63 research outputs found

    Implementation of Ship’s Lift Safety Management System based on NMEA 2000

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    Lift industry is a field that is mechanical, electrical and electronic technology and constantly requires inspection and maintenance considering various applications and various types. Recently, various lift control and monitoring technologies with IT are developing for lifts on land. But technologies with IT have been hardly done in ship’s lift that is consistently assured safety and reliability of life cycle for its parts in poor environment. Unlike general lifts, ship’s lifts should be able to operate reliably in rolling and pitching according to the operation of the ship. except the stop button operation by hand. In addition, it has been designed and operated to withstand marine environments that are worse than general land lifts, as it has to satisfy specific performance requirements such as dust, vibration, shock, electromagnetic waves and noise on board. However, the PLC-based lift which is limited to the simple function of lift operation control has no safety related control and monitoring system. In this paper, we implemented embedded main cotroller, floor controller and car controller that meet the requirements and use NMEA network protocol by analyzing home and abroad integrated lift operation and management systems. Especially, we secured reliability of maintenance by real-time fault diagnosis and control that was implemented with limit switch, gyro sensor, temperature / humidity / barometric pressure sensor and fire detection sensor thinking over the environmental conditions of terrestrial and ship’s lift. The remote safety diagnosis and maintenance system for maritime lift introduced in this paper is based on real - time remote safety diagnosis based on marine - land maritime broadband communication based on real - time remote diagnosis and quick maintenance system, which enables rapid maintenance, reduction of maintenance cost, And establishing a formalized safety inspection system.1. μ„œ λ‘  1.1 연ꡬ배경 1 1.2 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 2 2. κ΄€λ ¨ 연ꡬ 2.1 μŠΉκ°•κΈ°μ˜ 기술 동ν–₯ 및 ꡬ쑰 5 2.2 μ„ λ°• ν‘œμ€€λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ 9 2.3 해상 κ΄‘λŒ€μ—­ 톡신 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 14 2.4 μ•ˆμ „λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°λ§ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 15 3. μ„ λ°•μš© μŠΉκ°•κΈ° μ•ˆμ „κ΄€λ¦¬ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 섀계 및 κ΅¬ν˜„ 3.1 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ κ°œμš” 18 3.2 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ² λ“œ μ„Όμ„œ μ„€μΉ˜ κ΅¬ν˜„ 19 3.3 μŠΉκ°•κΈ° μ•ˆμ „κ΄€λ¦¬ μ œμ–΄κΈ° 41 3.4 μ„ λ°•μš© μŠΉκ°•κΈ° μ•ˆμ „κ΄€λ¦¬ λͺ¨λ‹ˆν„°λ§ μž₯치 61 4. μ„ λ°•μš© μŠΉκ°•κΈ° μ•ˆμ „κ΄€λ¦¬ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μ‹€ν—˜ 및 데이터 검증 4.1 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 연동 76 4.2 데이터 검증 78 5. κ²° λ‘  124 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 125 κ°μ‚¬μ˜ κΈ€ 129Docto

    Development and application of stent-based image guided navigation system for oral and maxillofacial surgery

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    Purpose : The purpose of this study was to develop a stent-based image guided surgery system and to apply it to oral and maxillofacial surgeries for anatomically complex sites. Materials and Methods : We devised a patient-specific stent for patient-to-image registration and navigation. Threedimensional positions of the reference probe and the tool probe were tracked by an optical camera system and the relative position of the handpiece drill tip to the reference probe was monitored continuously on the monitor of a PC. Using 8 landmarks for measuring accuracy, the spatial discrepancy between CT image coordinate and physical coordinate was calculated for testing the normality. Results : The accuracy over 8 anatomical landmarks showed an overall mean of 0.56Β±0.16 mm. The developed system was applied to a surgery for a vertical alveolar bone augmentation in right mandibular posterior area and possible interior alveolar nerve injury case of an impacted third molar. The developed system provided continuous monitoring of invisible anatomical structures during operation and 3D information for operation sites. The clinical challenge showed sufficient accuracy and availability of anatomically complex operation sites. Conclusion : The developed system showed sufficient accuracy and availability in oral and maxillofacial surgeries for anatomically complex sites. (Korean J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2009; 39 : 149-56)grant of the Korea healthcare technology R & D Project Ministry for Health. Welfare & Family Affairs. Republic of Korea(A08-4491-AL2023-08N1-00030B)

    Designing Transparent Electrodes Materials Toward Broadband Light Trapping

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μž¬λ£Œκ³΅ν•™λΆ€, 2015. 8. λ°•λ³‘μš°.Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) have been used for various optoelectronic applications, such as flat-panel displays and thin-film solar cells. Especially for a-Si thin-films solar cells, light-scattering capability of TCOs via surface texturing is one of the most important characteristics due to effective scattering enhances power-conversion efficiency. Among various TCOs, ZnO:Al has received strong attention because of its larger feature size by wet-chemical etching. Basically, textured morphology by wet etching depends on the nanostructure of TCOs due to the anisotropy of etching rates. However, nanostructural control of TCOs in mass manufacturing is pretty limited with consideration of electrical conductivity and high throughput. Therefore, surface texturing by simple etching for the given TCO nanostructures offers a great merit for the strategy of TCO development. In this thesis, the novel etching system by organic acid for the surface-textured ZnO:Al films is investigated. The Chap. 1 describes the general scientific context and the research field in which this thesis is included. First, a brief overview of the photovoltaic technologies and the current issues of the Si thin-film solar cells. Second, the TCOs are introduced and their use as a front electrode in Si thin-film solar cells is explained. Finally, the motivation and objectives of this work are summarized. In Chap. 2, an organic acid for the surface texturing of ZnO:Al is introduced as an alternative to conventional HCl. The texturing behavior by oxalic acid is investigated in terms of vertical roughness, lateral correlation length, and thickness change according to the crater evolution. Etching with oxalic acid results in superior light-scattering performance (by ~8% increase at Ξ» = 1000 nm) with maintaining transparency and resistance, compared to etching with HCl. This fascinating behavior is understood by crater evolution with the difference in relative etching rates. Significantly, this simple and reproducible texturing tactic extends tunability for desirable TCO morphology, enabling efficient light trapping, and therefore appears potentially applicable for large-scale photovoltaic devices in industry. Lastly, all results and conclusion of the thesis are summarized in Chap. 3.Abstract i List of Figures v List of Table xiv Chapter 1. Overview 1 1.1. General Introduction to Solar Cells 1 1.1.1. Basic Operation Principle of the Solar Cells 1 1.1.2. Classification of Solar Cells 7 1.2. Si Thin Film Solar Cells 11 1.2.1. Introduction of the Si Thin Film Solar Cells 11 1.2.2. Light Management Technology in Si Thin Film Solar Cells 13 1.3. Overview of Transparent Conducting Oxide in Si Thin Film Solar Cells 17 1.3.1. The Factors determining Textured Morphology 21 1.3.2. The Wet-Chemical Etching of ZnO:Al Films 27 1.4. References 39 Chapter 2. Organic-Acid Texturing of ZnO:Al Toward Broadband Light Scattering for Si Thin-Film Solar Cells 44 2.1. Introduction 44 2.2. Experimental Section 46 2.3. Results and Discussion 46 2.4. Conclusions 68 2.5. References 69 Chapter 3. Summary 73 Appendix A. 1. Facile Conversion Synthesis of Densely-Formed Branched ZnO Nanowire Arrays for Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells 74 A.1.1. Introduction 74 A.1.2. Experimental Section 76 A.1.2.1. Synthesis of 1-D Nanostructures 76 A.1.2.2. Branched ZnO Nanowire Growth 77 A.1.2.3. Device Fabrication 77 A.1.2.4. Characterization 78 A.1.3. Results and Discussion 79 A.1.4. Conclusions 101 A.1.5. References 102 A. 2. List of Publications and Presentations 109 A.3.1. Publications (International) 109 A.3.2. Presentation (International) 113 A.3.3. Presentation (Domestic) 113 κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝 114Docto

    μ•ŒμΈ ν•˜μ΄λ¨Έ λ³‘μ—μ„œ 베타 μ•„λ°€λ‘œμ΄λ“œ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆκ³Ό PKCμ™€μ˜ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš© 및 caspase-12의 μ‘°μ ˆκΈ°μž‘μ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ

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    Thesis (doctoral)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :생λͺ…κ³Όν•™λΆ€,2002.Docto

    개 λ‡ŒμΆœν˜ˆ λͺ¨λΈμ—μ„œ 세포 판 ν˜•μ‹μ˜ 비강상피기원 신경쀄기세포 이식 효과 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜ν•™κ³Ό μ€‘κ°œμ˜ν•™ 전곡, 2016. 2. 이상건.Cell-based therapy for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a substantial therapeutic potential. However, methods to effectively deliver, and improve survival and differentiation of stem cells have not been established. We developed a cell sheet for neural stem cells, with successful application in a canine ICH model. We designed a composite cell sheet made of neural progenitors derived from human olfactory epithelium and human adipose tissue–derived stroma cells. We also generated a canine model of ICH, by manually injecting and then infusing autologous blood under an arterial pressure. We transplanted cells sheets (cell sheet group) or saline (control group) at the cortex over the hematoma, at 2 weeks from ICH induction. At 4 weeks from the cell transplantation, cell survival, migration and differentiation were evaluated. Hemispheric atrophy and neurobehavioral recovery were also compared between two groups. The cell sheet was rich of extracellular matrices and highly expressed neuroprotective cytokines, as well as marker for neuron development. The transplanted cells successfully survived for 4 weeks, and the significant portion of them migrated in the perihematomal site and differentiated to neurons and pericytes. Transplantation of cell sheets alleviated hemorrhage-related hemispheric atrophy and modestly improved functional recovery. In conclusion, cell sheet delivers neural stem cells directly to the target area with increased cell survival and differentiation, as well as effectively reduce the hemispheric atrophy and modestly improves functional recovery.INTRODUCTION 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 RESULTS 9 DISCUSSION 11 REFERENCES 16 ꡭ문초둝 27Maste

    Design of a Novel Benzene Tripodal Receptor for Acetylcholine

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    (The) effect of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia on patients with coronary bypass grafting surgery

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    μ€‘ν™˜μžμ „κ³΅/석사[ν•œκΈ€] 수술 ν›„ 톡증에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 톡증 관리가 이루어지고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ 수술 ν™˜μžμ˜ 50 -75%κ°€ 톡증 관리에 λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ©°, 특히 수술 ν›„ 24μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ 수술 ν™˜μžμ˜ 64 - 90%κ°€ μ‹¬ν•œ 톡증을 κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보고되고 μžˆλ‹€.수술 ν›„ 톡증 및 심리적 λ°˜μ‘μ˜ λΆ€μ μ ˆν•œ κ΄€λ¦¬λ‘œ 인해 μ‚°μ†Œ μ†Œλͺ¨λŸ‰μ˜ 증가, μ‹¬ν˜Έν‘ 및 적극적인 κΈ°μΉ¨ λ°©ν•΄λ‘œ μΈν•œ νν™œλŸ‰ 및 κΈ°λŠ₯적 μž”κΈ°λŸ‰μ˜ κ°μ†Œ , ν˜Έν‘κΈ°κ³„ λΆ„λΉ„λ¬Όμ˜ 배좜 λ°©ν•΄, μ‹¬ν˜ˆκ΄€κ³„ 합병증, 폐 κΈ°λŠ₯의 μ•…ν™”, 도덕성 쇠퇴 λ“±μ˜ μ •μ‹  심리적인 λΆ€μž‘μš© 및 νšŒλ³΅μ§€μ—°μ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€κ³  μ•Œλ €μ Έ μžˆλ‹€. 특히, μ‹¬ν˜ˆκ΄€κ³„ 합병증은 수술 ν›„ 사망과 μœ λ³‘λ₯ μ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 원인이 되고 μžˆλ‹€.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μ‹¬ν˜ˆκ΄€ μˆ˜μˆ μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ 관상동λ§₯ 우회술 ν›„ μžκ°€γ€€ν†΅μ¦μ‘°μ ˆλ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ 톡증관리가 ν™˜μžμ˜ νšŒλ³΅μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 μ•Œκ³ μž 함이며 ꡬ체적 λͺ©μ μ€ 수술 ν›„ μžκ°€γ€€ν†΅μ¦μ‘°μ ˆμž₯치의 효과둜 ν™˜μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‹œκ°μ  μ•„λ‚ λ‘œκ·Έ(Visual Analog Scale)λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν†΅μ¦μ˜ 정도λ₯Ό ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€κ³  μ‹ μ²΄λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν‰κ°€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν˜ˆμ••,γ€€λ§₯λ°•μ˜ μΈ‘μ •μΉ˜λ₯Ό κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° μΆ”κ°€λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λœ μ§„ν†΅μ œμ˜ μš©λŸ‰, μ€‘ν™˜μžμ‹€μ˜ 체λ₯˜κΈ°κ°„ 및 ν‡΄μ›κΉŒμ§€μ˜ μž¬μ›μΌμˆ˜λ₯Ό 비ꡐ, λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.μ—°κ΅¬γ€€μ„€κ³„λŠ” 2006λ…„ 1μ›”λΆ€ν„° 2006λ…„ 12μ›”κΉŒμ§€ μ„œμšΈμ†Œμž¬ Yλ³‘μ›μ˜ 흉뢀외과 μ€‘ν™˜μžμ‹€μ—μ„œ 관상동λ§₯ μš°νšŒμˆ μ„ 받은 ν™˜μžλ“€μ˜ μ˜λ¬΄κΈ°λ‘μ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μžκ°€ ν†΅μ¦μ‘°μ ˆλ°©λ²•μ˜ μ‚¬μš©μœ λ¬΄λ₯Ό κ΅¬λ³„ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€ν—˜κ΅°κ³Ό λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λ³„ν•œ λ’€ 각각의 κ·Έλ£Ήμ—μ„œ 30λͺ…μ”© λ¬΄μž‘μœ„λ‘œ μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ—¬ ν›„ν–₯적으둜 κ²€ν† ν•˜μ—¬ 비ꡐ, λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μˆ˜μ§‘λœ μžλ£ŒλŠ” SPSS(Version 12.0)λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ „μ‚°μ²˜λ¦¬ ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, λͺ¨λ“  μžλ£ŒλŠ” 평균 Β± ν‘œμ€€νŽΈμ°¨λ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€κ³  μ‹€ν—˜κ΅°κ³Ό λŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ˜ λ™μ§ˆμ„± 검증은 t-test둜 κ²€μ¦ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.연ꡬ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” ν†΅μ¦μ˜ 경우 수술 ν›„ 8μ‹œκ°„, 24μ‹œκ°„, 48μ‹œκ°„μ˜ μ„Έ μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ μΈ‘μ •ν•œ ν†΅μ¦μ—μ„œ 두 κ΅° 간에 μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이가 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬κ³  수술 ν›„ λ§ˆμ·¨μ—μ„œ νšŒλ³΅λ˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ΄ κΈΈμ–΄μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이가 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€.μΆ”κ°€λ‘œ νˆ¬μ—¬λœ μ§„ν†΅μ œ μš©λŸ‰μ€ μžκ°€ ν†΅μ¦μ‘°μ ˆμž₯치λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•œ 그룹이 morphine, pethidine의 μ‚¬μš©λŸ‰μ΄ μž‘μ•˜μœΌλ©° μ€‘ν™˜μžμ‹€μ˜ 체λ₯˜κΈ°κ°„은 ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이가 μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ‚˜ ν‡΄μ›κΉŒμ§€μ˜ μž¬μ› μΌμˆ˜λŠ” 두 κ΅° 간에 μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€.이상과 같은 연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό μ’…ν•©ν•΄ λ³Ό λ•Œ, 관상동λ§₯ 우회술 ν›„ ν™˜μžλŠ” 수술 ν›„ 톡증을 적절히 κ΄€λ¦¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 슀슀둜 톡증이 κ°μ†Œν•˜μ˜€κ³  그둜 인해 수술 ν›„ 합병증을 μ˜ˆλ°©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‹¬ν˜Έν‘ 및 기침을 효과적으둜 μ‹œν–‰ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λ§ˆμ•½μ„± μ§„ν†΅μ œμ˜ μΆ”κ°€ νˆ¬μ—¬λŸ‰μ„ 쀄여 그둜 μΈν•œ 합병증도 쀄 일 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 관상동λ§₯ 우회술 ν›„ μžκ°€ ν†΅μ¦μ‘°μ ˆλ°©λ²•μ€ 수술 ν›„ μ μ ˆν•œ ν†΅μ¦κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜ 방법이라고 말 ν•  수 있고 μ΄λŠ” ν™˜μžμ˜ λΉ λ₯Έ νšŒλ³΅λ„μ— 영ν–₯을 미쳐 μž¬μ› 일수의 단좕 및 μ˜λ£ŒλΉ„ μ ˆκ°μ—λ„ 도움이 될 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€. [영문]Thoracotomy is considered one of the most painful surgical procedures.Thus optimal pain control is essential in the postoperative care of thoracotomy patients. Pain is the most important factor responsible for ineffective ventilation and cough in patients undergoing thoracotomy.Due to severe pain after open thoracotomy the postoperative pain control is essential to decrease pulmonary complications, and improve a patients recovery.γ€€Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia is widely used for postoperative pain control.The purpose of this methodological study is to compare the effect of patient-controlled analgesia on postoperative patients, coronary artery bypass graft. To compare the effect of patient controlled analgesia, 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft were chosen randomly. They underwent pain management with either intravenous patient-controlled analgesia or intermittent intravenous opioid regimen. Pain intensity(VAS), heart rate, blood pressure, and additional used of opioid dose, postoperative hospital stay were measured at predetermined time intervals for postoperative 48 hours after measurement of preoperative baseline values. Comparisons were then made between the two groups and among individuals within each group.Data were of analyzed by statistical methods of multiple comparison using the SPSS 12.0 program.IV-PCA improved postoperative pain relief, but did not suppress efficiently the heart rate, blood pressure. and IV-PCA group did small dose of opioid than intermittent intravenous opioid regimen. There were no significant statistical differences between the two groups in the durations of their ICU stay but IV-PCA groups is shorted their hospital stay than ones.The use of PCA provided better pain relief on patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft.ope

    APPLICATION OF REDUCED ORDER MODEL FOR METHANE JET FLAME BASED ON DEEP CONVOLUTIONAL AUTOENCODER

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    In this work, the convolutional autoencoder is applied to the reduced order model for a turbulentγ€€methane jet flame. Autoencoder is a machine learning algorithm, which reduces the problem dimension by non-linear projection. It has an advantage in reconstruction of data with significant non-linearity. Additionally, with a convolutional layer the characteristics of original data can be trained with a relatively small number of hyper-parameters. To check accuracy of the reduced order model using the convolutional autoencoder, we applied it to surrogate model and sparse reconstruction problem, and compared it with other dimension reduction algorithms. For model training, five parameters are selected as the model training parameters and 20 and 40 sensor data are extracted for the sparse reconstruction problem. The proposed convolutional autoencoder shows better accuracy than the linear projection-based dimension reduction algorithm.22Nkc

    A study on Chinese international students residing in Korea about their drinking habits and depression before and after studying in Korea

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    λ³΄κ±΄λŒ€ν•™μ›μœ ν•™μƒμ€ μ΅μˆ™ν•œ ν™˜κ²½μ˜ 고ꡭ을 λ– λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ¬Έν™” 적응이 ν•„μš”ν•œ νƒ€κ΅­μ—μ„œ μ–Έμ–΄, μƒν™œ, μŒμ‹ λ¬Έν™”, κ°€μΉ˜κ΄€, 문화와 심리적응 λ“± μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„ μž₯기적으둜 가지고 μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ€ 쒋은 해결책을 μ–»κΈ° 쉽지 μ•Šμ•„ μš°μšΈκ°μ„ κ²ͺ을 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μœ ν•™μƒμ€ μ•žμ„œ μ œκΈ°ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 λ¬Έμ œμ™€ λ”λΆˆμ–΄ μœ ν•™κ΅­μ˜ μŒμ£Όλ¬Έν™” λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μŒμ£Όμ— μ‰½κ²Œ λ…ΈμΆœ 될 수 μžˆλ‹€. 졜근 κ΅­λ‚΄μ—μ„œλŠ” 외ꡭ인 μœ ν•™μƒ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 음주 및 정신건강에 κ΄€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λ°œν‘œλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμœΌλ©° 비약적인 μ„±μž₯μ„Έμ˜ κ΅­λ‚΄ 쀑ꡭ인 μœ ν•™μƒλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ도 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 2000λ…„λŒ€ 이후에 λ°œν‘œν–ˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 선행연ꡬ듀은 문화적응 μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€μ—λ§Œ νŽΈμ€‘ν•˜κ³ , μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμžκ°€ ν•™μ‚¬ν•™μœ„ ν•™μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ œν•œλ˜μ–΄ λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒλ“€μ˜ 음주 및 정신건강 μ‹€νƒœλ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μœ ν•™ μ „ 음주 μŠ΅κ΄€ 쑰사가 λΆ€μ‹€ν•˜μ—¬ μœ ν•™ μ „ ν›„ μŒμ£Όκ΄€κ³„λ₯Ό μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ κ΅­λ‚΄ 쀑ꡭ인 λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒλ“€μ˜ 음주 μŠ΅κ΄€ 변화와 μš°μšΈμ— κ΄€ν•΄ 연ꡬ해 λ³Ό ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 연ꡬ방법은 ν•œκ΅­μ—μ„œ 석박사 ν•™μœ„κ³Όμ •μ„ μ΄μˆ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 쀑ꡭ인 λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒλ“€μ˜ 일반적 νŠΉμ„±μ„ μ„€λ¬Έν•œ ν›„ μ•Œμ½”μ˜¬ μ‚¬μš©μž₯μ•  선별검사지λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ μœ ν•™μ „ν›„ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€μ„ ν™•μΈν–ˆμœΌλ©° λ™μ‹œμ— 벑의 μš°μšΈμ²™λ„λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄λ“€μ˜ μš°μšΈμ •λ„λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν–ˆλ‹€. 자료λ₯Ό μˆ˜κ±°ν•œ ν›„ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€κ³Ό μš°μšΈμ •λ„λ₯Ό μ’…μ†λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ 두고 쀑ꡭ인 λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒμ˜ 일반적 νŠΉμ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κΈ°μˆ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  SPSS 21.0 windows ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν–ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μŒμ£Όμ™€ 우울이 상관관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 가섀을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ,β€˜μœ ν•™ μ „ ν›„ 음주 μŠ΅κ΄€ 차이가 μžˆλ‹€β€™,β€˜μ„±λ³„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ μœ ν•™ μ „ ν›„ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€μ— 차이가 μžˆλ‹€β€™λŠ” 가섀을 μ„Έμ› λ‹€. 그리고 μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμžμ˜ 일반적 νŠΉμ„±, μœ ν•™ μ „ ν›„ 음주, μš°μšΈμ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κΈ°μˆ ν†΅κ³„λΆ„μ„, λ°˜λ³΅μΈ‘μ •λΆ„μ‚°λΆ„μ„, 사전사후 λŒ€μ‘ν‘œλ³Έ tκ²€μ •, 상관관계뢄석, λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν–ˆλ‹€. 총 107λͺ… μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμžμ˜ μœ ν•™ μ „ν›„ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€ λ°˜λ³΅μΈ‘μ •λΆ„μ‚°λΆ„μ„μ„ ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό κ°œμ²΄κ°„ 효과 κ²€μ •μ—μ„œ F=8.77, p=0.004 μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ μœ ν•™ ν›„ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€μ΄ λ‚˜λΉ μ§„ 것을 ν™•μΈν–ˆμœΌλ©° μœ ν•™ μ „ ν›„ μŒμ£Όκ°„μ˜ 사전 사후 λŒ€μ‘ν‘œλ³Έ tκ²€μ •ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό t=4.57, p<0.001둜 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 차이λ₯Ό 보여 μœ ν•™ μ „ ν›„ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€ 차이가 μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€ λ°˜λ³΅μΈ‘μ •λΆ„μ‚°λΆ„μ„μ„ ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό κ°œμ²΄κ°„ 효과 κ²€μ •μ—μ„œ p=0.003, F=9.33, μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ 성별에 λ”°λ₯Έ μœ ν•™ μ „ ν›„ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€μ— 차이가 μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν–ˆλ‹€. 그리고 음주자 66λͺ…을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 흑연여뢀에 λ”°λ₯Έ 우울 λŒ€μ‘ ν‘œλ³Έtκ²€μ •μ—μ„œ 우울 μ μˆ˜κ°€ μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이(t=2.63, p=0.011)λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€. 쀑ꡭ인 λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒ 전체 107λͺ…μ˜ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€ 변화와 우울이 상관관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 상관관계뢄석을 μ‹€μ‹œν•œ κ²°κ³Ό ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜ν•œ μˆ˜μ€€(r=0.33, p<0.001, 95%CI)μ—μ„œ 상관관계λ₯Ό 보여 μŒμ£ΌλŠ” 우울과 상관관계가 μžˆμŒμ„ ν™•μΈν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 이에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•œ κ²°κ³Ό μŒμ£Όμ™€ μš°μšΈμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μœ μ˜ν™•λ₯ μ€ F=13.40, p<0.001이며 κ²°μ •κ³„μˆ˜ 값은 0.11이닀. 반면 μŒμ£Όμžμ΄λ©΄μ„œ ν‘μ—°μžμ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” 상관관계λ₯Ό 가지지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œ κ³΅λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” μœ ν•™μƒ 쀑 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ€ 비쀑을 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜λŠ” ꡭ적의 석사과정 이상 ν•™μƒμ˜ μŒμ£ΌμŠ΅κ΄€ 변화와 μš°μšΈμ„ μ§‘μ€‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•œ κΈ°μ΄ˆμžλ£ŒλΌλŠ” μ μ—μ„œ μ˜λ―Έμžˆλ‹€κ³  νŒλ‹¨ν•œλ‹€. μΆ”ν›„ 쀑ꡭ인 μœ ν•™μƒμ˜ μŒμ£Όμ™€ 우울문제λ₯Ό λŒ€μ²˜ν•˜κ³  ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 데 κΈ°μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μžλ£Œκ°€ 되기λ₯Ό ν¬λ§ν•œλ‹€.open석

    κ³΅μ •ν•˜κ³  μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ κΈ°κ³„ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μœ„ν•œ 도메인 적응

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 산업곡학과, 2020. 8. 이재욱.Deep learning society has grown tremendously in recent years, leading to increasing demand for large amounts of data. However, it is difficult to gather enough labeled data similar to unlabeled real-world test data. We have to apply the domain adaptation to overcome this limitation. Domain adaptation learns by taking into account differences in probability distributions between different domains, so it outcomes a model that can be applied to both domains. In this dissertation, we first focus on developing domain adaptation methods in terms of learning appropriate representation. We propose a class-conditional domain invariant learning method that can learn a feature space in which features in the same class are expected to be mapped nearby. Improving the performance of domain adaptation has an expected impact that the application area of machine learning will be widened because a large number of unsupervised data can be used for machine learning. In addition to these direct expected impacts, domain adaptation techniques can be used in many aspects of deep learning. The key characteristic of domain adaptation is that it builds a machine learning model that can be applied to two different distributions. Therefore, domain adaptation based approaches can be widely used in machine learning areas that handle two different distributions, such as defense against adversarial attacks or fair machine learning. Robustness of deep learning is important since it can induce various security and safety problems. We focus on modeling deep networks that are robust against adversarial attacks by using domain adaptation methods. Considering normal samples as the source domain and adversarial samples as target domain, we suggest novel Wasserstein distance-based domain adaptation method that can enhance model robustness. As the increase in machine learning influences decisions about important aspects of our lives, the demand for a fair machine learning model has increased rapidly in recent years. We investigate a methodology for developing a fair classification model for data with limited or no labels, by transferring knowledge from another data domain where information is fully available, which is done by controlling the Wasserstein distances between relevant distributions. In real-world applications of machine learning, there are many cases where we need to handle data from various distributions. In these cases, domain adaptation can be the right solution because it considers the difference of probabilistic distributions of two domains. We expect, our algorithms can be helpful to overcome these limitations and be applied to build fair and robust models.졜근 λ”₯ λŸ¬λ‹μ˜ ν™œμš©μ€ μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜μ—¬ λŒ€λŸ‰μ˜ 데이터에 λŒ€ν•œ μˆ˜μš”κ°€ 점점 μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν˜„μ‹€μ— μ μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ 데이터와 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 라벨링 된 데이터λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜λŠ” 것은 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 어렀움을 ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 도메인 적응 (domain adaptation)이 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€. 도메인 적응은 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 도메인듀 κ°„ ν™•λ₯  λΆ„ν¬μ˜ 차이λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬ ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 두 도메인 λͺ¨λ‘μ— 잘 적용 될수 μžˆλŠ” λͺ¨λΈμ„ ν•™μŠ΅ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 도메인 적응을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ 두 도메인에 적용 될 수 μžˆλŠ” ν‘œν˜„ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 클래슀 의쑴적 (class-conditional)인 도메인 적응 ν‘œν˜„ν•™μŠ΅ 방법을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 이 ν‘œν˜„ν•™μŠ΅μ€ 두 λ„λ©”μΈμ—μ„œ 같은 클래슀λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” μƒ˜ν”Œλ“€μ˜ μž„λ² λ”©μ„ μœ μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€. 도메인 적응 방법은 μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ ν™œμš©λ˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ λŒ€λŸ‰μ˜ 라벨이 μ—†λŠ” 데이터듀을 ν•™μŠ΅μ— ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ 기계 ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ ν™œμš©μ΄ ν™•μž₯λœλ‹€λŠ” κΈ°λŒ€νš¨κ³Όκ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 직접적인 κΈ°λŒ€νš¨κ³Ό 이외에도 도메인 적응 방법은 λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 츑면에도 ν™œμš©λ  수 μžˆλ‹€. 도메인 μ μ‘μ˜ μ£Όμš” νŠΉμ§•μ€ 두 가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢄포에 μ μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 기계 ν•™μŠ΅ λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 도메인 적응 기반의 μ ‘κ·Ό 방식은 μ λŒ€μ  곡격(adversarial attack)에 λŒ€ν•œ μ•ˆμ •μ„±(robustness) μ΄λ‚˜ κ³΅μ •ν•œ(fair) 기계 ν•™μŠ΅ 같이 두 가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ 뢄포λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 기계 ν•™μŠ΅ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ 널리 μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ”₯ λŸ¬λ‹μ˜ μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ³΄μ•ˆ 및 μ•ˆμ „ 문제λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν•  수 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ 맀우 큰 관심을 λ°›κ³  μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 도메인 적응 방법을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ λŒ€μ  곡격에 λŒ€λΉ„ ν•œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ λͺ¨λΈλ§ 섀계 방법을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 정상 μƒ˜ν”Œλ“€μ„ μ†ŒμŠ€ λ„λ©”μΈμœΌλ‘œ, μ λŒ€μ  μƒ˜ν”Œμ„ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ„λ©”μΈμœΌλ‘œ κ°„μ£Όν•˜μ—¬, λͺ¨λΈμ˜ μ•ˆμ •μ„±μ„ ν–₯상할 수 μžˆλŠ” Wasserstein 거리 기반 도메인 적응 방법을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 기계 ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ ν™œμš©μ΄ 우리 μ‚Άμ˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 츑면에 κ΄€ν•œ 결정에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λ©΄μ„œ, μ΅œκ·Όμ—λŠ” λͺ¨λΈμ˜ 곡정성에 κ΄€ν•œ 관심이 κΈ‰κ²©νžˆ μ¦κ°€ν–ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 도메인 적응 방법둠을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ„±λ³„μ΄λ‚˜ 피뢀색 같은 민감 λ³€μˆ˜ (sensitive attribute)κ°€ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°μ΄ν„°λ“€μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ κ³΅μ •ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법둠을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 기쑴에 ν•œκ°€μ§€ λ³€μˆ˜λ§Œ μ§‘μ€‘ν–ˆλ˜ 것을 λ„˜μ–΄ 이λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 민감 λ³€μˆ˜μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ κ³΅μ •ν•œ κΈ°κ³„ν•™μŠ΅μ„ ν•™μŠ΅ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹ λͺ¨λΈμ„ ν˜„μ‹€λ¬Έμ œμ— μ μš©ν•  λ•Œμ—λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 뢄포λ₯Ό λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” 데이터λ₯Ό λ™μ‹œμ— μ²˜λ¦¬ν•΄μ•Όν•˜λŠ” 상황이 자주 λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€. 도메인 적응은 두 λ„λ©”μΈμ˜ ν™•λ₯  뢄포 차이λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 상황에 μœ μ—°ν•˜κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, 도메인 적응 κΈ°μˆ μ€ μ•ˆμ •μ μ΄λ©° κ³΅μ •ν•œ λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹ λͺ¨λΈμ˜ ν•™μŠ΅μ— 핡심 기술둜 ν™œμš©λ  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ œμ‹œν•œ μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ΄ λ”₯λŸ¬λ‹μ˜ ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κ³  κ³΅μ •ν•˜κ³  μ•ˆμ •μ μΈ λͺ¨λΈμ„ κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜λŠ” 데 ν™œμš©λ˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κΈ°λŒ€ν•œλ‹€.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation of the Dissertation 1 1.2 Aims of the Dissertation 7 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 9 Chapter 2 Class-conditional Domain Invariant Representation Learning 11 2.1 Chapter Overview 11 2.2 Theoretical Background 16 2.2.1 Domain Adaptation Setting 16 2.2.2 New Generalization Upper Bounds 19 2.3 Proposed Method 22 2.3.1 Motivation 22 2.3.2 Class-conditional loss function 24 2.3.3 Model Architecture 27 2.4 Experimental Results 28 2.4.1 Toy example 29 2.4.2 Digit Classi cation 31 2.4.3 Image classification 36 2.5 Chapter Summary 39 Chapter 3 Domain Adaptation for Defending Against Adversarial Attacks 47 3.1 Chapter Overview 47 3.2 Preliminaries 51 3.3 Proposed Method 54 3.3.1 Wasserstein Distance 54 3.3.2 Upper Bound 56 3.3.3 Sliced Wasserstein Adversarial Training (SWAT) 58 3.4 Experimental Results 63 3.5 Chapter Summary 68 Chapter 4 Domain Adaptation in Transferring Model knowledge and Fairness 73 4.1 Chapter Overview 73 4.2 Preliminaries 78 4.3 Theoretical Background 80 4.3.1 Notation 80 4.3.2 Fairness in terms of Wasserstein distance 82 4.3.3 Generalization bound for domain transfer 85 4.4 Proposed Method 90 4.5 Experimental Results 97 4.5.1 Experimental Settings 97 4.5.2 Results 101 4.6 Chapter Summary 105 Chapter 5 Conclusion 115 5.1 Summary 115 5.2 Future Work 116 Bibliography 119Docto
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