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    '๋กœ๋™์‹ ๋ฌธ'์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๋ฐ•๋ช…๊ทœ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” โ€˜์šฐ๋ฆฌโ€™์™€ โ€˜ํƒ€์ž(๋˜๋Š” ์ )โ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ โ€˜์šฐ๋ฆฌโ€™์™€ โ€˜ํƒ€์žโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ–ฅํ›„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ์†๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ž์›์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ ๋กœ๋™์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ์œ ํ†ต, ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, 1) ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๋Š” (๊ณต์ )๋‹ด๋ก  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ตฌํ˜„, 2) ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค, 3) ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, 4) ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, 5) ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด๋“ค ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ต์–‘์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ต์–‘๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด ์–ธ๋ก , ๊ต์œก์ฒด๊ณ„, ์กฐ์ง์ƒํ™œ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์น˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์†์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์น˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์€ 1970๋…„๋Œ€ โ€˜์ฃผ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ƒโ€™์˜ ๊ณตํฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•ˆ์ •์  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ต์–‘์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ€˜์ตœ๊ณ ์ง€๋„์žโ€™, โ€˜์ธ๋ฏผโ€™, โ€˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜โ€™, โ€˜์ฃผ์ฒดโ€™ ๋“ฑ์„, ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ€˜๋ฏธ์ œโ€™, โ€˜๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ดด๋ขฐโ€™, โ€˜์ œ๊ตญ์ฃผ์˜โ€™, โ€˜์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜โ€™ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์™ธํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์›๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ฃผ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ 1980๋…„๋Œ€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜„์žฌ(2019๋…„)๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜ ์ดํ›„ ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ถ•์†Œยท์™€ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ด๋ก  ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์œ ํ†ต์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์™€ํ•ด๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถํ•œ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ ์†์—์„œ ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์™€ํ•ด๋œ ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” 1998๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๊น€์ •์ผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์žฌ๊ฑด ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๊น€์ผ์„ฑ์ •๊ถŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€๋„์ž โ€˜๊น€์ •์ผโ€™๊ณผ ๊น€์ •์ผ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€๋„์‚ฌ์ƒ์ธ โ€˜์„ ๊ตฐโ€™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ 2012๋…„ ๊น€์ •์€์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊น€์ •์€ ์ง‘๊ถŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ •๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ ๊ตฌํ˜„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ โ€˜์ฃผ์ฒดโ€™ ๋˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์ง€๋„์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜๋„๋˜๊ณ  ์šด์˜๋˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„, โ€˜์ธ๋ฏผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋– ๋ฐ›๋“ค๊ณ โ€™, โ€˜์ธ๋ฏผ์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”โ€™ ํ’€๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, โ€˜์ตœ๊ณ ์ง€๋„์žโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ ์ฐจ โ€˜์ตœ๊ณ ์ง€๋„์žโ€™์™€ โ€˜์ธ๋ฏผโ€™ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ฃผ๋กœ โ€˜๋ฏธ์ œโ€™, ๋˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ ์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ โ€˜๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ดด๋ขฐโ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜๋˜ ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€, 2018๋…„ ๋‚จ๋ถ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด, ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด์ด ์„ฑ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์™„ํ™”๋œ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ยทํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ ์ฐจ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ยท์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์™ธ์  ์ ๋Œ€์„ฑ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œยท์™„ํ™”๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก  ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์› ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ง“๊ธฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊น€์ •์€์‹œ๋Œ€ โ€˜์ž๋ ฅ๊ฐฑ์ƒโ€™ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•…ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ถํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์  ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก  ์—ญ์‹œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ธ ๊ฐ•์กฐ์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ฒด์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ๊น€์ •์€์‹œ๋Œ€ โ€˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๊ฒฝ์Ÿโ€™ ๋˜๋Š” โ€˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญโ€™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์ ๋‹ด๋ก  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™•์žฅ๊ณผ ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ดํ™” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊น€์ •์€์ •๊ถŒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ โ€˜์ตœ๊ณ ์ง€๋„์žโ€™์— ๋น„ํ•œ โ€˜์ธ๋ฏผโ€™์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์ด ๋‹ด๋ก  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต ๋“ฑ์€ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ฃผ์ฒด, ์ฆ‰ ์ •์น˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฃผ์ฒด, ์ฆ‰ ๋ถํ•œ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์น˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฑด์„ค ์ „๋žต์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์žฅ์•…๊ณผ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ท ์—ด๊ณผ ์™€ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ โ€˜์ธ๋ฏผโ€™์ด ๋‹ด๋ก  ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž์›๋“ค์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ด๋ก ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ ๋Œ€์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์น˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋„๋งŒ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜์  ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”, ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๋ถํ•œ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ด์ฒด์˜ ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐ์ธ์‹ ๋ฐ ํƒ€์ž์ธ์‹์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ถํ•œ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ถํ•œ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€์„ธ๊ณ„์™€์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ ˆ, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์žฅ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ด๋ก  ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ชฉ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”์ง€ํ–ฅ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ถํ•œ๊ณผ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์  ์ž์›์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋…ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.This thesis analyses North Koreaโ€™s awareness of 'collective self and others' in its public discourses. There are questions on North Korea, if it will maintain isolationism or open the door toward international society in the future. This thesis argues that these can be answered by analysing North Korean society's discourses regarding collective self and others. Therefore, it focuses on the production, distribution and contents of the discourses. Particularly, it looks at 1) the space of the discourses of collective self and others in regard to their production and distribution, 2) keywords and main concepts, 3) contents and structures of the discourses concerning the keywords and main concepts, 4) historic events that affected the discourses, and 5) changes to the discourses following certain historic events. First, it studies the discourse spaces by looking at the system of political ideology education in North Korea(Sa-sang-gyo-yang). Since the system was established by political elites, the distribution of the discourses, through methods such as the press, educational program, and organizational life, were also under their control. Therefore, content of the discourses of the collective self and others were planned and organised by the political elites. Thus, this research extracts the main concepts of the discourses of collective self and others, by looking at keywords in the contents of political ideology education. The basic contents of the discourses can be understood by looking at Juche ideology, which strongly influenced the political ideology education in the 1970s. Therefore, the main concepts identified in the political ideology education of the 1970s include: 'the leaders (Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, Kim Jong-un)', 'the people (In-min)', 'Juche', 'Socialism' in the discourse of collective 'self'; and 'Imperialist America (Mi-jae)', 'the South Korean puppet government', 'Imperialism', 'Capitalism' in the discourse of collective 'others'. These two discourses can be shown as independent of each other and dualistic, but they were closely connected, because by having a discourse of 'self' more systematising, it makes the discourse of 'others' much stronger, through Juche ideology in the 1970s. This thesis finds changes in the discourses of collective self and others from 1980 to 2019, focusing on their main concepts. The discourses were well settled in the 1970s, but lessened and collapsed because of the economic crisis in the 1980s and 1990s. At that time, not only did society's interests shift from one political ideology to one more focused on economic progress, but also the distribution system of the public discourses collapsed. This led to the expansion of the private discourse space, separate from the public discourse space. The public discourse space was restored after 1998 when Kim Jong-il (Supreme Leader 1994-2011) tried to restore social systems in North Korea. In this period, new concepts were emphasised in the discourse of collective self especially, such as the new leader, 'Kim Jong-il' and his new idea, 'military-first (Sun-goon)'. More dynamics in the discourses of collective self and others were observed in North Korean society under the Kim Jong-un government (2012-present). The main concepts were maintained in the discourses but the embodiment and implementation of the concepts changed. Especially, the discourse of collective self maintained its traditional contents that society was operated and led by the leaders and the idea of 'Juche', however it started to highlight the 'people(In-min)' and claimed that society had to 'respect the people as God' or to 'stand upon the authority of the people'. The discourse regarding collective others also changed under the Kim Jong-un government. The discourse regarding collective others had been mainly about blaming 'Imperialist America', and 'the South Korean puppet government'. However, the discourse of collective others lessened its hostility toward 'Imperialist America' and 'the South Korean puppet government' and adopted a more objective and tender manner, especially after the inter-Korea summit and North Korea-U.S. summit in 2018. Considering the historical changes in main concepts and contents in the discourses of collective self and others, it can be concluded in a broader aspect as belows. First, the concepts and contents in the discourse of collective self showed dynamic changes and expansion in history, while those in the discourse of collective others showed passive alteration and reduction. Especially reduction of hostility and its uses in the discourse of others was matched at the time by new concepts in the discourse of collective self, including 'self-rehabilitation (Ja-ryok- gang- sang)', during the Kim Jong-un era. Second, it is found that there were changes in perception of collectivism in North Korean society. There were increasing permissions for individual and private activities following the economic crisis in the 1990s. This led the discourse of collective self to highlight not only collectivism but approval of individual differences and even competition between individuals. This change can be shown more obviously in the Kim Jong-un era, by looking at the discourses of 'socialist competition' and 'socialist civilised country'. Third, it is found that public discourses in North Korea have been much affected by the North Korean 'people'. This can be shown in the public discourses regarding the government's criticism of its people who showed their distrust and skepticism in and after the era of 'the Arduous March' in the 1990s. This influence can also be found in the Kim Jong-un era by looking at the enhanced position of the 'people' in the public discourses. The changes in the public discourses explains the influence of not only political elites in the society as producers in the conventional sense, but also the people who are recipients in the society. Therefore, it can be said that significant historic events led to the 'people' becoming more than passive recipients. They became important contributors to the public discourses. It can be concluded that the discourses of collective self and others in North Korean society is not just a governing method of the political elites, but one of the important parts of social totality which explains inside and outside the society's backgrounds and its people. Also, the changes in the discourses of collective self and others throughout this period (1980-2019) demonstrates that North Korea has started to ease its isolationism in its public discourses. Studying its changes and its will to change, sources of the discourses can be found to increase the possibility of communication with North Korean society and establish ties with North Korean people.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 1. ๋ถํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 2. ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 3. ๋ถํ•œ (๊ณต์ )๋‹ด๋ก  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ž์› 13 1. ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ํƒ€์ž์˜ ์ธ์‹๋ก  14 2. ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ 19 3. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 24 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ 27 2. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ: ๊ณต์ ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ ๋‹ด๋ก , ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด 31 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„: ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ต์–‘๊ณผ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 35 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ต์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ณตํฌ 35 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •์น˜ ์ง€๋„๋ถ€์˜ ์–ธ๋ก  ์žฅ์•…๊ณผ '๋กœ๋™์‹ ๋ฌธ' 39 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒํ™”์™€ '๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๋„๋•' 45 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์กฐ์ง์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 48 1. ์™ธ๊ณฝ์กฐ์ง๋‹จ์ฒด 49 2. '์ƒํ™œ์ดํ™”' 52 3. '์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒํ•™์Šต' 54 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 56 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋… 61 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋… 61 1. ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 61 2. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋… 68 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋… 118 1. ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ 119 2. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋… 129 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 152 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ํ•ด๋ณต๊ตฌ 157 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ: 1980๋…„๋Œ€ 158 1. ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‚ด์™ธ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์•…ํ™” 158 2. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ 164 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์™€ํ•ด์™€ ๋ณต๊ตฌ: 1990~2000๋…„๋Œ€ 182 1. '๊ณ ๋‚œ์˜ ํ–‰๊ตฐ' ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ถ•๊ดด 182 2. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์™€ํ•ด 186 3. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฒด์ œ ์žฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ 204 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊น€์ •์€์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน๋ณ€ํ™” 221 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ง‘๊ถŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน 221 1. ๊น€์ •์€ ์œ ์ผ์ง€๋„์ฒด๊ณ„ ํ™•๋ฆฝ 221 2. ์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ: '์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋ฌธ๋ช…๊ตญ'๊ณผ '์ธ๋ฏผ๋Œ€์ค‘์ œ์ผ์ฃผ์˜' 230 3. ์ง‘๊ถŒ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก : ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๊ณ„์Šน 242 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”์™€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 259 1. ๊น€์ •์€์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™” ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ 259 2. 2018-2019๋…„ ๋‚จ๋ถ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด 266 3. ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ™”-ํƒ€์žํ™” ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 275 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  293 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 304 Abstract 327Docto

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    ๋ฏธ์ฒผ. 4๋…„ ํ›„์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์š”. 2010๋…„ 3์›” ๋ฏธ์ฒผ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ(Michelle Bachelet) ์น ๋ ˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ํ‡ด์ž„ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ๋‚ , ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ถ์„ ์ฐพ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ 4๋…„ ํ›„ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ผ์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค ๊ณ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. 2014๋…„ 3์›” 11์ผ ์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ ์ œ2๊ธฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ทจ์ž„ 100์ผ์„ ๋งž๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” ์ทจ์ž„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ทจ์ž„ 100์ผ ์•ˆ์— ์ดํ–‰ํ•  50๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐœํ˜์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์„ ์˜ํšŒ์— ์ œ์ถœํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์„œ๋‘๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์•ฝ์†ํ•œ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃฐ ์ด์œ ๋„ ์—†๊ณ , ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ผ ์•ˆ์— ํ›„๋ณด์ž ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ์ดํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐœํ˜์—๋„ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์—์„œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์— ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ๋‹จํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹คํŒจ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์— ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋„ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค

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    ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ์—˜๋ฐ” ์—์Šค๋” ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋””์š”(Elba Esther Gordillo)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํฐ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„์นญ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ง‰๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด, 1989๋…„ ์ดํ›„ 23๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 160๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ํšŒ์›์„ ๊ฑฐ๋Š๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ „๊ตญ๊ต์›๋…ธ์กฐ(SNTE: Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de Educaciรณn)์˜ ์ข…์‹ ์œ„์›์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ๋„ํ˜๋ช…๋‹น(PRI)์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™๋‹น(PAN)์ด ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์˜์›ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ์ฝœ๊ณผ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„ํ˜๋ช…๋‹น ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋Š” ์ƒยทํ•˜์› ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์„ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 2002๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2005๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋‹น ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ด์žฅ์„ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2005๋…„ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๋…ธ ํŒ”๋ผ์‹œ์˜ค์Šค ์•Œ์ฝ”์„ธ๋ฅด(Mariano Palacios Alcocer)์˜ ๋‹น๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์žฌ์ž„์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ฐฐ์„ ๋นš๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„ํ˜๋ช…๋‹น๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋’ค, ์‹ ๋™๋งน(Nueva Alianza)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹น์„ ์ฐฝ๋‹นํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2006๋…„๊ณผ 2012๋…„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋Œ€์„ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผํ–‰๋™๋‹น ์†Œ์† ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ํŽ ๋ฆฌํŽ˜ ์นผ๋ฐ๋ก (Felipe Calderรณn)๊ณผ ๋ง‰์—ญํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ธ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค

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    ์ง€์—ญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌใ†์ •์น˜ใ†๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ ๊ณผ ์žฅ์ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์ž์นซ ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ˜ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ์ด ๋ก ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ฒด์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ถ”์ƒํ™”๋˜ ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ฒด์„ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฐฑ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ถค๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์„ ํ•œ ์›€ํผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ์†์ ˆ์—†์ด ๋น  ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—๋ฉ”๋ž„๋“œ๋น› ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—† ๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒฐ์„ ๊ทธ ํ”์ ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ใ€ŠํŠธ ๋žœ์Šค๋ผํ‹ดใ€‹์€ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™์ž, ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž, ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ•™์ž์˜ ๊ธ€์„ ์—ฐ์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ผํ‹ด์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ์นด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋‹ค์ธต์ ์ธ ์–ต์••์— ์ข€ ๋” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์ด๋‹ค. [์„œ๋ผ์—ฐ

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    ์น ๋ ˆ ๋Œ€์„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ช… ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ์†Œ์ •๋‹น ํ›„๋ณด๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์ง€์œจ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉ์ณ๋„ ํ•œ์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ ์ง€์ง€์œจ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐํŒŒ์—ฐํ•ฉ ํ›„๋ณด๋งˆ์ € ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ค‘๋„์ขŒํŒŒ์—ฐํ•ฉ(Nueva Mayorรญa)์˜ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ ํ›„๋ณด๋งŒ์ด ๋Œ€์„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์— ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ 1์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1์ฐจ ํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„ ์„ธ๋ฐ”์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ ํ”ผ๋…œ๋ผ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์ง€์ง€์œจ์ด ์ž„๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜๋„ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— 20%๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ”๋ฝํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ž„๋•์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์€ ๋Œ€์„ ์„ ์„ธ ๋‹ฌ ์•ž๋‘” ์ง€๊ธˆ์—์„œ์•ผ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์„ ์ถœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ UN์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์น ๋ ˆ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์ฃผ๊ธธ ์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์กฐ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋Œ€์„ ํ›„๋ณด ๊ฒฝ์„ ์—์„œ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ํ‘œ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ค‘๋„์ขŒํŒŒ์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2002๋…„ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ๊ธ‰๋ถ€์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ์ฒผ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” ์น ๋ ˆ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์œผ๋กœ์„œ 84%์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊ถ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋˜ ๋‚  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์™ธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฒผ, 2013๋…„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์š”. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2013๋…„ 11์›” 17์ผ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ๋Š” ์ง‘๊ถŒ 2๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ

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    1938๋…„ 3์›” 18์ผ ์˜คํ›„ 10์‹œ, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ „์—ญ์— ๋ผ๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์นด๋ฅด๋ฐ๋‚˜์Šค(Cรกrdenas)์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์„์œ ๊ตญ์œ ํ™” ์„ ์–ธ์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์พŒํ•œ ํ•œํŒ์Šน์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ „ ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํ•œ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ „์— ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์— ์ข…์†๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์–ฝํžŒ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ๋Š์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ž๋ณธ์— ์ž ์‹๋œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์„์œ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1920๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์„์œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 14%๋ฅผ ์ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 2์œ„ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋˜ ์˜๊ด‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์‹ค ์•ž์—์„œ๋„, ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋Š” ์„์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์„์œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€ 90% ์ด์ƒ์ด ์˜๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์ž๋ณธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„์œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ถ€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค‘์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฅ™๊ณผ ํ•ด์ €์—์„œ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 10๋งŒ ๋ฐฐ๋Ÿด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์›์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ฑ„๊ตด๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์€ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค

    ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ ์ถ•์ œ

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    ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ถ•์ œ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 'ํ‘ธ์—๋ธ”๋กœ ํ”ผ์—์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ'(pueblo fiestero)๋ž€ ๋ง์— ๊ฑธ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌ์ €๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚˜๋‚ ์ด ์ถ•์ œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ผ์น˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ๋‚˜ํ›„์•„ํ† ์—์„œ ๋งค๋…„ 10์›” ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฅด๋ฐ˜ํ‹ฐ๋…ธ(Cervantino) ์ถ•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์™€ํ•˜์นด์—๋Š” ๋งค๋…„ 7์›” ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ๋ผ๊ฒŒ์ฐจ(Guelaguetza) ์ถ•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ถ•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ข…๊ต์  ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ณผ๋‹ฌ๋ฃจํŽ˜ ์„ฑ๋ชจ์˜ ๋‚  ์ถ•์ œ์™€ ์„ธ๋งˆ๋‚˜์‚ฐํƒ€ ์ถ•์ œ, ๋งค๋…„ 1์›” 6์ผ์˜ ๋™๋ฐฉ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚  ์ถ•์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  11์›” 2์ผ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‚  ์ถ•์ œ ๋“ฑ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—…์  ์ƒ‰์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋ ๋Š” ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ถ•์ œ๋„ ์•„๊ณผ์Šค์นผ๋ฆฌ์—”ํ…Œ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ”์Šค(San Marcos) ์ถ•์ œ์™€ ๊ณผ๋‹ฌ๋ผํ•˜๋ผ ๋„์„œ์ถ•์ œ(Feria de los libros) ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ํŽ˜๋ฆฌ์•„(feria)์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ, ๊ฐํžˆ ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ ์ถ•์ œ(Feria de Colima)๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•œ๋‹ค ๋งํ•˜๊ธด ๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ์ด ๊ท€ํ•œ ์ง€๋ฉด์„ ๋นŒ์–ด ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ž์— ์—ด๊ฑฐ๋œ ์ถ•์ œ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋„ ์ž‘๊ณ  ์ธ์ง€๋„๋„ ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋กฏ์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ถ•์ œ๋ผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์™”๊ณ , ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฅธ ์•„์ด ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ์—†์ด ํฅ๊ฒน๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ํŒ ์ž”์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์†์— ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง„์ • ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋…น์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ ์ถ•์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ์ง€์—ญ์ถ•์ œ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ผ, ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ๋งˆ ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ์ง€์—ญ์ถ•์ œ์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์„ ์ฝ์–ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค

    ์™œ ์น ๋ ˆ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ์ธ๊ฐ€?

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    ์น ๋ ˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ์ •๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹ค. 1970๋…„ ์‚ด๋ฐ”๋„๋ฅด ์•„์˜Œ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋‹น ํ›„๋ณด์™€ ํŒŒ๋ธ”๋กœ ๋„ค๋ฃจ๋‹ค ๊ณต์‚ฐ๋‹น ํ›„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃฌ ๋Œ€์„ ํ›„๋ณด ๋‹จ์ผํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์—ฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ขŒํŒŒ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ๊ทธ ํ•ด ๋Œ€์„ ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1973๋…„ ์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ํ”ผ๋…ธ์ฒดํŠธ๊ฐ€ 16๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ง‘๊ถŒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ •๋‹น์„ ํƒ„์••ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์น ๋ ˆ ์ •๋‹น์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ๋ถ•๊ดด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  1988๋…„ ํ”ผ๋…ธ์ฒดํŠธ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋…์žฌ ์ข…์‹์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜ํ”ผ๋…ธ์ฒดํŠธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋‹นํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ฒด(Concertaciรณn de Partidos por la Democracia)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ •๋‹น์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ 17๊ฐœ ์ •๋‹น๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์ค‘๋„์ขŒํŒŒ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ ํ”ผ๋…ธ์ฒดํŠธ ์ง‘๊ถŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผํˆฌํ‘œ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋…๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€(No) ์šด๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋…ธ์ฒดํŠธ ์ง‘๊ถŒ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์ €์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค

    ์น ๋ ˆ์˜ ์žฅ์ž‘ ๋‚œ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ

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    ์ง€๋‚œ 3์›” ์น ๋ ˆ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์•„ํƒ€์นด๋งˆ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ ํฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„ํƒ€์นด๋งˆ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์— ํญ์šฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ™์ˆ˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™˜ํƒœํ‰์–‘ ์ง€์ง„๋Œ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์น ๋ ˆ๋Š” ํ™”์‚ฐํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ง€์ง„ ๋“ฑ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด, ์ฆ‰ ๊ธฐ์˜จ ์ƒ์Šน, ๋น™ํ•˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ฐ€๋ญ„, ํ™์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์ƒ๊ธฐํ›„ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค. ์น ๋ ˆ๋Š” ์›์ž์žฌ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‹์ˆ˜, ํ† ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ด‘์‚ฐ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ธ๊ทผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์•„์ด ์„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ํŒŒ์Šค์ฟ ์•„(Pascua. ์˜์–ด์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์Šคํƒ€) ์„ฌ๋„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ณจ์น˜๋‹ค. ๋งค๋…„ 20๋งŒ ๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ง€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์Œ“์—ฌ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹์ˆ˜์›์€ ์˜ค์—ผ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์ด ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์„ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์น ๋ ˆ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š”์ปค๋…• ๋ฆฌ์กฐํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์™”๋‹ค

    ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด ์ •์น˜์ œ๋„ํ™”์™€ ํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋ฌดํžˆ์นด

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    ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์ •์น˜ํ•™ ๊ฐ•์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ ์ •์น˜์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ผฝ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜ํ›„์ง„๊ตญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ ์ž…๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋ฃฐ๋ผ(Inacio Lula da Silva), ๋ฏธ์ฒผ ๋ฐ”์ฒผ๋ ˆํŠธ(Michelle Bachellete), ํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋ฌดํžˆ์นด(Josรฉ Mujica) ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ •์น˜์ง€๋„์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์˜ ํ˜ธ์„ธ ๋ฌดํžˆ์นด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ปธ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŽ˜ํŽ˜ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ ๋” ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฌดํžˆ์นด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋งค๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ… ์ถ”์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ •์น˜๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐํƒ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์กฐ์ฐจ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฃจ๊ณผ์ด๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ
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