๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ†ตํ–‰ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ตญ ์ง€์—ญ์ธ ๋ถ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์œ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์œ„๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์ •์ ์ธ ์œ„๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์œ„ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ฐจ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ์œ„๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์™„ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์ธ 2014๋…„์—๋„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ„๊ณ„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 2005๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ„๊ณ„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜ํ‰ํ™”๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์žฌํŽธ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐํšŒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„, ๋˜๋Š” ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์†์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ์จ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ์ „ ์ „๋žต์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.As transportation and communication technology have accelerated globalization, the world has developed as a single integrated system. Spatial interactions among distant regions are intensified by globalization process, which made all cities worldwide tied together as a single urban system. Global cities, which have powerful command-and-control functions on global economy, emerged and unequal hierarchy in global urban system has been structuralized as they have dominated the global economy. However, occurrence of Global Financial Crisis and Eurozone Crisis implies fundamental change of globalization process. Combined with drastic growth of East Asian region, existing unequal hierarchy of global urban system has been considered to change with unprecedented pattern. This research investigates globalization pattern and change of global urban system in global scale, and mainly focuses the trend of inequality of power among global cities. Even if many theories have been formulated to assess that globalization regenerates existing vertical structure of global urban hierarchy, it is still controversial yet reached theoretical settlement. This research tests the statement with empirical approach using global airline traffic data. Based on analytical framework of urban hierarchy model and Gini coefficient, this research investigates trend of convergence in global urban hierarchy. It is revealed that globalization has been more intensified than the past, supported by the significant growth of flight traffic amount and average travel distance. It is also found that proportion of flight traffic of North America and Europe is diminished, while that of East Asia is becoming dominant. This implies emergence of fundamental spatial change of global economy. The highest class in global urban system is not found to have static hierarchy but uneven fluctuation of ranks. Global cities are arranged and ranked by measuring cities power or prestige on global economy with network analysis. There are also very significant pattern of flagging cities in North America and emergence of East Asian cities in the highest class. The results of urban hierarchy model and Gini coefficient supports that globalization has alleviated inequality of global urban system. Multiple indices consistently prove this statement and this tendency is too apparent to be refuted. Even if the urban hierarchical form in 2014 remain still vertical and unequal, it is becoming flatter than that in 2005. This paper shows that restructuralization of global economic space to convergence is ongoing. It implies that globalization can be either an opportunity to expand the power on global economy or risk of decline in global urban system. Accordingly, Global cities should pursue development strategy which consider the new landscape of globalization in globalizing era.I. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  2 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 II. ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 1. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 1) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐ€์„ค(World City Hypothesis) 6 2) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ 7 3) ๋„์‹œ ์œ„๊ณ„(urban hierarchy)์™€ ์ˆœ์œ„-๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฒ•์น™ 9 2. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 13 1) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 13 2) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์ธก์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 15 3) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 17 4) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ˆœ์œ„-๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 21 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 24 III. ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„ ๋ณ€๋™ 26 1. ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 26 1) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ์ถ”์„ธ 26 2) ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํ•ญ๊ณต ํ†ตํ–‰๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ง€์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€๋™ 29 2. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„์™€ ์ˆœ์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€๋™ 33 1) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก์ • 33 2) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ˆœ์œ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„ 35 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 45 IV. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ ด 48 1. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 48 1) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆœ์œ„-์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ฑ ๋ถ„ํฌ 48 2) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ค์ • 52 3) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์œ„๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•ด์„ 54 2. ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด ํ˜„์ƒ 60 1) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก์ • 60 2) ์ง€๋‹ˆ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ ด 61 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 64 V. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  66 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  66 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 69 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 71Maste

    Studies on Mothering in Psychological Anthropology

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    ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง€ Ethos๋Š” 2010๋…„์˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์…œ ์ด์Šˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ผ์ƒ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• (Mothering as Everyday Practice)์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ทผ์ ‘ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐ ์ž๋…€์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ด€์Šต์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™” ํ˜น์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์™”๋˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ธ์„ฑ ํ•™ํŒŒ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธํ™”ํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์˜ ๊ณ ์ „์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Barlow and Chapin 2010). ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์•„๋™ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ๋ฆ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋ณธ ๊ธ€์€ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• (mothering)์ด ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…๋˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์ , ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• ์„ ์žฌ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜, ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด์‚ฌํšŒํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ, ์ •์‹ ์—ญ๋™๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ณผ์ • ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌํšŒํ™” ํ˜น์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. This review attempts to locate the renewed interests in mothering in the long tradition of anthropological studies of socialization, child-rearing, and personhood, by examining recent ethnographic studies and their theoretical and methodological positions. For this, I pay attention to feminist perspectives, person-centered approach, cultural model theory, and language socialization. Current inquiries on mothering nicely capture the meanings of everyday interactions between mother and child, and present the dynamics of maternal behaviors. While offering close descriptions and rich interpretations of mother-child interactions, however, many of them run the risk of overlooking broader sociocultural contexts. Some studies that look at the relationship between mothering and post-industrial capitalism are promising in this regard. This review demonstrates that the subject of mothering not only provides an important foundation for examining socialization process, but also has abundant implications about the central issues of self and person in psychological anthropology

    ะ›. ะขะพะปัั‚ะพะน์˜ <ะšั€ะตะนั†ะตั€ะพะฒะฐ ัะพะฝะฐั‚ะฐ>๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋…ธ์–ด๋…ธ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,1998.Maste
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