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    ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข… ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ : Kaplan-Meier ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์›/์„์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข…์€ ํ”ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์•” ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข…์˜ ํ™˜์ž ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข…์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ• ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด๋‚˜ ์„ ๋ณ„๋œ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ ๋ณ„๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์  ๋ฐ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ Kaplan-Meier ๊ณก์„  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข… ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ(Overall Survival, OS) ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰ ์ƒ์กด์œจ(Progression Free Survival, PFS)์˜ Kaplan-Meier ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ค‘์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์ •๋œ ์ด 11ํŽธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด 12๊ฐœ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ Kaplan-Meier ๊ณก์„ ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์  ๋ฐ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Arends ๋“ฑ(2008)์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋žœ๋ค ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•(Multivariate random-effect model)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ถ„์„(Multivariate effect size)์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ(effect size)๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตยท๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน์ • ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์‹œ์ , 6, 12, 18, 24๊ฐœ์›”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ ˆ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ(Overall survival) ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๊ฐ ํŠน์ •์‹œ์  ๋ฐ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ(Overall survival, OS) ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰ ์ƒ์กด ๋น„์œจ(Progression free survival, PFS)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ‰๊ท  ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋น„(Odds ratio)๋Š” 0.58 ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค(OR: 0.5802, 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„: 0.52-0.65). ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰ ์ƒ์กด ๋น„์œจ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋น„(Odds ratio)๋Š” 0.48 ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ค(OR: 0.48, 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„: 0.40~0.56). ๊ฐ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ(effect size)๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋Š” Kaplan-Meier ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข… ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ์ฆ‰, ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ(Overall survival) ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰ ์ƒ์กด ๋น„์œจ(Progression free survival)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฐœ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข… ํ™˜์ž์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ์™€ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ์œ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฑ์‚ฌ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์† ๋ณ‘์šฉ์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ์ƒ์กด์œจ(OS) ๋ฐ ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰ ์ƒ์กด ๋น„์œจ(PFS)์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ope

    The Effects of Internet Addiction on Fitness and Health Related Behaviors of Middle School Students

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    ์ •๋ณด ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์ด ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” U๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ O์ค‘ํ•™๊ต์— ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ธ 770๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ๋…€ ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋น„์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณ„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด 30๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๋…„๋ณ„ยท์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ด 360๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” SPSS 12.0/PC ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์€ 19.21%์ด๋ฉฐ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ์€ 14.68%๋กœ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ, ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™๋…„์—์„œ ๋น„์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‹ ์žฅ์ด ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒด์ค‘์€ ์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. BMI ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋น„์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‰๊ท  BMI๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋น„์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฐ„ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ 50m ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ 2ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ 3ํ•™๋…„์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๋›ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ 2ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ์ „ํ•™๋…„์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ํŒ”๊ตฝํ˜€ ํŽด๊ธฐ(๋‚จ)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1ํ•™๋…„, ํŒ”๊ตฝํ˜€ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ(์—ฌ) 1ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ 2ํ•™๋…„์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ—๋ชธ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 1ํ•™๋…„ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ, 3ํ•™๋…„ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•‰์•„ ์œ—๋ชธ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฝํžˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ 2ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ 3ํ•™๋…„์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  1,600(๋‚จ)ยท1,200(์—ฌ) ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ-๊ฑท๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2ํ•™๋…„ ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ๋งŒ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ์งธ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํ™œ ์Šต๊ด€ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋น„์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํ™œ์‹ค์ฒœ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ƒํ™œ์Šต๊ด€, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„์—์„œ 2ํ•™๋…„์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•™๋…„์—์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋น„์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํ™œ ์Šต๊ด€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ค‘๋… ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•™๋…„ ๊ฐ„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์€ ์ฒด๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํ™œ ์Šต๊ด€์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋…์  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์šด๋™์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹์‹œ์ผœ ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ํ™œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์Šต๊ด€์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… 1) ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 2) ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์ฆ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 3) ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์˜ ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ์ฆ์ƒ 2. ์ฒด ๋ ฅ 1) ์ฒด๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 2) ์ฒด๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์ธ 3. ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ํ–‰์œ„ 1) ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 2) ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 2. ์ธก์ • ํ•ญ๋ชฉ 3. ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 2. ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํ™œ ์Šต๊ด€ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ 1. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 2. ์ฒด๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํ™œ ์Šต๊ด€ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ Abstract ๋ถ€

    Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells: a platform for human disease modeling and drug discovery.

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    The generation of disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from patients with incurable diseases is a promising approach for studying disease mechanisms and drug screening. Such innovation enables to obtain autologous cell sources in regenerative medicine. Herein, we report the generation and characterization of iPSCs from fibroblasts of patients with sporadic or familial diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), juvenile-onset, type I diabetes mellitus (JDM), and Duchenne type muscular dystrophy (DMD), as well as from normal human fibroblasts (WT). As an example to modeling disease using disease-specific iPSCs, we also discuss the previously established childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD)- and adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN)-iPSCs by our group. Through DNA fingerprinting analysis, the origins of generated disease-specific iPSC lines were identified. Each iPSC line exhibited an intense alkaline phosphatase activity, expression of pluripotent markers, and the potential to differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers: the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Expression of endogenous pluripotent markers and downregulation of retrovirus-delivered transgenes [OCT4 (POU5F1), SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC] were observed in the generated iPSCs. Collectively, our results demonstrated that disease-specific iPSC lines characteristically resembled hESC lines. Furthermore, we were able to differentiate PD-iPSCs, one of the disease-specific-iPSC lines we generated, into dopaminergic (DA) neurons, the cell type mostly affected by PD. These PD-specific DA neurons along with other examples of cell models derived from disease-specific iPSCs would provide a powerful platform for examining the pathophysiology of relevant diseases at the cellular and molecular levels and for developing new drugs and therapeutic regimens.ope

    Changes in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats with Acute Fatty Liver

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 2. ๊น€์˜์ฒ .๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์›…์„ฑ ๋žซํŠธ์— ๊ณ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ/๋ฌด์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ„๋…์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋žซํŠธ๋ฅผ ์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน (N) ์€ 4 ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 2 ์ผ ์ ˆ์‹์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„, 2 ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ/๋ฌด์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹์ด (FH) ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹์ด (FN) ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ๋‘ 5 ์ผ์งธ sacrifice ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด triglyceride (TG) ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด FH ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ TG ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, oil-red O staining ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ง€์งˆ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ/๋ฌด์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ํ•œ FH ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ ๋„๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„์ด ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ฐ„๋…์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋žซํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋„ค ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 4 ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ ํ›„, 5 ์ผ์งธ 4 mmol/kg ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ (NC) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ corn oil (NO) ์„ ๋ณต๊ฐ•ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 2 ์ผ ์ ˆ์‹์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„, 2 ์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ/๋ฌด์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹์ด (FHC) ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‹์ด (FNC) ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•œ ํ›„, 5 ์ผ์งธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ฐ•ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 24 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋’ค ๊ฐ„๋…์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์„œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ง€์งˆ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ malondialdehyde (MDA) ์˜ ์œ ์˜์  ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, FHC ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ง๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, NC, FNC ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ’์„ ์–‘ ๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, NO, FHC ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด glutathione (GSH) ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์€ FHC ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ/๋ฌด์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ฐ„๋…์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ N, FN, FH ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ™œ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ cytochrome P450 system ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ, protein ๋ฐ mRNA ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด micorosome ๋ถ„ํš์—์„œ CYP ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, p-nitroanisole demethylase, erythromycin N-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, FH ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด microsomal CYP2E1, 3A, 1A, 2B1/2 ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด FH ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ N, FN ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด CYP2E1, 3A1, 3A2, 1A2, 2B1/2 ์˜ mRNA ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋˜ํ•œ FH ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณ ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ/๋ฌด์ง€๋ฐฉ ์‹์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด TG ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , cytochrome P450 ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ, mRNA ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์—ผํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ฐ„๋…์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ cytochrome P450 ๋Œ€์‚ฌํšจ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as an important public problem. Recently, there has been reports about alterations of drug- or xenobiotics-metabolism associated with fatty liver. The aim of this study is to investigate the change of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity on acute fatty liver in male rats. To demonstrate the impact of high-carbohydrate/fat-free diet on morphological and biochemical alterations of the liver, male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Five rats were maintained on normal diet (N) for 4 d (days), and five or six rats were fasted for 2 d then refed a normal (FN) or high-carbohydrate/fat-free diet (FH) for 2 d. Refeeding rats with high-carbohydrate/fat-free diet led to pronounced increases in liver weight and hepatic triglyceride (TG) content compared to other groups. This lipid accumulation (steatosis) was confirmed by oil-red O staining of the liver sections. Therefore, fasting followed by refeeding high-carbohydrate/fat-free diet in rats led to lipid accumulation and morphological alterations. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (each containing five animals). Two groups were injected with a single dose of CCl4 (NC) or corn oil (NO) after feeding a normal diet for 4 d. After 2 d of starvation, two groups were refed a normal (FNC) or high-carbohydrate/fat-free diet (FHC) for 2 d before the administration of CCl4. In assessing liver injury, we examined serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities and hepatic lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels 24 h after the carbon tetrachloride administration. The levels of serum ALT, AST and SDH were higher in the NC, FNC group than the FHC group, while there was no significant difference of MDA levels in all groups. On the other hand, H&E staining showed pronounced ballooning degeneration, councilman body and inflammation in NC, NFC groups but no changes in the FHC group. Therefore, high-carbohydrate/fat-free diet affects the metabolism of drugs or xenobiotics. To study the mechanism of the effects fatty liver on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatic CYP450 systems as the major key enzymes involved in carbon tetrachloride bioactivation were determinated. p-Nitrophenol hydroxylase, p-nitroanisole demethylase, erythromycin N-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase activities as well as CYP2E1, 3A, 1A and 2B1/2 proteins were quantified on microsomal proteins. FH group, resulted in a general decrease in CYP activities, especially with a decrease in CYP2E1, 3A, 1A and CYP2B1/2 protein content. Moreover, mRNA levels of CYP2E1, 3A, 1A1 and 2B1/2 were markedly decreased. Thus, it appears that lipid accumulation by high-carbohydrat/fat-free diet plays a role in CYP down-regulation. Steatosis was induced in livers of Wistar rats by fasting for 2d and subsequent feeding of a fat-free enriched in carbohydrates, shown by histological results. It has been shown experimentally that liver steatosis may lead to a pronounced impairment of liver injury by CCl4 injection as well as CYP expression in the liver. The results suggest that CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity is reduced in fatty liver, which may be attributed to down-regulation of hepatic CYP450 enzymes.Maste

    Non-exercise VO2max estimation for healthy young adults

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    ์žฌํ™œํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ(19~33์„ธ) 142๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ • ์ž์„ธ(resting position) ์‹œ ํ‰์ถ” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ(Superior Kibler)๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ํ‰์ถ” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ ํ‰์ถ” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 6 ใŽ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ธ ๋‚ด์ „๋œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ(adducted scapular)๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ 17๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•žํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๊ทผ(serratus anterior) ๊ทผ๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์šด๋™ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ‰์ถ” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์™€ ๋ชฉ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ํ‰์ถ” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 6.9 ใŽ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ 7.19 ใŽ, ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 6.56 ใŽ๋กœ ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ํ‰์ถ” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ฐˆ(protraction) ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(r=0.491, p<0.01). ๋‚ด์ „๋œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋กœ ์•žํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๊ทผ ๊ทผ๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์šด๋™ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ›„ ํ‰์ถ” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ (p<0.01), ๋‚ด์ „๋œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์™€ ๋ชฉ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 15๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ VAS (visual analog scale)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์šด๋™ ํ›„ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(p<0.01). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 4์ฃผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์•žํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ๊ทผ ๊ทผ๋ ฅ๊ฐ•ํ™” ์šด๋™ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰์ถ” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ์—์„œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ ์ฒ™์ถ”์—ฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์ „๋œ ์–ด๊นจ๋ผˆ์™€ ํ†ต์ฆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์šด๋™์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study was to investigate the distance from the midline of the thorax to the vertebral border of the scapular (Superior Kibler) and how it varied with sex, and the correlations with scapular protraction length in 142 young adults. We also investigated the effects of 4-week serratus anterior strengthening exercises on the distance from the midline of the thorax to the vertebral border of the scapular in the resting position and on local pain in the inter-scapular and the neck in young adults with adducted scapular. The exercise program included stretching of the scapular retractor and strengthening of the serratus anterior muscle. Tape measures were used to measure the distance from the midline of the thorax to the vertebral border of the scapular and a visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure local pain. The distance from the midline of the thorax to the vertebral border of the scapular increased after the exercise (p<0.05) and VAS decreased significantly (p<0.01). The conclusion is that the serratus anterior exercise program altered the resting scapular position and decreased inter-scapular and neck pain.ope

    Particle dynamics in the viscoelastic medium under steady and oscillatory shear flow

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    Thesis(masters)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2008.8.Maste

    Root resorption before and after orthodontic treatment according to classification of overbite : a study of upper and

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ต์ • ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ผ๋‹จ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌ์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์งํ”ผ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•ฉ, ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ตํ•ฉ, ์ •์ƒ ์ˆ˜์งํ”ผ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•ฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” 3์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ • ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „,ํ›„ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ƒํ•˜์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ๊ต์ • ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์น˜๋ฃŒํ›„ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์งํ”ผ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•˜์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „,ํ›„ ์ „์ฒด ์น˜์•„ ๊ธธ์ด(๊ฐ๊ฐ T1,T2)๋ฅผ ์ธก๋ชจ ๋‘๋ถ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ƒ์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ electronic dial calipers๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ’(T1-T2)์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜-์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋‚˜์ด, ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ „ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ ์†Œ๊ตฌ์น˜ ๋ฐœ์น˜ ์œ ๋ฌด, ๋ถ€์ •๊ตํ•ฉ์˜ ์ •๋„-๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ๊ฐ 3๊ตฐ์— ์˜ˆ์ƒ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. ๊ต์ • ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „,ํ›„ ์ƒ์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ณผ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•ฉ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ตํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ตํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฐœ๊ต ํ•ฉ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค(p<0.05).2. ๊ณผ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ต์ • ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „,ํ›„ ์ƒ์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ํ”ผ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•ฉ, ํ•˜์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ „ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05).3. ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ตํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ต์ • ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „,ํ›„ ์ƒ์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ˆ˜์งํ”ผ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•ฉ, ANB ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  Facial height ratio(growth pattern), ํ•˜์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ํ”ผ๊ฐœ๊ตํ•ฉ๊ณผ ANB๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05).4. ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ต์ • ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „,ํ›„ ์ƒํ•˜์•… ์ค‘์ ˆ์น˜์˜ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05).์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ต์ • ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๊ทผ ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์›€์œผ๋กœ์จ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Root resorption is one of the most common side effects associated with orthodontic treatment. This resorption is irreversible, once happens to root, various in persons'' factors, and unpredictable. So it is becoming an increasingly more serious problem. The purposes of this study were to compare cephalometrically the amount of root resorption in upper and lower central incisors-the most frequently affected teeth-after orthodontic treatment between deepbites(Group 1), openbites(Group 2), and normal bites(Group 3, controls); to evaluate how etiologic factors affecting root resorption which have been reported before make an effect on each group; in future, to apply these results to malocclusion patients as predictable factors. To be assessed the amount of root resorption in central incisors, overall tooth length before and after treatment(T1,T2 in each) was measured directly on the lateral cephalometric films with electric dial calipers and changes(T1-T2 value) was compared between groups. Variables which seem to be associated with root resorption were selected-gender, age at initials, treatment duration, the presence of root resorption before treatment , extraction vs non-extraction, the severity of malocclusion-and evaluated if they have a statistically significant effect on each group. Then, significant variables were considered as the predictors of root resorption. The results were as follows.1. Before and after orthodontic treatment, groups significantly presented the most amount of root resorption were deepbites, openbites, followed by controls in upper central incisors and openbites, followed by deepbites and controls in lower central incisors(p<0.05).2. Deepbites exhibited overjet as valuable predictor of root resorption in upper incisors and the presence of root resorption before treatment in lower incisors(p<0.05).3. Openbites exhibited overbite, ANB and Facial height ratio(growth pattern) as valuable predictors of root resorption in upper incisors and overjet and ANB in lower incisors(p<0.05).4. Controls exhibited the presence of root resorption before treatment as valuable predictor of root resorption in both upper and lower in- cisors(p<0.05).This study may be used as a reference in minimizing side effects associated with orthodontic treatment by predicting the amount of root resorption after orthodontic treatment according to classification of overbite and planning more favorable treatment for malocclusion patients individually.restrictio

    ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ํŠน์ด์  ์—ญ๋ถ„ํ™” ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„

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    Dept. of Medical Science/์„์‚ฌNumerous studies have reported a recent breakthrough in iPSC technology by providing an opportunity to produce disease-specific iPSCs and accessing disease-specific iPSC-derived target cells that are used to investigate new mechanisms and new drugs. In this study, iPSCs were generated from fibroblasts of patients with incurable diseases, such as Alzheimer''s disease (AD), childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CCALD), juvenile-onset, type I diabetes mellitus (JDM) and characterized by unique features associated with pluripotency, encompassing morphological, molecular, and functional attributes. In particular, CCALD-iPSCs were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocytes, which are the cell type affected in the CCALD brain. As a manifestation of CCALD, a high accumulation of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) was observed in the CCALD-iPSC-derived oligodendrocytes. Moreover, VLCFAs were reduced when treated with lovastatin by upregulation of the ABCD2 gene followed by treatment with lovastatin in those cells. Oligodendrocytes derived from CCALD-iPSCs reflected the disease phenotype and responded to a known compound. These oligodendrocytes could make a remarkable contribution in developing safe and effective medicine and understanding the etiopathophysiology of CCALD. Likewise, AD-iPSCs and JDM-iPSCs may also offer key opportunities in developing new disease models.ope

    ๋ฒค์ฆˆ[f]์ธ๋ด ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ์ด‰๋งค ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ๋กœ์˜ ์ด์šฉ

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€ ๋ฌด๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste
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