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    Instrument Development to Measure Nursesโ€™ Perceived Risk for Nursing Safety

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์„œ์€์˜.๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์‹์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋งŒ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ทธ์ณค๊ณ , ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์™€ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” Siegrist์™€ รrvai (2020)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๊ธฐํ‹€๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์ธ์—๋Š” โ€˜์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธ ํŠน์„ฑโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํŠน์„ฑโ€™์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ โ€˜์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธ ํŠน์„ฑโ€™์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” โ€˜์‹ ์ฒด์  ์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธโ€™, โ€˜์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ยท์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธโ€™, โ€˜๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธโ€™์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Likert 4์  ์ฒ™๋„์˜ 57๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ 10๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์šฉ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ธ‰์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์— ์žฌ์ง ์ค‘์ธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ 300๋ช…์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์™€ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•ญ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ์ข… 17๊ฐœ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” Cronbachโ€™s ฮฑ=.888์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ํ•ฉ๋„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ CMIN/df=2.213, SRMR=.0533, RMSEA=.064, GFI=.910, CFI=.919, TLI=.904, AGFI=.880๋กœ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ํŽธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทผ๋ฌด์—ฐ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 10๋…„์ฐจ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค(3๋…„์ฐจ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 3~5๋…„์ฐจ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ, 5~10๋…„์ฐจ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ)๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ด์  ํ‰๊ท ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(F=6.580, p<.001). ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง์ ‘๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ™œ๋™ ๋ถ€์„œ์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์„œ์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(U=1505.5, p=.003). ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด์ ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ง๋ฌด์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด์ ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด(r=.700, p<.001) ์ค€๊ฑฐ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์œ ํ•ด์š”์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ์ƒ‰์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋“ฑ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ค‘์žฌ ๋ฐ ๊ต์œก์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.As nurses perform their duties in a hospital environment, they are exposed to various hazards and perceived risks. Since risk perception influences safe behaviors, it is important to understand nursesโ€™ perceived risk to ultimately reduce risk and prevent work-related accidents or diseases. Previously, studies on nursesโ€™ perceived risk measured only the characteristics of the hazards and were limited by their failure to consider the nursesโ€™ characteristics. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a scale to measure nursesโ€™ perceived risk for nursing safety that integrated both the characteristics of the hazards and of the nurses; additionally, it aimed to verify the reliability and validity of that scale. In the development stage, the conceptual framework proposed by Siegrist and รrvai (2020) and a literature review were used to conceptualize nursesโ€™ perceived risk for nursing safety. The scale includes โ€œnurse characteristicsโ€ and โ€œhazard characteristics,โ€ the latter of which is composed of โ€œphysical hazards,โ€ โ€œpsychological and social hazards,โ€ and โ€œinstitutional hazards.โ€ The preliminary items consisted of 57 questions ranked on a 4-point Likert scale; furthermore, the content was verified by 10 experts. In the validation stage, a survey with a modified measurement tool to test reliability and validity was completed by 300 nurses working at tertiary hospitals. It was revised to the final 17 questions through item analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was Cronbach's ฮฑ=.88, and the model fit results were CMIN/df=2.213, SRMR=.0533, RMSEA=.064, GFI=.910, CFI=.919, TLI=.904, and AGFI=.880. In the known-groups validity test, a nurse group with more than 10 years of clinical experience showed that the mean score of nursesโ€™ perceived risk for nursing safety was significantly lower than that of the other groups (less than 3 years, 3 years and less than 5 years, 5 years and less than 10 years) (F=6.580, p<.001). In addition, nurses working in direct nursing units showed a higher level of perceived risk for nursing safety than nurses working in the nursing administration department (U=1505.5, p=.003). The total score of the nursesโ€™ perceived risk for nursing safety and the total score of the Korean Nursesโ€™ Occupational Stress Scale were significantly correlated (r=.700, p<.001), which enhanced the criterion validity. In this study, nursesโ€™ perceived risk for nursing safety was categorized as โ€œhazard characteristicsโ€ and โ€œnurse characteristics,โ€ and a measurement tool was developed based on these factors. This tool can be used for exploratory research and risk monitoring to evaluate the level of risk felt by nurses. It is also expected that it can be used as a tool to test the effectiveness of interventions and education for risk reduction among nurses.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  4 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 5 โ…ก. ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 1. ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 7 2. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜ 8 1) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 2) ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์‹ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๊ธฐํ‹€ 10 3. ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 13 4. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ 15 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 21 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 21 1) ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ 21 2) ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 24 3. ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค 27 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 1. ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 29 1) 1๋‹จ๊ณ„: '๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜' ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 29 2) 2๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ์ž‘์„ฑ 34 3) 3๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ˜•์‹ ๊ฒฐ์ • 34 4) 4๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๊ฒ€ํ†  37 5) 5๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์‘๋‹ต ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ํฌํ•จ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฐ์ • 40 2. ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 40 1) 6๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ ์šฉ 40 2) 7๋‹จ๊ณ„: ์ ์šฉ ๋ฌธํ•ญ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 42 3) 8๋‹จ๊ณ„: ๋„๊ตฌ ๊ธธ์ด ์ตœ์ ํ™” 55 3. ์ตœ์ข… ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 56 โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ 63 1. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 63 2. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต 67 3. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์‹ค๋ฌด, ๊ต์œก, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜์˜ 69 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  70 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 72 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 74 ๋ถ€๋ก 87๋ฐ•

    ๊ทœ์žฅ๊ฐ ์†Œ์žฅ ๅ„€่ปŒ ่งฃ้กŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ

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    ์กฐ์„ ์€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ๊ตญ์‹œ๋กœ ํ•œ ๅณๆ–‡ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์กฐ์„ ์™•์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œใ€Ž์กฐ์„ ์™•์กฐ์‹ค๋กใ€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜๊ถค์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ถค๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™•์‹ค ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ชจ ๏ผŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ช…๋‹จ๏ผŒ์†Œ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ž์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ็ญๆฌกๅœ–์™€ ๅœ–่ชช๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋‹น๋Œ€์ธ ์˜ ํˆฌ์ฒ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ •์‹ ์ด ๋†์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋“ค์–ด ์ „ํ†ต์‹œ๋Œ€ ์™•์‹ค์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ธต์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ 1866 ๋…„ ๋ณ‘์ธ์–‘์š” ๋•Œ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•ฝํƒˆ๋œ ์˜๊ถค ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ด์Šˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜๊ถค์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฆ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋ถ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ์˜๊ถค์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์— ์˜๊ถค์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์  ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ทจ ๊ธ‰๏ผŒ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋“ค์–ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ์— ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜๊ถค ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๏ผŒ์†Œ์žฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ์„œ์ง€์  ๋‚ด ์šฉ ๋™์„ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชฉ ๋ก์ง‘์„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ํ•ด์ฒด์ž‘์—…๋„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜๊ถค๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ ๊ทœ์žฅ๊ฐ๏ผŒํ•œ๊ตญ์ •์‹ ๋ฌธํ™”์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์žฅ์„œ๊ฐ๏ผŒํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋„์„œ๊ด€๏ผŒ์ผ๋ณธ ๊ถ๋‚ด์ฒญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ 4๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์†Œ์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๏ผŒ์ด๋“ค ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ค‘์—์„œ ์˜๊ถค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์†Œ ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๊ทœ์žฅ๊ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทœ์žฅ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 1994๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์˜ ๊ถค์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค๋…„ 3~4๊ฑด ์ •๋„ ์˜์ธ๋ณต๊ฐ„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•ด ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค

    James Madison`s role in the making of the U. S. constitution

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์„œ์–‘์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ,1998.Docto

    Pan-tilt camera handoff for mobile robot tracking in intelligent space

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2011.2. ์ด๋ฒ”ํฌ.Maste

    (The) effect of work pattern and intensity of torque wrench work on the shoulder muscles

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    ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณตํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒํ•™์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ† ํฌ๋ Œ์น˜๋กœ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž‘์—…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…๊ฐ•๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๊นจ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ์ž 15๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์—…ํ‹€์— ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๋ณผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(์ˆ˜ํ‰๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ์ˆ˜์ง๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ, ์ˆ˜์ง๋ฐ€๊ธฐ)์œผ๋กœ ํ† ํฌ๋ Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ด๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์„ 50 N.m, 100 N.m์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ž‘์—…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ† ํฌ๋ Œ์น˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๊นจ์˜ ๊ตฝํž˜๊ณผ ํ„, ์™ธ์ „์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๊นจ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ทผ์œก๋“ค์ธ ์œ„๋“ฑ์„ธ๋ชจ๊ทผ, ํฐ๊ฐ€์Šด๊ทผ, ์•žํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๊ทผ, ์•ž์–ด๊นจ์„ธ๋ชจ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๋“ฑ์ฒ™์„ฑ์ˆ˜์ถ•์œผ๋กœ 3ํšŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ํ‰๊ท ํ•˜์—ฌ %MVIC๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ • ์ด์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(two-way repeated ANOVA)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž‘์—…๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ—๋“ฑ์„ธ๋ชจ๊ทผ, ์•žํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๊ทผ, ์•ž์–ด๊นจ์„ธ๋ชจ๊ทผ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ง๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง๋ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋†’์€ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํฐ๊ฐ€์Šด๊ทผ์€ ์ž‘์—…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž‘์—…๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด์—ญํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]This study was conducted to determine the effect of different work patterns and intensities in the use of a torque wrench on the activity of shoulder muscles. Fifteen healthy male subjects were asked to tighten a bolt using a torque wrench. Each subject performed torque wrench work in six different combinations of randomly-selected trials of three work patterns (horizontal pulling, vertical pulling, vertical pushing), and two work intensities (50 N.m, 100 N.m). The electromyography (EMG) activities of the upper trapezius, pectoralis major, serratus anterior, and anterior deltoid were measured using surface EMG electrodes. The EMG signal of each muscle was normalized to the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) value of the muscle. A two-way repeated ANOVA was used to compare the EMG activity of each muscle across combinations of work patterns and intensities. The result showed that the EMG activities of all muscles increased as work intensity increased (p<0.05). The EMG activities of upper trapezius, serratus anterior, and anterior deltoid were significantly lower in horizontal pulling and vertical pulling than vertical pushing (p<0.05). The results of this study support that the EMG activities of shoulder muscles during the torque wrench work are significantly different according to work patterns. Therefore, further clinical studies are necessary to investigate possible biomechanical problems induced by prolonged work in a same pattern.ope

    A study on the ritual institution and the ritual science in the former Chosun dynasty

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ,2000.Docto

    Historical Perception and National Ideology of Mokeun Lee Saek

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