10 research outputs found
Generalizability Analysis of Student Achievement Tests with Various Item Weights
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Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : κ΅μ‘νκ³Ό κ΅μ‘νμ 곡, 2016. 8. λ°νμ .μ°λ¦¬λλΌμ μ€β€κ³ λ±νκ΅μμ μ£Όλ‘ μ°μ΄λ κ²μ¬λ λ¬Έν μ νκ³Ό λ°°μ μ λ€μνλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ κ²μ¬μ λ³λ³λ ₯μ λμ΄λ νΌν©ν κ²μ¬μ΄λ€. μ΄λ λ±κΈμ΄ λΆμ¬λκ±°λ μ λ°μ΄ νμν μ±μ κ΄λ¦¬ 체κ³μμ λμ μκ° μκΈ°λ κ²μ λ°©μ§νκ³ , λ¬Ένμ μμ€κ³Ό νμ΄ μκ° λ±μ κ³ λ €νμ¬ κ²μ¬μ νλΉμ±μ λμ΄κΈ° μν¨μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ κ΅μ‘μΈ‘μ νμ μΈ‘λ©΄μμ, κ²μ¬μ κ΅¬μ± μμμ λ°λΌ κ·Έ κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λκ° λ¬λΌμ§ μ μμμ μΆ©λΆν κ³ λ €νμ§ μλλ€λ©΄ λ€μν μ νμ λ¬Ένκ³Ό λ°°μ λ°©μμ μ€νλ € μ λ’°λλ₯Ό λ¨μ΄λ¨λ € κ²μ¬μ νλΉμ±λ§μ μνν μ μλ€.
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μΌλ‘ μ€μ νμ¬ λͺ¨μμλ£λ₯Ό μμ±νμλ€. νΌνμ λΆν¬κ° μ κ·λΆν¬λ₯Ό λ°λ₯Ό λμ λΆμ νΈν¬λ₯Ό λ°λ₯Ό λλ‘ λλμ΄ νΌνμ λΆν¬λ₯Ό μμ±νμκ³ , μ΄ν μ΄λ₯Ό μΌλ°νκ°λ₯λ μ΄λ‘ μ μ μ©νμ¬ 500λ²μ© λ°λ³΅νμ¬ λΆμν ν, κ·Έ λΆμ κ³Όμ μμ λ¬Έν μκ° 30λ¬Έν, 25λ¬Έν, 20λ¬ΈνμΌλ‘ λ³ν¨μ λ°λΌ κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λλ μ΄λ»κ² λ³νλμ§ λν μμ보μλ€.
μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μμ½νλ©΄ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. 첫째, λλ±λ°°μ 쑰건μμ κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λλ μ°¨λ±λ°°μ 쑰건μμ κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λλ³΄λ€ μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ λκ² λνλ¬λ€. μ΄λ μ°¨λ±λ°°μ μ μ μ©ν νΉλ³ν μ΄μ μ κ·Όκ±°κ° μλ ν κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λ μΈ‘λ©΄μμλ λλ±λ°°μ μ μ μ©νλ κ²μ΄ νλΉνλ€λ μ νμ°κ΅¬μ κ²°κ³Όμ μΌμΉνλ€. λμ§Έ, μ°¨λ±λ°°μ 쑰건 λ΄μμ λ°°μ κ° μ μ μ°¨μ΄κ° 컀μ§μλ‘ κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λλ κ°μνμλ€. λ°λΌμ μ°¨λ±λ°°μ μ μ μ©νμ¬ κ²μ¬ λ¬Ένμ ꡬμ±νλλΌλ λ°°μ μ°¨μ΄κ° ν¬μ§ μλλ‘ μ‘°μ νλ κ²μ΄ κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λλ₯Ό λμ΄κΈ° μν μΈ‘λ©΄μμ μ€μνλ€κ³ ν μ μλ€. μ
μ§Έ, λ¬Ένμ μκ° μ€μ΄λ€μλ‘ μ λ’°λλ λΉκ΅μ ν¬κ² κ°μνμλ€. νΌνμ λΆν¬κ° μ κ·λΆν¬λ₯Ό μ΄λ£¨λ κ²½μ° λ¬Ένμ μμ μν΄ μ λ’°λκ° κ°μνλλΌλ μ μ ν μμ€μ μ λ’°λ .80μ λ§μ‘±νμμ§λ§, νΌνμ λΆν¬κ° λΆμ νΈν¬μΌ κ²½μ°μλ λ¬Έν μκ° 20λ¬ΈνμΌ λ, μ λ’°λκ° .80μ΄νλ‘ κ°μνμλ€. μ΄λ λΆμ νΈν¬κ° μλ νΌνμ μ§λ¨μ κ²½μ° κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λκ° μ μ μμ€ μ΄μμ μ μ§νκΈ° μνμ¬ μ μ΄λ 25λ¬Έν μ΄μμ λ§μ‘±νλ κ²μ΄ νμνλ€λ κ²μ 보μ¬μ€λ€.
μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ μ°¨λ±λ°°μ μ κ³ λ €ν νΌν©ν κ²μ¬μμ μ°¨λ±λ°°μ 쑰건과 νΌνμ λΆν¬, κ²μ¬ λ¬Έν μκ° κ²μ¬μ μ λ’°λμ μ΄λ€ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλμ§λ₯Ό μΌλ°νκ°λ₯λ μ΄λ‘ μ μ μ©νμ¬ λΆμνμλ€λ μ μμ μμκ° μλ€. μΆκ°μ μΌλ‘, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μμ μ¬μ©ν μΌλ°νκ°λ₯λ μ€κ³λ κ΅κ³Όλ³ κ²μ¬μ μμ μ μΈ μ λ’°λλ₯Ό ν보νκΈ° μνμ¬ ν¨μ¨μ μΈ λ¬Έν λ°°μ λ°©μ, λ¬Έν μ λ±μ μμνλλ° νμ©ν μ μλ€. λν μ’
ν©μ μΈ νκ° μ μμ μ λ’°λλ₯Ό λμ΄κΈ° μν κ° νμ κ²μ¬μ κ°μ€μΉ λΆμ¬ λ°©μ λ±μ λΆμμλ μ μ©ν μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ κΈ°λλλ€.
μ΄ μ°κ΅¬μ μ νμ μ μ€μ μλ£κ° μλ λͺ¨μμ€ν μλ£λ₯Ό μμ±νμκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ€μ μλ£μμλ λ€λ₯΄κ² λνλ μ μλ νΌνμ λΆν¬ λ±μ μ€μ°¨ μμΈμ κ³ λ €νμ§ λͺ»νμλ€λ κ²μ΄λ€. λ λ°°μ λ°©μμ μ νμ μΌλ‘λ§ λ³νμμΌ°κΈ° λλ¬Έμ λ€μν λ°°μ λ°©μμ λ°λ₯Έ μ λ’°λλ₯Ό λΆμνμ§ λͺ»νλ€λ μ μμ νκ³λ₯Ό κ°μ§λ€. λ°λΌμ νμ μ°κ΅¬λ‘ μ€μ μλ£λ₯Ό λ°νμΌλ‘ μ‘°κΈ λ λ€μν μ€μ°¨ μμΈκ³Ό μ°¨λ±λ°°μ λΆμ¬λ°©μμ λ€μμ±μ κ³ λ €νμ¬ λΆμμ μ§ννλ€λ©΄ λ³΄λ€ μλ―Έ μλ μ°κ΅¬κ° λ κ²μΌλ‘ μκ°λλ€.Mixed format tests with various item weights are mainly used at middle and high schools in Korea to improve discrimination of students ability. This is to keep students from having equal scores when grading is necessary, and also to increase validity by considering item difficulty and given time to solve problems. In terms of educational measurement, however, tests with various item weights can intimidate tests reliability, thereby threatening test validity, especially because test reliability depends on the test components.
Research about item weights related to test reliability and validity has been conducted continuously. Item weights used in school fields are usually decided by the subject expert according to item difficulty and importance. Expert-generated item weights can be useful if experts judge the characteristics of examinee and items correctly, because they help discriminate the examinee and provide proper test results. However, when the criterion of judgement is not clear, the test can be criticized for subjectiveness and randomness. For these reasons, the appropriateness of item weights are controversial in many studies.
This study analyzed and compared test reliability according to several conditions including various item weights, examinee distribution, and the number of test items. For this study, simulation data is generated and analyzed using generalizability theory. Simulation data follows the form of College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT) in Korea and has three generating conditions such as item weights, size of examinee, and distribution of examinee. After 500 times iteration, the average reliability could be calculated, and in the process, the reliability depending on the number of items could be also calculated.
The result of this study is as follows. First, test reliability using differential item weights is generally lower than the reliability of tests with equally weighted items. Similar to preceding research, this shows that differential item weights are no better than equal item weights unless there is definite reason to use various item weights. Second, the test reliability decreased as the range of item weights increased. This shows that it is important to use proper range of item weights for better reliability. Third, the test reliability decreased relatively as the number of items reduced. Especially, when the distribution of examinee was negatively skewed and the number of items was 20, the reliability was below than .80, which shows that when the examinee are distributed with skewness, the test items should consist of more than 25 items to keep appropriate reliability.
This study analyzed test reliability with various item weights, two examinee distributions, and different number of items using generalizability theory. In this regard, this study illustrates efficient item weights and the number of items for stable reliability. In addition, this study can be applied to analyze the reliability of assessment consisting of various sub-tests.
The limitation of this study is that because it analyzed simulation data, error factors such as different examinee distribution were beyond consideration. In this study, also, differential item weights are adjusted using only linear variation although the weight variation is not linear in school fields. For a follow-up study, therefore, it is suggested to analyze test reliability with differential item weights using real data as well as with consideration of additional error factors and variation of item weights.β
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The Effects of After-school Programs Participation on Academic Achievement of High School Students: A Comparison between Different Academic Achievement Level
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μ νμ΅μκ° 1μ°¨μ 2μ°¨ μ¨λΌμΈ ν λ‘ μ μ°Έμ¬νμλ€. κ° νμ΅μλ 1μ°¨ ν λ‘ μ΄νμ μ¨λΌμΈ ν λ‘ μ°Έμ¬λ, μ°Έμ¬μκΈ°, μνΈμμ© ν¨ν΄, ν λ‘ κΈ μ νμ λν νΌλλ°±μ μ¨λΌμΈμμ μ 곡λ°κ³ μμ μ ν λ‘ νλμ λν μ±μ°°μ νμλ€. 1μ°¨μ 2μ°¨ ν λ‘ μ λΉκ΅νμμ λ, μ¨λΌμΈ ν λ‘ νΌλλ°±μ μ¨λΌμΈ ν λ‘ μ μ°Έμ¬λ, μ΅μ΄ μ°Έμ¬μκΈ°, νμ΅μ κ° μνΈμμ©, ν λ‘ κΈμ μ νμ μ μλ―Έν μν₯μ λ―Έμ³€λ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ¨λΌμΈ ν λ‘ μ κ°μ μ μ ꡬ체μ μ΄κ³ μμΈν μ±μ°°ν μλ‘ 2μ°¨ μ¨λΌμΈ ν λ‘ μ λ μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ μ°Έμ¬νκ³ λ€λ₯Έ νμ΅μμ νλ°νκ² μνΈμμ©μ νμλ€. λλ€μμ νμ΅μκ° μ¨λΌμΈ ν λ‘ νΌλλ°±μ΄ μ μ©νκ³ μ©μ΄νλ€κ³ μΈμνμμΌλ©°, κΈμ μ μΈ νλλ₯Ό 보μλ€. νΉν, ν λ‘ μ°Έμ¬μκΈ°μ μνΈμμ© ν¨ν΄ νΌλλ°±μ λν νλμ μ μ©μ± λ° μ©μ΄μ±μ λν μΈμμ΄ λκ² λνλ¬λ€. μ΄λ¬ν μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όμ κΈ°λ°ν΄μ ν₯ν μ¨λΌμΈ ν λ‘ νΌλλ°± μ°κ΅¬μ κ΄ν μ μΈμ νμλ€.A growing number of studies have made efforts to provide students with feedback by visualizing online discussion activities. In order to enhance the effectiveness of online discussion feedback, more research needs to investigate how learners perceive online discussion feedback and how they use it for improving their online discussion. This study was carried out to investigate the roles of four types of online discussion feedback and learner perceptions toward the feedback in higher education. For this study, 109 undergraduates enrolled at a university in Seoul participated in the first and second online discussion. After the first online discussion, they reflected on each of the feedback about their online discussion frequency, participation time, interaction patterns, and discussion message types. This study found that online discussion feedback significantly influenced online discussion frequency, first participation time, student-to-student interaction, and discussion message types. In addition, learners who specifically and deeply reflected on their feedback more successfully carried out the second online discussion. Learners also had positive attitudes toward the four types of feedback and positively perceived their usefulness and easy of use. Particularly, the attitude, perceived usefulness, and perceived easy of use were higher for the feedback of participation time and interaction patterns than the other feedback. Based on these findings, we discussed how to improve online discussion feedback in the future research