49 research outputs found

    Microchannel network hydrogel induced ischemic blood perfusion connection

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    Angiogenesis induction into damaged sites has long been an unresolved issue. Local treatment with pro-angiogenic molecules has been the most common approach. However, this approach has critical side effects including inflammatory coupling, tumorous vascular activation, and off-target circulation. Here, the concept that a structure can guide desirable biological function is applied to physically engineer three-dimensional channel networks in implant sites, without any therapeutic treatment. Microchannel networks are generated in a gelatin hydrogel to overcome the diffusion limit of nutrients and oxygen three-dimensionally. Hydrogel implantation in mouse and porcine models of hindlimb ischemia rescues severely damaged tissues by the ingrowth of neighboring host vessels with microchannel perfusion. This effect is guided by microchannel size-specific regenerative macrophage polarization with the consequent functional recovery of endothelial cells. Multiple-site implantation reveals hypoxia and neighboring vessels as major causative factors of the beneficial function. This technique may contribute to the development of therapeutics for hypoxia/inflammatory-related diseases.ope

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์ •์น˜์™€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”

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    ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์˜ ์‹คํ˜„์€ ์ œ6๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๊ณ  ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ทธ ํ•„์š”๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ „์ œ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์—†์ด๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋„ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •๋‹น๊ณผ ์ •๋‹น๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™”์˜ ์‹คํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋‹น์˜ ์กฐ์ง์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋…ผํ•  ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ •๋‹น์ด ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์ •๋‹น(cadre party)์ด๋ƒ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ๋Œ€์ค‘์ •๋‹น(mass bureaucratic party)์ด๋ƒ๋ฅผ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์ •๋‹น์€ ๋ช…์‚ฌ์ •๋‹น(ๅๅœŸๆ”ฟ้ปจ)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์›ํ˜•์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ •๋‹น์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ช…์‚ฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์˜์› ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜์™”๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋น„์šฉ๋„ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋‹น์€ ๋ถ„๊ถŒ์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹น ์ด์žฌ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹น์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์€ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„๋ถ€์ •๋‹น์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์  ์ด๋…๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์  ๋Œ€์ค‘์ •๋‹น์˜ ์›ํ˜•์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ถŒ์ด ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์ดํ›„์— ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ •๋‹น์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์›ํ˜•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ •๋‹น์€ ๋Œ€์ค‘๋‹น์›์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๋‹น์›์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹น์˜ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์ด๋‹ค

    Experimental Tracheal Replacement Using 3-dimensional Bioprinted Artificial Trachea with Autologous Epithelial Cells and Chondrocytes

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    Various treatment methods for tracheal defects have been attempted, such as artificial implants, allografts, autogenous grafts, and tissue engineering; however, no perfect method has been established. We attempted to create an effective artificial trachea via a tissue engineering method using 3D bio-printing. A multi-layered scaffold was fabricated using a 3D printer. Polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydrogel were used with nasal epithelial and auricular cartilage cells in the printing process. An artificial trachea was transplanted into 15 rabbits and a PCL scaffold without the addition of cells was transplanted into 6 rabbits (controls). All animals were followed up with radiography, CT, and endoscopy at 3, 6, and 12 months. In the control group, 3 out of 6 rabbits died from respiratory symptoms. Surviving rabbits in control group had narrowed tracheas due to the formation of granulation tissue and absence of epithelium regeneration. In the experimental group, 13 of 15 animals survived, and the histologic examination confirmed the regeneration of epithelial cells. Neonatal cartilage was also confirmed at 6 and 12 months. Our artificial trachea was effective in the regeneration of respiratory epithelium, but not in cartilage regeneration. Additional studies are needed to promote cartilage regeneration and improve implant stability.ope

    ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด ํ˜‘๋ ฅ

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    ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ์ด 1972 ๋…„ 7์›” 4์ผ ๊ณต๋™์„ฑ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„ ํ™”ํ•ด์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ฃผ์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด 1971๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1973๋…„๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ 7.4 ๊ณต๋™์„ฑ๋ช…์ด ๋‚˜์™”์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 7.4 ๊ณต๋™์„ฑ๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์ด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ด์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จํ•œ์€ ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์ด์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ , ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚จ๋ถํšŒ๋‹ด์€ ์ง„์ „์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ 1984๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1986๋…„๊ฐ„์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จํ•œ์ด 1984๋…„ 9์›” ํ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ถํ•œ์€ ์Œ€ 7,200 ํ†ค, ์„ฌ์œ  500๋งŒ m, ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ 10๋งŒ ํ†ค๊ณผ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ 759์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จํ•œ์ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ ํ›„ 2๋…„๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด์™€ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถํšŒ๋‹ด์ด ์ ์‹ญ์žํšŒ๋‹ด๊ณผ ๋‚จ๋ถ์กฐ์ ˆ์œ„์›ํšŒํšŒ๋‹ด์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ๋ถ€์ด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํšŒ๋‹ด, ์ ์‹ญ์ž ํšŒ๋‹ด, ๊ตญํšŒ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ตญํšŒํšŒ๋‹ด, ์ฒด์œก์ธ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒด์œกํšŒ๋‹ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹คํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ ์ •์ƒํšŒ๋‹ด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€ํšŒ๋‹ด์˜ 5๊ฐœ ํ†ต๋กœ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๋ถํšŒ๋‹ด์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ์ง„์ „์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšŒ๋‹ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚˜์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œํšŒ๋‹ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ต์—ญ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌํ’ˆ๋ชฉ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ฒœ์—ฐ์ž์› ๊ณต๋™ํƒ์‚ฌ๏ผŒ ๋‚จ๋ถ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„์˜ ๋ถ€์„ค๏ผŒ ์–‘์ธก ๋ถ€์ด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋™๊ฒฝ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ์‹ญ์ž ํšŒ๋‹ด์€ 1895๋…„ 9์›” ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๋‹จ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์–ธ๋ก ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ ๊ตํ™˜๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ์€ ์ง„์ „๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋๋‚˜๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค

    Low temperature growth of Ga2O3 thin films on Si substrates by MOCVD and their electrical characteristics

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์†Œ์ž ์ œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Si ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— Ga2O3๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœ ์—ํ”ผํƒ์‹œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์† ํ™”ํ•™ ์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(MOCVD)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ n-type Si ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ๋„ํ•‘ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ Ga2O3 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๋“ค์„ 500, 550, 600, 650 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  700โ„ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜จ๋„ 500๊ณผ 550โ„ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ Ga2O3 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์ƒํƒœ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด์„œ, 600, 650 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  700โ„ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ Ga2O3 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๋“ค์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์˜จ๋„(500, 550, 600, 650 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  700โ„ƒ)์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๋“ค์˜ ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๋“ค์€ 900โ„ƒ ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ 10๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅ์˜จ๋„ 500๊ณผ 550โ„ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๋“ค์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ •์งˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‡ผํŠธํ‚ค ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 550โ„ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์œ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์ •์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 550โ„ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  900โ„ƒ์—์„œ ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์‡ผํŠธํ‚ค ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ €์˜จ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๊ด‘์†Œ์ž๋กœ์˜ ์‘์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ MSM(metal-semiconductor-metal) ๊ด‘๊ฒ€์ถœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 266 nm ์ž์™ธ์„  ํŒŒ์žฅ์˜ ๋น›์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘์ „๋ฅ˜(๋™์ž‘ ์ „์•• 10V)๋Š” ์•”์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์•ฝ 5.32๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด 2 2. ์ด ๋ก  4 2.1 Silicon 4 2.2 Silicon ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 4 2.3 Silicon ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 5 2.4 Ga2O3์˜ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ 8 2.5 ฮต-Ga2O3 10 2.6 ฮฒ-Ga2O3 12 2.7 Ga2O3์˜ ์—ด์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 14 3. ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 3.1 MOCVD(metal organic chemical vapor deposition) 16 3.2 ๊ธฐํŒ ์ค€๋น„ 18 3.3 ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Ga2O3 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ์„ฑ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด 18 3.4 Schottky Barrier Diode ์ œ์ž‘ 20 3.5 Photodetector ์ œ์ž‘ 22 4. ์˜จ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ Ga2O3 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ธก์ •์žฅ๋น„ 24 4.1 SEM ์ธก์ • ์žฅ๋น„ 24 4.2 SEM ๋ถ„์„ 24 4.3 XRD ์ธก์ • ์žฅ๋น„ 27 4.4 GI-XRD(Grazing-Incidence X-ray) 27 4.5 XRD ๋ถ„์„ 29 4.6 I-V ์ธก์ •์žฅ๋น„ 34 4.7 ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 34 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  39 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 40Maste

    ์œ„์žฅ๊ณ„ ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ vitamin A ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] Vitamin A๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ, ์‹œ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‹๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์  ์˜์–‘์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฐ์งˆํ™”์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํŽธํ‰์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ณผ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ง‰ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์—ฐ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ retinoic aci d๋Š”vitamin A์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‹์—๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์–ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ณจํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” retinoic acid ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋กœ retinoid (Ro 10-9359 )๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด retinoic acid ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…์„ฑ์€ ์ ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์†์ƒ‰์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ ๋‹ค. Vitamin A ๋ฐ ์œ ๋„์ œ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์— ์ €์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ด์ฆ™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณผ๋‹ค ์‹œ์—๋Š” lysoso me ๋ง‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ ์†์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์ฅ์— vitamins ๋ฐ retinoic acid๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์— ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ณ€ ์„ฑ, Kupffer์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹, ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ•ต์ฆ๋Œ€, ์—ผ์ฆ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์นจ์œค ๋ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๊ดด์‚ฌ ์œ ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋“ค์„ ์ฐธ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ vitamin A ๋ฐ ์œ ๋„์ฒด ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์žฅ, ์ฒ˜์žฅ, ์œ„์žฅ ๋“ฑ, ์œ„์žฅ๊ณ„ ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•ด์•ผ ์œ ํšจํ•˜๋ฏ€ ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋“ค ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์œ„์žฅ๊ณ„ ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด ๊ณ ๋Š” ํƒœ๋ฌดํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐฉ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ํฐ์ฅ์— vitamin A, retinoic acid ๋ฐ retinoid (Ro 10-9359)๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜ ๊ณ  ๋‹จํšŒ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์œ„์žฅ๊ณ„ ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฉ์ผ๋กœ 4ํšŒ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ 2์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ๋ณต๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์žฅ, ์ทจ์žฅ ๋ฐ ์œ„์žฅ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. Retinoic acid์™€ retinoid ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์ฒด์ค‘๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๊ณ  vitamin A ํˆฌ์—ฌ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์œ ๋… retinoic acid ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์น˜์‚ฌ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. 2. Vitamin A๋ฐ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ ๋‹จํšŒ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹คํ—˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ด์ทจ์•ก ๋ถ„๋น„๋Ÿ‰์€ retinoic acid์™€vit amin A ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ์˜์˜์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๊ณ  cholate๋ถ„๋น„๋Š” retinoic acid์™€ retinoid๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” vitamin A ๋ฐ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์˜ 4ํšŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋‹ด์ทจ์•ก ๋ถ„ ๋น„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ํ›„ 1์ฃผ ๋‚ด์ง€ 2์ฃผ์—๋Š” ์ทจ ๋ฐ ๋‹ด์ฆ™ ๋ถ„๋น„ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  retinoid๊ตฐ์—์„œ ํŠนํžˆ ๋นจ๋ž๋‹ค. 4. ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ alkaline phosphatase ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹จํšŒ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ retinoid๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์˜์˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 5. Vitamin A ๋ฐ ์œ ๋„์ฒด ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋กœ ์œ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„๋น„ ํ•ญ์ง„์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ refinoid์™€ retinoic a cid๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฐ๋„์˜ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 6. Retinoic acid ๋ฐ retinoid ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ํˆฌ์—ฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ณ€์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์  ๊ดด์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  vitamin A ๋ฐ retinoic acid๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ„์ ๋ง‰์˜ parietal cell์ธต์ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์žฅ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹คํž˜์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ vitamin A ๋ฐ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ์œ„์žฅ๊ณ„ ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ด์ฆ™์‚ฐ (cholate) ๋ถ„๋น„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋‚˜ retinoic acid๋Š” ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์„ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’์€ ์น˜์‚ฌ์œจ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ์— ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•œ ์œ ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. The Effect of Vitamin A Derivatives on Exocrine Functions of Digestive Glands in Rats Jung Bock Lee Department of Medical Science The Gradurate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Sa Suk Hong and Professor Sungnack Lee) From a great number of observations it is now recognized that vitamin A is essential for the support of growth, vision and reproduction. Epithelial tissues in particular appear to be regulated by this vitamin. Its absence causes squamous metaplasia of epithelia in the respiratory tract, salivary gland atrophy, and keratinization of pancreatic ducts and of bladder epithelium. In ๋‚˜in, produced hyperkeratinisation results in epidermal atrophy. Its excess, on the other hand, causes mucous metaplasia in the epithelial tissues. It is of great interest that the acid form (vitamin A acid: retinoic acid) will not satisfy the visual function of vitamin A nor will it in moat cases satisfy the reproductive function of this vitamin. However, it is mainly invoved in stimulating differentiation of epithelial tissue. In recent years retinoic acid analogs (retinoids) have been synthesized and shown to be more potent and fess toxic. Among a large series of retinoids the aromatic analog (Ro 10-9359) proved to be particularly active preparation. The liver is the main site of storage and excretion of vitamin A and its derivatives, which produce tissue injury to the liver and other organs as a result of release of the lysosomal enzymes in excess. It has been noted chat fatty vacuoles within hepatozytes and Kupffer cells, increased number of Kupffer cells, enlarged nucleus of hepatocyte, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and focal necrosis appeared in the liver of vitamin A- as well as retinoic acid-treated rats. Beside these changes, high doses of vitamin A or its derivatives may cause a change in secretory functions by regulation of glandular epithelia of various organs such as liver, pancreas or stomach. Since these drugs are therapeutically effective for skin diseases only at long-term administration of large dories, their toxicities are an important clinical consideration. In the present work, we describe our findings that illustrate the effect of vitamin A or its derivatives on the exocrine functions as well as on the histologic changes of the main digestive glands, i.e. liver, pancreas and stomach of the rat. Vitamin A, retinoic acid or retinoid(Ro 10-9359) was administered to the rats in a large single dose or repeated doses. In the group receiving repeated administrations the rats were treated with the drugs four times every other day and then the course of recovery was observed during the following two weeks. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The growth rates of the rats were markedly inhibited by retinoic acid, while they were not significantly altered by vitamin A. The death rate was significantly higher in retinoic acid-treated rats than in other groups. 2. In the group treated with single administration of vitamin A or its derivatives, the volume of pancreaticobiliary secretion significantly increased in retiroic acid- and vitamin A-treated animals, however, the concentration of cholate was diminished in the retinoic acid and retinoic groups. 3. Pancreaticobiliary secretion was markedly inhibited by repeated administrations of Vitamiin A or its derivatives. was a whole, it was shown that the exocrine function recovered during the following two weeks after the completion of treatment. Recovery following retinoid treatment was rapid. 4. Whereas the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase wart not affected by repeated administrations of vitamin A or its derivatives, there was an increase in the activity in theretinoid. treated rats with a large single administration. 5. The acid content of gastric juice increased in the rats treated with vitamin A or its derivatives. The total acid of gastric juice increased particularly in the rats treated wish retinoid or retinoic acid. 6. In the group receiving repeated administrations of vitamin A or its derivatives, retinoic acid and retinoid caused a fatty change and a focal necrosis of hepatocytes. The parietal cell mass significantly thickened in the gastric mucosa of rats treated with vitamin A or retinoic acid, however, there was no morphological change in the pancreas. These data indicate that an excessive feeding of vitamin A or its derivatives, particularly retinoic acid, reaults in a considerable toxicity and a change of exocrine functions of the main digestive glands in the rats.restrictio

    ๋ถ€๋ถ€์™€ ๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์  ๋ถ„ํฌ

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    The purpose of this paper is to analyze the sociolinguistic distribution of 'bubu'(man and wife) and 'naewoi' (wife and man) from linguistic material of real usage. We examined closely social factors and situations in connection with usage of two words. The second chapter analyzes the meaning of them. And the third chapter analyzes usage and distribution of them with a case study and statistical method. The data dealt here is 'Kaist corpus of modern Korean', 'Articles of some papers', 'Press release of Cheongwadae(the President Mansion of Korea)'. There is no difference between 'bubu' and 'naewoi' in the meaning but there is sufficient difference in the real usage. The result of analyzing usage is as follows. Number one, the frequency of use of 'bubu' is about five times as high as that of 'naewoi' in the whole data. Its meaning is that 'bubu' is more common form than 'naewoi', Number two, two words are used widely without regard to status of referent or background of the times in the 'Kaist corpus of modern Korean', 'Articles of some papers'. Number three, they use discriminatively and consistently 'naewoi' to the President of Korea and 'bubu' to the prime minister, ministers, etc. in the 'Press release of Cheongwadae', Number four, they use consistently 'naewoi' to the President of foreign countries and what is more the governor of a state, a mayor, etc. in the 'Press release of Cheongwadae', As a result of analysis, though 'bubu' and 'naewoi' are much alike in the meaning or concept. they are able to have large difference of sociolinguistic function and distribution in the real usage. Such fact shows that speakers have strong desire to express linguistically the difference of status in the real relation, and words are able to get a new usage according to an intention or a purpose of speakers. It was conformed that they consolidate the consciousness which the President differs with the general public and the authority as the chief of state by differential use of 'naewoi', We argued that 'naewoi' or 'naewoi-bun (honorific suffix)' used to the President is a 'presidential language' or 'new court language' in this paper

    The Strategic characteristics of honorific use in Korean

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,1998.Docto

    ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ œ3์ž ๊ฒฝ์–ด๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋‚จ๋…€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ3์ž ๊ฒฝ์–ด๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ •๋ณต(1994)์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ด€ํ•™๊ต ์ƒ๋„๋“ค์„ ์ œ๋ณด์ž๋กœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ3์ž ๊ฒฝ์–ด๋ฒ• ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ, ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด ์ธ๋ฌผ ํ˜„์žฅ์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์ง€์œ„์ฐจ ํšจ๊ณผ, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์ฐจ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ 3๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์„ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒญ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์–ด๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•๋„์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ™”์ž๋“ค์ด ์ œ3์ž ๊ฒฝ์–ด๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ์ฒด ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋Œ€์šฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผ์ฒด ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์–ธ์–ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ ‘ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค
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