35 research outputs found

    Optimization of process parameters in piezo- and electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 8. ์•ˆ๊ฒฝํ˜„.Stable drop jettability is mandatory for a successful, technical scale inkjet printing, and accordingly, this aspect has attracted much attention in fundamental and applied research. In piezo inkjet printing (PIJ), drops are ejected by reverse piezo-electric effect. Previous studies were mainly focused on Newtonian fluids or polymer solutions. Here, we have investigated the drop jetting for zinc oxide (ZnO) particulate suspensions. Generally, the inverse Ohnesorge number Z = Oh-1, which relates viscous forces to inertia and surface tension, is sufficient to predict the jettability of single phase fluids. For the inkjet printer setup used here, jetting was possible for Newtonian fluids with 2.5 < Z < 26, but in the identical Z-range, nonjetting and nozzle clogging occurred for certain suspensions. A so-called ring-slit device, which allows for simultaneous formation and detection of aggregates in strongly converging flow fields, and single particle detecting techniques, which allow for an accurate determination of the number and size of micrometer-sized aggregates in suspensions of nanoparticles, were used to study this phenomenon. Nozzle clogging is induced by heterocoagulation of micrometer-sized aggregates and ZnO nanoparticles in the elongational flow field at the nozzle exit. Clogging may occur even if the size of these aggregates is well below the nozzle diameter and their concentration is on the order of only a few hundred parts per million (ppm). Accordingly, increased colloidal stability of nanoparticles and reduced aggregate concentration result in better drop jettability. Also, a nozzle design resulting in a shorter exposure time of the ink to elongational flow and an increased flow velocity helps to avoid nozzle clogging. In electrohydrodynamic (EHD) inkjet printing where droplet/jet is generated by electrostatic force, physical as well as electrical properties of the fluid should be taken into account to achieve desired performance. In this study, a systematic approach was suggested to find the processing windows of EHD inkjet printing. Six dimensionless parameters were organized and applied to the printing system of ethanol/terpineol mixtures. Based on the correlation of dimensionless voltage and charge relaxation length, the jet diameter of cone-jet mode was characterized, and the semi-cone angle was compared with the theoretical Taylor angle. In addition, the ratio of electric normal force and electric tangential force on the charged surface of Taylor cone was recommended as a parameter judging the degree of cone-jet stability. The smaller the ratio, the more stable the cone-jet was. This approach was systematic and effective to obtain Taylor cone of cone-jet mode and to evaluate the jetting stability. The control of inks with optimized experimental parameters by this method will improve the jetting performance in EHD inkjet printing. This study is expected to present processing protocols for designing experiments in piezo- and electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing by understanding the processing characteristics and issues, and contribute to the progress of inkjet technology to produce on-demand droplet/jet.1. Introduction 1.1 Background on jetting behavior 1.2 Drop-on-demand piezo inkjet printing (PIJ) 1.3 Electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing (EHD) 1.4 Objective and outline of the thesis 2. Theory 2.1 Flow-induced aggregation in converging flow in piezo inkjet printing (PIJ) 2.2 Design of dimensionless groups in electrohydrodynamic printing (EHD) 2.2.1 Variables 2.2.2 Dimensional analysis 3. Experimental section 3.1 Piezo inkjet printing (PIJ) 3.1.1 Materials 3.1.2 Characterization 3.1.3 Apparatus 3.1.3.1. Inkjet printer 3.1.3.2. Ring-slit device 3.2 Electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing (EHD) 3.2.1 Materials 3.2.2 Characterization 3.2.3 Apparatus 4. Ink jettability in piezo inkjet printing (PIJ) 4.1 Ink jettability 4.1.1 ZnO 2 vol % suspensions 4.1.2 ZnO 10 vol % suspensions 4.1.3 ZnO 20 vol % suspensions 4.2 Stability in converging flow fields 4.2.1 Validation of flow similarity between ring-silt device and inkjet printer 4.2.2 Flow-induced aggregation in slit and nozzle entrance 5. Jet stability in electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing (EHD) 5.1 Jetting system 5.2 Jetting map 5.3 Jetting stability 5.3.1 Charge relaxation length 5.3.2 Characterization of cone-jet mode 5.3.3 Ratio of electrostatic forces (Numerical simulation) 6. Conclusions and outlook Nomenclature Bibliography ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋กDocto

    ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™์–‘ํ™”๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์‹ ํ•˜์ˆœ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋„์‹œ ์† ๋นŒ๋”ฉํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์„ฑ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์€ ํ˜„์‹ค ์†์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋งŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ณ ๋…ํ•จ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ถ์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์†ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์žฌ์ธ์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค ์† ๋นŒ๋”ฉํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค ์† ๋ฌด๋ฏธ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ™”๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ ์† ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ์† ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ… ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž‘์—…์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘์–ด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—… ์† ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์‚ดํ•€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต๋™์–‘ํ™”์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ๋„์‹œ ์† ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„ํŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋นŒ๋”ฉํ˜•์ƒ์ด ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํšŒํ™”์ด๋ก ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์  ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ, ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ, ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”๋ฉด์˜ ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์„ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํƒˆ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋‹ค์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™์–‘์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์‹œ์ ์ธ ์‚ผ์›๋ฒ•์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ์ ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ‰์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์  ํƒ๊ตฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ…ค์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ง€์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.This thesis is a systematic study to adduce authors work for the purpose of analyzing the authors work visualized with the thesis that experiencing Utopia by reconstructing the color and space of the urban landscape. The authors work has been initiated from the desire to find Utopia, which is the authors own space in reality. Modern people who continue to live in the loneliness of the city naturally pursue Utopia. Utopia has been perceived to be a space for confrontation with reality, but it is Utopia that enables it possible to withstand imperfect reality. Therefore, the author thinks that Utopia of peoples dream is not a space apart from reality, but can be discovered in the form of real-life urban landscapes, which are new understandings and reconstructions of spaces of their own belonging. In addition, viewers can find their own Utopias from boring urban landscapes, where their own belongings are reconstructed into a variety of perspectives and colors. Therefore, the author attempts to systematically describe the authors work by analyzing the meaning of the utopia in the shape of the reconstructed landscape and the formative features along with the meaning and the rationale of the images. In the first chapter, the author explains the trigger of her work and briefly explains the background and content of this paper. In the second chapter, the author explores utopia reflected in the urban landscape. In order to elucidate the connection between modern life and utopia, the author analyzes the life of modern people and describes utopia in the result by describing the development process of urban development. And the author also examine the theory of utopia to clarify the basis of the utopia of her work expressed in the reconstructed urban landscape based on reality. In addition, the author determines the theoretical basis of utopia discovered by the author in modern cities by observing the urban utopia in the traditional oriental art. In the third chapter, the author describes the meaning of the shape of reconstructed urban landscape in her work at the beginning, in order to describe the process of reconstructing urban landscape expressed as Utopia. In addition, the author uses the painting theory of ancient Chinese painters who experience utopia by appreciating the landscape as an example to describe the role of reconstructing the urban landscape. Also, the author categories and reveal meanings of the shape of Utopia which was expressed in various scenesUtopia expressed by structures, Utopia represented by a set of colors, and Utopia inside the real guildings. In the fourth chapter, the author describe the composition of various perspectives and colors used to transform the reconstructed modern urban buildings into the Utopia. The study mainly analyzes various perspectives in the trivalent method of the traditional aspect of Oriental, and describes expression of color classification in two compositions with material exploration of the bright coloring for psychological effects of color. In the fifth chapter, the result obtained through the reconstruction process of the urban landscape and the development process of the future are described finalized.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ…ฐ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ โ…ฒ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก โ…ด ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋„ํŒ๋ชฉ๋ก โ…ต โ… . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 โ…ก. ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ 5 1. ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ ์ถ”๊ตฌ 5 2. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ 11 โ…ข. ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ ํ‘œํ˜„ 15 1. ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 15 1) ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 15 2) ์ฐฝ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 18 2. ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋„์‹œํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ์ • 22 1) ๊ตฌ์ถ•์  ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ 23 2) ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ 26 3) ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ 33 โ…ฃ. ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 36 1. ๋‹ค์‹œ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 36 2. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ ํ‘œํ˜„ 43 1) ์›์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 46 2) ๋Œ€๋น„์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 48 โ…ค. ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 51 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 54 ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋„ํŒ 56 Abstract 73Maste

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    Procedure of Self-determination of people with intellectual disabilities

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€ํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 2. ์กฐํฅ์‹.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋…ผ์˜์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œ 2014๋…„ 5์›” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜๊ณ  2015๋…„ 11์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œ์ •๋œ ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„์„ฑ์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋„์ž…๋œ ์„ฑ๋…„ํ›„๊ฒฌ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ถŒ์„ ์นจํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์™ธ์—๋„ ํ†ต์ƒ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ด๋””๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งž๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ง€์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ํ†ต์ƒ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์ฆ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์š”์ธ์ธ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž์™€ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘์ฆ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ ์† ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ค‘์ฆ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์งˆ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„๋‹จ์œ„๋ฅผ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž๋กœ ์ด์›ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์ด 5์‚ฌ๋ก€์ด๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ด 10๋ช…์ด๋‹ค(์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ 5๋ช…, ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž 5๋ช…). ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Emanuel๊ณผ Emanuel(1992)์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ-ํ™˜์ž ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒช๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž์™€ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ Van Hooren๊ณผ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค(2002)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์—๋„ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € [์‚ฌ๋ก€1]๊ณผ [์‚ฌ๋ก€2]์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ด์„์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(์‚ฌํšŒ ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์œ„์ƒ๋ฌธ์ œ, ํ†ต๋…์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ)์—๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์„ค๋“์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ฌ์˜์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. [์‚ฌ๋ก€3]์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•ด์„์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๋งŒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์‚ฌ๋ก€4]์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ถŒ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์‚ฌ๋ก€5]์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•ด ์˜ค๋˜ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์„์  ์†์€ ์‹ฌ์˜์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž์™€ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ [์‚ฌ๋ก€5]๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ ํ•ด์„์  ํ˜น์€ ์‹ฌ์˜์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ 14๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” 1)์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ง€ ์ œ๊ณต, 2)๊ฒฐ์ •๊ธฐํšŒ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ธฐ, 3)์„ธ๋ถ€๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…, 4)๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”์™€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜, 5)์š•๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก, 6)์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”, 7)๋’ค์—์„œ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ, 8)๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ์™€ ์นจ๋ฌต๊ฒฌ๋””๊ธฐ, 9)๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ, 10)์ผ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ, 11)๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ง€์›, 12)์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆ…์“ฐ๊ธฐ, 13)์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์„ค๋ช…, 14)๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 10 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 11 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก  11 1. ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 11 2. ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฃผ์š”์ด๋ก  14 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž 19 1. ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ๋Œ๋ด„์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ 19 2. ๋Œ๋ด„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜คํ•ด 20 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 23 1. ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ 23 2. ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ์ ์šฉ 28 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ 31 1. ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? 31 2. ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? 32 3. ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? 33 4. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ณธ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 34 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 36 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์งˆ์ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 36 1. ์งˆ์ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ 36 2. ์งˆ์ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 37 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ 40 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 42 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€ 42 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 44 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๊ตฌ์„ฑ 48 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 48 2. ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 48 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 53 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 55 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ง€์ ์žฅ์• ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š”๋Œ๋ด„์ž์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์œ ํ˜• 55 1. ์‚ฌ๋ก€1: ์ง€์ ์žฅ์•  1๊ธ‰ U์”จ์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ P์”จ 55 2. ์‚ฌ๋ก€2: ์ง€์ ์žฅ์•  1๊ธ‰ C์”จ์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ W์”จ 60 3. ์‚ฌ๋ก€3: ์ง€์ ์žฅ์•  1๊ธ‰ S์”จ์™€ ๋ณต์ง€๊ด€ ์ง์› B์”จ 63 4. ์‚ฌ๋ก€4: ์ง€์ ์žฅ์•  2๊ธ‰ J์”จ์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ 66 5. ์‚ฌ๋ก€5: ์ง€์ ์žฅ์•  2๊ธ‰ G์”จ์™€ ์ง€์›์ฃผํƒ ์ง์› F์”จ 71 6. ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 75 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์š”์†Œ 80 1. ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ง€ ์ œ๊ณต 80 2. ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ธฐํšŒ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๊ธฐ 82 3. ์„ธ๋ถ€๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช… 85 4. ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”์™€ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ 87 5. ์š•๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•จ์„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก 89 6. ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” 90 7. ๋’ค์—์„œ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ 92 8. ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์ฃผ๊ธฐ์™€ ์นจ๋ฌต๊ฒฌ๋””๊ธฐ 93 9. ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ 95 10. ์ผ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ 96 11. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ง€์› 97 12. ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆ…์“ฐ๊ธฐ 99 13. ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์„ค๋ช… 101 14. ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค๋‘๊ธฐ 104 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  106 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 106 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 109 1. ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ 109 2. ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ํ•จ์˜ 110 3. ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 112 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 114 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 116 Abstract 126Maste

    A grid noise removal in computed radiography images using the combined wavelet packet-fourier method

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    ์˜๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌX์„ ์ด ๊ฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํˆฌ๊ณผํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฐ๋ž€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ๋ž€๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์€ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ž€๋ฐฉ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์˜์ƒ์œ„์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์Œ์˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์žก์Œ์ด ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์Œ์˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์Œ์˜ ์ž์ฒด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€๋Š˜์–ด์„œ ์ธ์‹ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ–์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์ง„๋‹จ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ์— ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด์•„๋ ˆ ๋ฌด๋Šฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜์ƒ์ด ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ์— ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์žก์Œ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1์ฐจ์› ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์™œ๊ณก์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์™œ๊ณก ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ 1์ฐจ์› ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žก์Œ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Munch๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ์žก์Œ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์ƒ์œ„์— ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ์žก์Œ์„ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ๊ณผ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋„“์€ ๋ถ€๋Œ€์—ญ(Subband)์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์žก์Œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์ •๋ณด๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” Munch์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•œ ์›จ์ด๋ธ”๋ฆฟ ํŒจํ‚ท ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํŒฌํ…€์˜์ƒ(Phantom Image)์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋Œ€ ์žก์Œ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 5.2-7.4dB ํ–ฅ์ƒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ CR(Computed Radiography)์˜์ƒ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€์—ญ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹คrestrictio

    ์—ํŽ˜๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋””ํžˆ๋“œ๋กœ์„ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋œ ์˜คํ† ํŒŒ์ง€ ์†์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ ๋…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ์„ .Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common chronic liver disease worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the progression of NAFLD are not fully understood. Therefore, the aims of this study are to assess the relationship between oxidative stress and autophagy in human hepatocytes during NAFLD. Autophagy also is an adaptive response under stressful conditions, and basal level of autophagy ensures the physiological turnover of old and damaged organelles. Recent studies have shown that autophagy plays a role in NAFLD. Thus, autophagic pathway can be a novel therapeutic target for liver disease. The herb Ephedra sinica (also known as Chinese ephedra or Ma Huang), used in traditional Chinese medicine, contains alkaloids identical to ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as its principal active constituents. Ephedrine is known as an effective diet component. However, recent studies have reported that ephedrine has various side effects in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. In addition, herbal Ephedra, a plant containing many pharmacologically active alkaloids, principally ephedrine, has been reported to cause acute hepatitis. Many studies reported clinical cases, however, the cellular mechanism of liver toxicity by ephedrine remains unknown. This study investigated hepatotoxicity and key regulation of mitophagy in ephedrine-treated LX-2 cells. Ephedrine triggered mitochondrial oxidative stress and depolarization. Mitochondrial swelling and autolysosome were observed in ephedrine treated cells. Ephedrine also inhibited mitochondrial biogenesis, and the mitochondrial copy number was decreased. Parkin siRNA recovered the ephedrine-induced mitochondrial damage. Excessive mitophagy lead to cell death through imbalance of autophagic flux. Moreover, antioxidants and reducing Parkin level could serve as therapeutic targets for ephedrine-induced hepatotoxicity. Sphingolipids are a family of lipids that play essential roles as critical regulators in metabolic disorders. Some sphingolipids are known key factors in metabolic dysfunction. However, the precise effect of dihydroceramide on NAFLD remains unknown. Here, these results report how dihydroceramide in autophagosome accumulation activates fibrogenesis in human liver Chang cells treated with free fatty acids (FFA). According to LC/MS lipid profiling, FFA increased the levels of sphingolipids and triacylglycerol (TG). To demonstrate the potential role of dihydroceramide metabolism in autophagy, several sphingolipid synthesis inhibitors were used. Increased dihydroceramide led to impairment of autophagic flux, resulting in increased TG storage in lipid droplets (LD) and upregulated expression of fibrosis markers. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs, LX-2 cells) were co-cultured with Chang cells to assess the potential fibrogenic response to dihydroceramide, Treatment with rapamycin recovered autophagic flux in Chang cells and fibrogenesis in the co-culture system. These results identified a critical function of dihydroceramide metabolism in autophagy. It could play an important role in the progression of NAFLD associated with lipid over-accumulation. Therefore, preventing autophagic flux by regulating dihydroceramide could be a potential strategic approach for providing therapy for NAFLD. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that oxidative stress induces hepatic toxicity through impairment of autophagy. Also, increased dihydroceramide induces fibrosis response through impaired autophagic flux. Consequently, this study evaluated hepatotoxicity through impaired autophagic flux. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that therapies aimed to restore the autophagic flux might prevent or attenuate the progression of NAFLD. CHAPTER โ…  Ephedrine-induced Mitophagy via Oxidative Stress in Human Hepatic Stellate Cells 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 2 1.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS - 5 1.2.1 Cell culture and treatment - 5 1.2.2 Cell Viability assay 5 1.2.3 Measurement of ATP production - 6 1.2.4 Measurement of reactive oxygen species 6 1.2.5 Protein expession analysis 7 1.2.6 Mitochondrial membrane potential 7 1.2.7 Mitochondria staining 8 1.2.8 Immunofluorescence 8 1.2.9 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis - 9 1.2.10 Quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number - 9 1.2.11 ptf-LC3 assay - 10 1.2.12 Parkin silence cell 10 1.2.13 Statistical analysis - 10 1.3 RESULTS 11 1.3.1 Effect of ephedrine on cell viability and ATP production - 11 1.3.2 Ephedrine induces ROS production - 12 1.3.3 Ephedrine induces MMP loss 13 1.3.4 Cellular morphological change by ephedrine exposure - 14 1.3.5 Mitochondrial damage reduced the copy number of mitochondrial DNA- 17 1.3.6 Ephedrine-induced mitophagy and high autophagic flux - 19 1.3.7 Ephedrine induces Parkin-mediated mitophagy - 21 1.3.8 Ephedrine induces mitophagy via oxidative stress - 22 1.4 DISCUSSION 25 CHAPTER โ…ก Dihydroceramide is a Key Metabolite that Regulates Autophagy and Promotes Fibrosis in Hepatic Steatosis Model 28 2.1 INTRODUCTION 29 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS - 32 2.2.1 Human liver-cell culture - 32 2.2.2 FFA preparation 32 2.2.3 Inhibition of sphingolipid metabolism 33 2.2.4 Protein expression analysis 33 2.2.5 Measurement of autophagosomes 34 2.2.6 Lipid profiling sample preparation 34 2.2.7 LC/MS conditions - 35 2.2.8 Immuno-Fluorescence staining - 36 2.2.9 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) - 36 2.2.10 Monitoring Autophagic Flux 37 2.2.11 Neutral lipid staining assay - 37 2.2.12 Experimental co-culture set-ups for measurement of fibrosis - 38 2.2.13 Statistical analysis - 38 2.3 RESULTS 39 2.3.1 FFA uptake increases sphingolipids in liver cells - 39 2.3.2 FFA led to autophagosome formation - 46 2.3.3 Dihydroceramide product correlates with autophagosome accumulation - 48 2.3.4 Dihydroceramide, a ceramide precursor, stimulates autophagy in the perinuclear region - 49 2.3.5 Dihydroceramide impairs autophagic flux and increases lipid droplets - 52 2.3.6 Rapamycin alleviates LD formation by dihydroceramide 55 2.3.7 Rapamycin recuperates fibrosis by recovering autophagic flux by increased dihydroceramide- 57 2.4 DISCUSSION 59 GENERAL CONCLUSION - 62 REFERENCES 64 ABSTRACT OF KOREAN - 75Docto

    LiDAR based Real-time Ground Segmentation Algorithm for Autonomous Driving

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    This paper presents an Ground Segmentation algorithm to eliminate unnecessary Lidar Point Cloud Data (PCD) in an autonomous driving system. We consider Random Sample Consensus (Ransac) Algorithm to process lidar ground data. Ransac designates inlier and outlier to erase ground point cloud and classified PCD into two parts. Test results show removal of PCD from ground area by distinguishing inlier and outlier. The paper validates ground rejection algorithm in real time calculating the number of objects recognized by ground data compared to lidar raw data and ground segmented data based on the z-axis. Ground Segmentation is simulated by Robot Operating System (ROS) and an analysis of autonomous driving data is constructed by Matlab. The proposed algorithm can enhance performance of autonomous driving as misrecognizing circumstances are reduced.N

    Construction of MIMO Testbed for RFID and Its Application to FM0 Tag Signal Detection

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    MasterRFID (Radio frequency identification) is an automatic wireless data collection technology with long history. RFID consists of chip, tag, reader, middleware, and application service platform and is used in conjunction with wired or wireless communication network. This technology is replacing traditional barcodes and can manage product conveniently. It can be also used for security, safety and environmental management. Nowadays, various detection techniques for RFID system have been studied.In a passive RFID system, the reader transmits a tone signal to the tag, and the tag that is powered only by tone signal and then transmits the FM0 encoded signal, i.e., the tag backscatters the tone signal, back to the reader. FM0 is one of the two encoding schemes used in Gen2 tags and is broadly utilized in commercial tags (the other scheme is Miller or biphase-mark encoding).Passive UHF RFID system has a self-interference problem because UHF RFID readers are transceivers which transmit and receive at the same time at the same frequency. Such a strong self-interference may saturate the low noise amplifier in radio frequency (RF) chain and it requires a high resolution bits from analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Therefore, it makes difficult to detect the correct signal from the received signal. For this reason, in this thesis, we propose self-interference cancellation methods and choose one that is suitable for the RFID system. A detector structure is also proposed. To resolve the timing offset problem that is caused by the mismatch because of mismatching between local oscillators and tag clock, a timing offset compensation method is also proposed.The UHF RFID multi-input multi-output (MIMO) testbed is established to verify the proposed methods. Using the testbed, measurement campaigns are also conducted in LG Research Building and two RFID tag detection structures are compared
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