42 research outputs found

    ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ(ODA)๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ๊น€ํƒœ๊ท .As donor countries providing Official Development Aid (ODA) increasingly experience โ€˜donor fatigue,โ€™ the focus of development has shifted to tax. As tax is the main resource of the state, enhancing tax effort has been the focus of interest among scholars in order to understand the diverse tax structures among countries so that developing countries can set forth and have the capacity to carry out development agendas with less reliance on Official Development Aid. In recognizing the importance of โ€˜tax effortโ€™ in the role it plays in state-building, this study seeks to analyze the impact of ODA on the tax effort of developing countries. Using Benedek et al. (2012)โ€™s paper as a benchmark, this study explores the dynamics of ODA by conducting panel analysis on 126 countries over the years 1980-2019. By adding new governance variables, results show that increasing the quality of governance does enhance tax effort, but only in the case when controlling for corruption. With its interaction with ODA, rule of law rather has a positive impact on tax effort. As was found by previous literature, total ODA is proven to have a negative impact on tax effort. Both ODA loans and grants proved to be statistically significant and also negative in its impact on tax effort. However, an important finding of this study is that ODA given to the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region have a positive impact on tax effort compared to other regions.๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ(ODA)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋…„์งธ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์  โ€˜ํ”ผ๋กœโ€™๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์—ฌ๊ตญ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์ด ์ ์  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ž์›์ธ ๋งŒํผ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ž๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์ด ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ์— ๋œ ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ–์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฑด์„ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด '์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ'์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ODA๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒ ๋„ค๋”• ์™ธ(2012)์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฒค์น˜๋งˆํฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 1980-2009๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ 126๊ฐœ๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ODA์˜ ์—ญํ•™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฆ์ง„๋ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์ค‘์—์„œ โ€˜์ฑ…๋ฌด์„ฑโ€™๋งŒ์ด ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ODA์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ„๋„Œ์Šค ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์ค‘ โ€˜๋ฒ•์น˜โ€™๋งŒ์ด ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด, ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์›์กฐ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์› ์ฆ์—ฌ(grant)๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๊ด€(loan)์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ๊ฐ„ ODA๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋™๊ณผ ๋ถ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ODA๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์กฐ์„ธ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค.I. Introduction 1 II. Literature Review 5 1. Different Approaches to Tax and Development 5 2. Conflicting Views on ODA and Tax 6 III. Research Design 8 1. Research Question & Hypothesis 8 2. Empirical Model 9 3. Data 11 3-1. Replication of Benedek et al. (2012) 11 3-2. Summary Statistics 16 3-3. Comparison of Tax Revenue and ODA Trends 18 IV. Results 21 1. Regression Analysis with Governance Indicators 21 2. Regression Analysis by ODA Sector 23 3. Regression Analysis of Heterogeneity Across Regions 25 4. Comprehensive Analysis of Tax Revenue & ODA 28 V. Conclusion 33 1. Policy Implications 33 2. Limitations 34 References 36 Appendix 40 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 42์„

    An Ulcerative Amelanotic Melanoma on the Heel

    Get PDF
    ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์†Œ์„ฑ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…(amelanotic melanoma)์€ ์ „์ฒด ์•…์„ฑ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์˜ 2โˆผ8% ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฌธ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์•…์„ฑ ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ, ์•…์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์•” ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์˜ 74%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ์˜ˆํ›„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.OAIID:oai:osos.snu.ac.kr:snu2013-01/102/2008000790/11SEQ:11PERF_CD:SNU2013-01EVAL_ITEM_CD:102USER_ID:2008000790ADJUST_YN:YEMP_ID:A079501DEPT_CD:801FILENAME:amelanotic melanoma on heel.pdfDEPT_NM:์˜ํ•™๊ณผSCOPUS_YN:NCONFIRM:

    Symptom experience and quality of life in patients with implantable pacemaker

    No full text
    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ด์‹ ํ›„ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ค‘์žฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„๋œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘์€ 2004๋…„ 10์›” 4์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 12์›” 22์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ 3์ฐจ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ Y ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ถ€์†๋ณ‘์› ์‹ฌ์žฅํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ํด๋ฆฌ๋‹‰์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์ž ์ด 143๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ์ „, ํ›„ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ, ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์€ Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey(Ware & Sherbourne, 1992)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  SPSS 12.0 for Window program์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ด์‹ ์ „ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ํ‰๊ท  29.80์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” 9.07์ , ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” 9.86์ , ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ์€ 10.87์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(F=3.080, p=.047). ์ด์‹ ์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ ์ค‘ ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›€, ํ˜ธํก๊ณค๋ž€, ์‹ฌ๊ณ„ํ•ญ์ง„, ๋งŒ์„ฑํ”ผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋นˆ๋„, ๊ฐ•๋„, ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ค‘์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 2. ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ด์‹ ํ›„ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ํ‰๊ท  4.23์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์ „๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” 1.41์ , ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” 1.31์ , ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ์€ 1.51์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(F=.040, p=.960). ์ด์‹ ํ›„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ ์ค‘ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ”ผ๋กœ, ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›€, ๋งŒ์„ฑ๋‘ํ†ต, ํ˜ธํก๊ณค๋ž€ ๋“ฑ์ด ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ค‘์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 3. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์‹ ํ›„ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ(p=.019)๊ณผ ์ง์—…์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(p=.032) ๋นˆ๋„, ๊ฐ•๋„, ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ์˜ 3์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด์‹ ํ›„ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ NYHA ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก(p=.016), ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณต์šฉ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก(p=.002) ๋นˆ๋„, ๊ฐ•๋„, ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ์˜ 3์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ํ›„ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์„ฑ์ธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ‰๊ท  50์ , ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ 10์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์ธก๋ฉด 45.17์ , ์ •์‹ ์  ์ธก๋ฉด 46.51์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. 100์ ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ์˜์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 82.08์ , ํ†ต์ฆ 76.34์ , ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 71.99์ , ์ •์„œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ 68.53์ , ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• 64.59์ , ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ 64.34์ , ํ™œ๋ ฅ 52.80์ , ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 49.49์  ์ˆœ์„œ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ฒด์  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 530.15์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 5. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.023), ํ†ต์ฆ(p=.000), ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•(p=.003), ํ™œ๋ ฅ(p=.003), ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜์—ญ(p=.011)์—์„œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.000), ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ(p=.000), ํ™œ๋ ฅ(p=.000), ์ •์„œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ ์˜์—ญ(p=.003)์—์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์˜์—ญ(p=.018) ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.003), ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ(p=.007), ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.018), ์ •์„œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ ์˜์—ญ(p=.030)์—์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง์—…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.000), ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ(p=.000), ํ†ต์ฆ(p=.003), ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•(p=.000), ํ™œ๋ ฅ(p=.006), ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.000), ์ •์„œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ ์˜์—ญ(p=.000)์—์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.006), ํ™œ๋ ฅ(p=.036), ์ •์„œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ ์˜์—ญ(p=.023)์—์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์€ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ช…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์‹ค์ฐจ๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋™๊ฒฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์žฅ์• ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•(p=.008), ํ™œ๋ ฅ ์˜์—ญ(p=.023)์—์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์‹ ์ „ NYHA ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.020), ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ(p=.026), ํ†ต์ฆ(p=.036), ํ™œ๋ ฅ(p=.035), ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.001), ์ •์„œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ(p=.001), ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์˜์—ญ(p=.009)์—์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋™์žฅ์•  ์™ธ ํƒ€ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ธฐ๋Šฅ(p=.004), ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ(p=.001), ์ •์„œ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์ œํ•œ ์˜์—ญ(p=.001)์—์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 7. ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„(r=-.414)๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋นˆ๋„(r=-.422), ๊ฐ•๋„(r=-.407), ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ(r=-.380)์˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์›๊ณผ๋„ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ณ , ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ๊ณต ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ด์‹ ์ „, ํ›„ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด ์ž„์ƒ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ์ฆ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ •๋„์™€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ „๋žต์„ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ค‘์žฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The main purpose of this study was to exam the levels of symptom experience and quality of life in implantable pacemaker patients and to provide a baseline for nursing intervention programs for these patients. The research design was a descriptive approach, using a cross sectional research design. The participants in this study were 143 patients with implantable pacemaker who were being treated in the pacemaker outpatient department, hospital located in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from October, 4, 2004 to December, 22, 2004. The instrument used in study ware a qustionnaire on symptom experience for implantable pacemaker patients developed by the researcher, Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form Health Survey(MOS SF-36) for quality of life, especially symptom experience was composed of symptom occurrence(frequency), symptom severity(intensity), symptom distress. Statistical method employed were mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results of this study are as follow. 1. The mean scores of pre-implant stage symptom experience were relative low (M=29.80, SD=17.32). Of the domains of symptom experience, the mean score for frequency was 9.07, for intensity, 9.86, and for distress, 10.87. The dimension distress had the highest score, there was sigmificant difference between them (F=3.080, p=.047). The most symptom experienced by all of the dimensions was dizziness. Dyspnea, palpitation, fatigue were also reported as having high symptom experiences. 2. The mean scores of post-implant stage symptom experience were very low (M=4.23, SD=6.89). Of the domains of symptom experience, the mean score for frequency was 1.47, for intensity, 1.31, and for distress, 1.51. While the dimension distress had the highest score, there was no significant difference between them (F=.040, p=.960). The most symptom experienced by all of the dimensions was fatigue. Dizziness, headache, dyspnea were also reported as having high symptom experiences. 3. In the post-implant stage, symptoms experience was significantly different by demographic variables. By sex(p=.019) and occupation(p=.032) were significantly influenced by all dimensions of symptom experience. In the post-transplant stage, symptoms experience was significantly different by disease related characteristics. NYHA class(p=.016) and medication(p=.002) were significantly influenced by all dimensions of symptom experience. 4. The mean score for quality of life was relatively low (M=530.15, SD=169.89) more than healthy American people. Of the eight subcategory, the mean score for Social Functioning(SF) was the highest(M=82.08), and that of General Health(GH), the lowest(M= 49.49). 5. In the post-implant stage, quality of life was significantly different by demographic variables. Quality of life was correlated with sex(Physical function(PF) p=.023, Bodily Pain(BP) p=.000, GH p=.003, Vitality(VT) p=.003, SF p=.001), age(PF p=.000, Role-Physical Functioning(RP) p=.000, VT p=.000, Role-Emotional Functioning(RE) p=.003), marital status(PF p=.018), education level(PF p=.003), RP p=.007, SF p=.018, RE p=.030), occupation(PF p=.000, RP p=.000, BP p=.003, GH p=.0000, VT p=.006, SF p=.000, RE p=.000), economic level(RE p=.023). 7. In the post-implant stage, symptoms experience was significantly different by disease related characteristics. Quality of life was correlated with diagnosis(GH p=.008, VT p=.023), NYHA class(PF p=.020, RP p=.026, BP p=.036, VT p=.035, SF p=.001, RE p=.001, Mental Health(MH) p=.009), other disease(PF p=.004, RP p=.001, RE p=001). 8. There was significantly negative relationship between three dimensions of symptom experience and quality of life(r=-.414). Of the dimensions of symptom experience, the relationship for frequency was r=-.422, for intensity r=-.407, and for distress r=-.308. In conclusion, the result of this study provide evidence that enhacing quality of life by symptom management. So it is suggested that symptom management program for patients with implantable pacemaker be developed taking consideration multi-dimension of symptom experience. In addition, understanding of the relationship between symptom and quality of life will be a helpful in the improvement of nursing quality for increasing quality of life for patients with chronic disease.ope

    19-nortestosterone ELISA์˜ ์•ผ์™ธ์‘์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์˜์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต(์ˆ˜์˜์ƒํ™”ํ•™),1997.Maste

    Arterial oxygen tension during 1 minute of apnea in parturient women

    No full text
    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์™€ ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์€ ์ถœ์ƒ์‹œ ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ํƒœ์•„ํ˜ˆ ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”(fetal oxygenation)์— ์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค(Rorke ๋“ฑ, 1968 : Moir, 1970 : Baraka, 1970 : Fox ๋ฐ Houle, 1971 : Marx ๋ฐ Mateo, 1971). ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•ด์งˆ ์ž๊ถ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํšก๊ฒฝ๋ง‰์˜ ์ƒ๋ฐฉ ์ด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜๋˜์–ด ํ˜ธํก์šด๋™์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋งฅ๋ฐ•๋„ ์ •์ƒ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ„๋‹น 10โˆผ12๋ฒˆ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๋„ 30-50%์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์€ ์ž๊ถ, ํƒœ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์„ฑ ์š”๊ตฌ(metabolic need) ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค(Atkinson๋“ฑ, 1977). ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์†Œ๋ชจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์‚ฝ๊ด€์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋“ ์ง€, ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์‚ฝ๊ด€์‹œ, ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์‚ฝ๊ด€ ํ›„, ๋ฐœ๊ด€ ํ›„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ดํก์ธ์ฒ˜์น˜(endotracheal suction) ํ›„, ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์œ„์™€๊ฐ™์€ ์กฐ์ž‘์€ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”(oxygenation)๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค(Archer ๋ฐ Marx, 1974). ์ €์ž๋Š” 1980๋…„ 8์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์›” ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ถ€์† ์„ธ๋ธŒ๋ž€์Šค๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์‚ฝ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „์‹ ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜์— ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€ 38๋ช…๊ณผ ๋น„์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€ 40๋ช…์„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 100% ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ 5๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ํํ™˜๊ธฐ(ventilation)์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„ 1๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฌดํ˜ธํก ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ 50% ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ํํ™˜๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  1๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฌดํ˜ธํก์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ 50% ์‚ฐ์†Œํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ 1๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฌดํ˜ธํก ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ดํก์ธ์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋น„์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1 .๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์‚ฝ๊ด€ํ›„ 100% ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ 5๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ํํ™˜๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จํ›„ 1๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฌดํ˜ธํก์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ํ›„์˜ ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์€ ๋น„์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). 2. ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์‚ฝํ™˜ํ›„ 50% ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ 5๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ํํ™˜๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จํ›„ 1๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฌดํ˜ธํก์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ ํ›„์˜ ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ถ„์••์€ ๋น„์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). 3. ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์‚ฝ๊ด€ํ›„ 50% ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ 5๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ํํ™˜๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚จํ›„ 1๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๋ฌดํ˜ธํก์˜ ์œ ์ง€์ค‘ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ดํก์ธ์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(p<0.05). ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์‹ ๋งˆ์ทจํ•˜์— ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด์‚ฝ๊ด€์ „, ํ›„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ดํก์ธ์ฒ˜์น˜์ „, ํ›„์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ผœ ์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”(oxygenation)๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Recent studies (Rorke et al., 1968; Moir 1970: Baraka. 1970: Fox and Houle, 1971) have demonstrated that the maternal arterial oxygen tension during Cesarean section is an important determinant of fetal oxygenation and consequently of the clinical condition of the infant at birth for oxygen is transferred by simple diffusion across the placenta to the fetus. Fetal blood oxygen tension is affected by arterial oxygen tension and concentration of the mother, and also is affected by uterine blood flow (Fox and Houle. 1971). The enlarged uterus pushes the diaphragm upwards. This results in a change in position of the heart which is lifted upwards, shifted to the left and anteriorly, and a change in the thoracic cage, and heart rate is increased about 10-12 beats above normal. There is a significant increase in cardiac output which reaches a peak 30-50% above normal until term, and in respiratory rate, so that followed oxygen consumption increases but its direct cause is the metabolic need of the uterus, placenta and fetus(Atkinson et al., 1977). As well as increased oxygen consumption, in parturients hypoxia may occur in situations of dificult intubation, laryngoscopy for intubation, extubation, during endotracheal suctioning. Because of marked decreased oxygen tension, these procedures are more dangerous than for non-parturients. Therefore sufficient oxygenation is recommanded (Archer and Marx, 1974). We selected at random 78 adult female patients who had received Cesarean section and other surgical procedures under general anesthesia with intubation at Severance Hospital from September to November, 1980. They were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 was ventilated with 100% oxygen for 5 minutes. followed by 1 minute of apnea. Group 2 was ventilated with 50% oxygen for 5 minutes followed by 1 minute of apnea. Group 3 was ventilated with 50% oxygen for 5 minutes followed by 1 minute of apnea with endotracheal suction. We analysed the decrease in oxygen tension in between parturients and nonparturients. The results were as follows: 1. During apnea, the decreases in arterial blood oxygen tension were significantly(P<0.05) greater in parturients than in non-parturients in the 100% oxygen group. 2. During apnea, the decreases in arterial blood oxygen tension were significantly(P<0.05) greater in paturients than in non-parturients in the 50% oxygen group. 3. During apnea, the decreases in oxygen tension were significantly(P<0.05) greater in paturients than in non-parturients in the 50% oxygen with endotracheal suction group. The above results suggest the importance of preoxygenation prior to endotracheal intubation and endotracheal suction, and at so prompt reoxygenation following endotracheal intubation, extubation and endotracheal suction.restrictio

    Effect of heel height on lumbar lordosis

    No full text
    ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 1997๋…„ 10์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 19์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์žฌํ™œ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•™๊ณผ์— ์žฌํ•™์ค‘์ธ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ 40๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์œ ๊ณก์„ ์ž ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•(flexible ruler measurement)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งจ๋ฐœ, 3ใŽ, 7ใŽ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด๋ณ„ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์œ ๊ณก์„ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„์˜ ์ธก์ •์ž๋‚ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ •๋œ 1์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ •๋œ 2์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๋งจ๋ฐœ, 3ใŽ, 7ใŽ๋กœ ๋†’์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„๋Š” ๋งจ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 3 ใŽ๊ตฝ๋†’์ด์—์„œ๋Š” 0.97ยฐ๋งŒํผ, 7 ใŽ ๊ตฝ๋†’์ด์—์„œ๋Š” 1.72ยฐ๋งŒํผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘, ๋น„๋งŒ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„๋Š” ์‹ ์žฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์žฅ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฐ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ ์žฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด์—์„œ์˜ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ์ปธ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋„ค ๊ตฐ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๋งจ๋ฐœ, 3ใŽ, 7ใŽ๋กœ ๋†’์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์‹ ์žฅ์ด 151~160 ใŽ ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ์ž์œ ๊ณก์„ ์ž๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„์˜ ์ธก์ •์ž๋‚ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด์—์„œ์˜Cronbach ฮฑ๊ฐ’์ด 0.81~0.90๊นŒ์ง€๋กœ(p<0.01) ๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์—ฌํ•™์ƒ๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ๋‚˜, ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ์ธก์ •์ž๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์œ ๊ณก์„ ์ž ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ๋งŒ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ์˜ ๋†’์ด๋ฅผ ๋†’์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒด์ค‘, ๋น„๋งŒ๋„, ์‹ ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์‹ ์žฅ๋งŒ์ด ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„์™€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ ์žฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ตฐ์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ๊ตฌ๋‘๊ตฝ ๋†’์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์š”์ถ”์ „๋งŒ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ตฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋‘๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์š”๋ถ€๋งŒ๊ณก์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ ๊ด€์ ˆ, ๊ทผ์œก, ์ธ๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์š”ํ†ตํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ  ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ธ๋“ค๋„ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์— ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ตฝ์˜ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์š”ํ†ต ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] In today's society, many women wear high-heeled shoes, but the effect of heel height on lumbar lordosis has not been clearly defined. The objective of this study was to identify the influence of heel height and general characteristics of subjects on lumbar lordosis. The subjects of this study were 40 healthy women who were students of the Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Taegu University. This study was done from October 16, 1997 to October, 19, 1997. Flexible ruler measurement was used to measure the lumbar lordosis at barefoot, 3 ใŽ and 7 ใŽ high-heeled standing positions. Repeated measure one-way ANOVA was used to assess the effect of different heel heights on lumbar lordosis. Repeated measure two-way ANOVA was used to assess the difference of effect of heel heights on lumbar lordosis according to general characteristics of subjects which were weight, body mass index and height. Correlation analysis was used to determine the intrarater reliability between three times repeated measurements of lumbar lordosis taken with a flexible ruler. The results were as follows: 1. Significant statistical decrease in lumbar lordosis was observed as heel heights were increased from barefoot to 7ใŽ high heel. 2. There were no statistically significant differences between lumbar lordosis according to three different heel heights and weight, body mass index. 3. Lumbar lordosis measured at different heel heights was related to subject's height. With increasing subject's height, lumbar lordosis that measured from each heel height was significantly decreased. As heel heights were increased from barefoot to 7 ใŽ high heel, significant statistical decrease in lumbar lordosis was observed in the subjects whose height were 151~160 ใŽ. 4. Intrarater reliability on lumbar lordosis taken with a flexible ruler was good, with Cronbach ฮฑ values of 0.8971 for barefoot, 0.8107 for 3 ใŽ and 0.9002 for 7 ใŽ high-heeled standing positions. The study was limited because the number and variety of subjects was too restrictive for generalization, but this study showed that high-heeled shoes result in reduction of normal lordosis, which may cause abnormal stresses on the muscles, ligaments, and bone in the lumbar region. Further studies need to be done to assess the relationship between high heel usage and low back pain.restrictio

    ๋ฐฑ์„œ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ insulin์— ์˜ํ•œ lipogenic enzymes์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ „

    No full text
    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ฐฑ์„œ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๊ฐ„์žฅ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์˜ insulin์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ•˜๋ฉด insulin์ด ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋‚ด์— ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , insulin๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด๋กœ ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ์ด๋™๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ insulin์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ insulin์ด lipo genic enzymes์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(Whang๋“ฑ, 1982). ์ €์ž๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ insulin์ด ์–ด๋Š ๊ธฐ์ „์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ lipogenic enzymes์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ € ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธด ๋ฐฑ์„œ์™€ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐฑ์„œ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํ•ต์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  (125)**I-insulin์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜ ์—ฌ ํ•ต๋ง‰์˜ inasulin์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธด๊ตฐ์ด ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1.8๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜ ์˜€๋‹ค. 3์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธด ๋ฐฑ์„œ์— ํฌ๋„๋‹น(3g P.0./kg of B.W.)๊ณผ insulin(1.5 units S.C./100 g of B. W.)์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ›„์˜ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์„ธํฌ ํ•ต๋ง‰์˜ insulin์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ตฐ์ด 3 ์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธด๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 32%, insulin์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ตฐ์€ 48%๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ํ•ต๋ง‰์˜ insulin์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋„ ํฌ๋„๋‹น๊ณผ insulin์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ๊ณผ 3์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธด๊ตฐ์— (14)**C-orotic acid (10ฮผCi)๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋‚ด ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  30๋ถ„ ํ›„์— ์†Œ์ •์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ•ต์—์„œ insulin์ด mRMA์˜ efflux์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค . ํ•ต ๋‚ด์˜ ์ด radioactivity๋Š” ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 10,452 dpm/0.5mg protein, ๊ตถ๊ธด๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 9,04 1 dpm/0.5mg protein์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด count์—๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฐ„์žฅ์„ธํฌ ํ•ต์— insulin์„ 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100pM์˜ ๋†๋„๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ mRNA์˜ efflux๋Š” insulin๋†๋„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 100pM์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ 1,000 pM์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ต์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ insulin์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋†๋„์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ mRNA ์˜ efflux๋Š” 0.72ยฑ0.07%(meanยฑSEM), ๊ตถ๊ธด๊ตฐ์€ 1.76ยฑ0.03%(meanยฑSEM)๋กœ ๊ตถ๊ธด๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์š”์ธ์€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ 2.4๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. Insulin์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ 100pM์—์„œ mRNA์˜ efflux๋Š” ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์€ 1.35ยฑ0.08%(meanยฑSEM), ๊ตถ๊ธด ๊ตฐ์€ 3.09ยฑ0.08%(meanยฑSEM)์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตถ๊ธด๊ตฐ์˜ˆ์„œ insulin์€ ํ•ต์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ mRNA efflux๋ฅผ 2.3๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. Insulin์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ•ต์—์„œ mRNA efflux์ž๊ทน์€ insulin 0.1, 1.0pM์˜ ๋†๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 10pM์—์„œ ๊ตถ๊ธด๊ตฐ์ด 1.4๋ฐฐ, 100pM์—์„œ 2.4๋ฐฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•„ ๋ฐฑ์„œ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ๊ฐ„์žฅ์„ธํฌ ์›ํ˜•์งˆ๋ง‰ ๋ฃ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋ผ ํ•ต๋ง‰์˜ insulin์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์„œ์— ๊ณ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ํƒ„์†Œ ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด insutin๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ insulin์€ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ€๋œ i nsulin์ด ํ•ต๋ง‰์˜ insulin์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํ„ฐ mRNA efflux๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ ์› ํ˜•์งˆ๋‚ด mRNAํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์„œ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ตถ๊ธด ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ณ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ํƒ„์†Œ ์‹์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜์—ฌ lipogenic enzymes์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์€ i nsulin์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋„๋œ mRNA efflux๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ ๋‹ค. Regulation of Lipogenic Enzymes by Insulin in Rat Liver So Young Yoon Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Yoon Soo Kim, M.D., Ph, D.) Insulin has numerous effects on insulin receptor of plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, microsomal membrane and on enzyme activities, DNA and RNA metabolism of target cells. Recently, we have demonstrated that the number of insulin receptors of liver plasma membrane in fasted rat is regulated by insulin level, which regulates the transport of insulin-receptor complex into cells. The increased insulin level by insulin-receptor complex internalization into the cell might regulate the number of nuclear envelope insulin receptor. In the present study, we have investigated whether the number of insulin receptor of nuclear envelope is regulated by insulin concentration as plasma membrane insulin receptor does and the mRNA efflux from iaolated nuclei is stimulated by insulin. The number of nuclear envelope insulin receptors was increased 1.8 folds in liver of rat fasted for 3 days as compared to that of control rat. The number of liver nuclei envelope receptor of nuclei isolated from the liver at 3 hours after the administration of D-glucose(3 g P.O./kg of B.W.) and insulin(1.5 units S.C./100 g of B.W.) to the rat fasted fur 3 days, was decreased to 32%, 48% of fasted control, respectively, suggesting that insulin may regulate the insulin receptor of nuclear envelope and nuclear metabolism. No significant differences in total radioactivity in iaolated liver nuclei between control rat(10,452 dpm/0.5 mg protein) and rat fasted for 3 days(9,041 dpm/0.5 mg protein) at 30 min after administration of (14)**C-orotic acid(10 ฮผCl)was observed. The radioactivities in trichloroacetic acid-precipitable mRNA(mRNA like material) efflux in the absence of insulin were 0.72ยฑ0.07% (meanยฑSEM) and 1.76ยฑ0.03%(meanยฑSEM) of total adminlatered (14)**C-orotic acid in the isolated nuclei of control and in tIne isolated nuclei from liver of rat fasted for 3 days, though the reason for this result is obscure. However, the direct addition of insulin to the isolated rat liver nuclei stimulates the efflux of mRNA in both control and fasted groups. In the presence of 100 pM insulin, radioactivities in mRNA efflux were 1.35ยฑ0.08% (meanยฑSEM) in iaolated control rat nuclei an? 3.09ยฑ0.08% (meanยฑSEM) of total injected radioaotivity in 3-day fasted rat nuclei These results suggest that insulin regulates insulin receptors of plasma membrane and nuclear envelope, and stimulates the efflux of mRNA which might be related to induction of lipogenic enzymes.restrictio

    ์ƒํ™œSOC ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์ด์ œ์Šน.์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์••์ถ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ค€๋น„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต๊ณ„ํš, ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณ„ํš, ์ฃผํƒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ น์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ‰๊ท ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒํ™œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธธ์–ด์ง„ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณต์ง€์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์„ฑ์— ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋…„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก โ€˜๊ณ ๋ น์นœํ™”๋„์‹œโ€™๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์›€์ง์ž„์œผ๋กœ WHO๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์นœํ™”๋„์‹œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ์—๋„ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ(Active aging) ์‚ด๋˜ ๊ณณ์— ๊ณ„์† ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”(Aging in place) ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, โ€˜๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณต์ง€โ€™๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ์š”ํ•ด์ง„ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณต์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์‚ถ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ น์นœํ™” ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์–‘์ , ์งˆ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”๋กœ ๊ฒช์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ผ์ƒํ™œ๋™์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œSOC์™€ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด 2019๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ƒํ™œSOC 3๊ฐœ๋…„ ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์€ โ€˜๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ์† ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณต์ง€โ€™์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์€ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ น์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๋˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ณ  ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํŠน์ง• ํŒŒ์•…์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 2016๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•œ โ€˜์ œ1์ฐจ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌโ€™์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์˜ 1๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„์„์˜ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณด๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ Kriging์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋‚ด ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„“์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ง€์—ญ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋œ ์š”์ธ์€ ์ƒํ™œSOC ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ, ์ฃผํƒ ์œ ํ˜•, ๋ณดํ–‰ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ผฝํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ƒํ™œSOC ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ„ํš๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ๋‚ด ๋ณดํ–‰ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๊ณ ๋ น์นœํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋  ๋•Œ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์˜ 2๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ด 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ๋„์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋„์‹ฌ, ๋†์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ์ œ1์ข…์ผ๋ฐ˜์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ƒํ™œSOC ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ์‹œ์„ค๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ƒํ™œSOC ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋กœ ๋‹จ๋…์ฃผํƒ์ด ๋ฐ€์ง‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์šฐ์„  ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜๋ฉด, ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์ง€์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์–ด ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋†์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ƒ์—…์ง€์—ญ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋งˆ์„ํšŒ๊ด€์ด ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋†์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒํ™œSOC ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ณตํ•ฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ƒ์—…์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตํ†ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ™œSOC ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์šด์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ๋„์‹œํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2์ฐจ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋ถ„์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œSOC ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋‚˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™œSOC ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž€๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  01 1.1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 01 1.1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  03 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 05 1.2.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 05 1.2.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 06 ์ œ2์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 1์ ˆ. ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์™€ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 07 2.1.1. ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ๋ฌธ์ œ 07 2.1.2. ๊ณ ๋ น์ž 08 2.1.3. ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ 08 2.1.4. ์ƒํ™œSOC ๋ฐ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œ์‹œ์„ค 09 2.1.5. ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 11 2์ ˆ. ๊ณ ๋ น์นœํ™”๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  12 2.2.1. ๊ณ ๋ น์นœํ™”๋„์‹œ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  12 2.2.2. ๊ณ ๋ น์นœํ™”๋„์‹œ ์ง€์นจ 12 2.2.3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 13 3์ ˆ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 14 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  15 1์ ˆ. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 15 3.1.1. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 15 3.1.2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์™€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 17 3.1.3. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • 18 2์ ˆ. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  20 3.2.1. ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ์ • 20 3.2.2. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  20 1) ๋ถ„์„ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜์—ญ ์„ค์ • 21 2) ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ์ถœ 22 3) Gravity-based measurements๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 23 4) ์ˆœ์„œํ˜• ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ 24 5) ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ณด๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ Kriging์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ถ„์„ 24 ์ œ4์žฅ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 25 1์ ˆ. ๊ณ ๋ น์ž ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ 25 4.1.1. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 25 4.1.2. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 1) ์ผ์ƒ์šฉํ’ˆ ๊ตฌ๋งคํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ 29 2) ์˜๋ฃŒํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ 31 3) ์ƒํ™œ๋ฌธํ™”ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ 33 4) ๊ทผ๋ฆฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ 36 5) ๋ณต์ง€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ 38 4.1.3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 40 2์ ˆ. ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 44 4.2.1. ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ถ„์„ 44 4.2.2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ง€์—ญ ์„ ์ • 45 4.2.3. 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์œ ํ˜• 46 1) ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ํŽธ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 46 2) ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ๋„์‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๋„์‹ฌ 51 3) ๋†์ดŒ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์ƒํ™œํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 53 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  58 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  58 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 61 Abstract 63Maste

    ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ๊ณผ ํ•œํฌ์ง„์˜ ๊ฐ๋ณ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์กฐ์†Œ์—ฐ.๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ๊ณผ ํ•œํฌ์ง„์˜ ์ˆ˜ํฌํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํ‘œํ”ผ๋‚ด ๋•€์ƒ˜๊ด€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ”ผ๋‚ด ๋•€์ƒ˜๊ด€์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ•œํฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋•€์ƒ˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—†์ด ํ•ด๋ฉดํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ชฉ์ : ๋•€์ƒ˜๊ณผ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ๊ณผ ํ•œํฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†ํฌ์™€ ์ˆ˜ํฌ ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ด 32๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฆ๋ก€ (์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ 13์˜ˆ, ํ•œํฌ์ง„ 19์˜ˆ)์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ EMA, GCDFP-15, CEA, CD3, CD8์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ƒ‰์€ 0๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2+๊นŒ์ง€ 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (0,์Œ์„ฑ1+,์•ฝํ•จ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ2+,๊ฐ•ํ•จ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„). ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋‘ ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์—์„œ EMA ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†ํฌ๋ฒฝ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ•œํฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ณ€๋ถ€์œ„ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์— ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๋•€๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ์—์„œ๋Š” 25.0%์—์„œ 0, 41.7%์—์„œ 1+, 33.3%์—์„œ 2+๋กœ EMA๊ฐ€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•œํฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” 21.1%์—์„œ 1+, 78.9%์—์„œ 2+์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒ๋ณ„๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ Wilks ฮป๊ฐ’์ด 0.733์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค (p=0.003). ๋˜ํ•œ CD3๊ณผ CD8์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‘œํ”ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ•œํฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. (๊ฐ๊ฐ p=0.007๊ณผ p=0.004) ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ๊ณผ ํ•œํฌ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ๋ณ„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด EMA์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์ด ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์ƒ‰๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ ์†๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋†ํฌ์ฆ์˜ ๋†ํฌ๋Š” ํ‘œํ”ผ๋‚ด ๋•€์ƒ˜๊ด€์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ•œํฌ์ง„์—์„œ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ค‘ ํ‘œํ”ผ๋‚ด ๋•€์ƒ˜๊ด€์ด ์ด์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ฐ์งˆํ˜•์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜•์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.Introduction: The association between vesicle formation and acrosyringium has been studied in previous reports on palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) and pompholyx. In PPP, the acrosyringium is suggested as the major site of pustule formation. The vesicles in pompholyx have been described as spongiosis, independent of sweat ducts. Objectives: This study determined whether immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for sweat duct and inflammatory cells can separate PPP from pompholyx. Furthermore, the pathomechanism of pustules and vesicles was considered. Methods: We selected 32 cases of PPP(n=13) and pompholyx(n=19) and performed IHC analysis for epithelial membrane antigen(EMA), gross cystic disease fluid protein-15(GCDFP-15), carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), CD3 and CD8. The staining was scored as 0 to 2+ (0, negative1+, weak and/or focal2+, strong and/or diffuse positive). Results: There were some differences in EMA staining patterns. In PPP, EMA was strongly localized in the pustular wall but almost non-existent in the neighboring keratinocytes. In pompholyx, it was expressed diffusely in regional keratinocytes and especially more strongly near the eccrine ducts. EMA was expressed 0 in 25.0%, 1+ in 41.7% and 2+ in 33.3% of PPP, whereas 1+ in 21.1% and 2+ in 78.9% of pompholyx. Wilks ฮป was 0.733(p=0.003) in discriminant analysis. Moreover, the intensity of the CD3 and CD8 of the epidermis immunoreactivity was also greater in the pompholyx skin lesions than the PPP tissues (p=0.007 and p=0.004 respectively). Conclusions: IHC of EMA is a useful diagnostic tool to differentiate between PPP and pompholyx. From the staining patterns, pustules in PPP are thought to originate from acrosyringium, whereas in pompholyx secondary microscopic damage to the acrosyringium seems to transform the immunophenotype of lesional keratinocytes as the disease progresses.1. Introduction 1 2. Material and Methods 4 3. Results 7 4. Discussion 13 References 18 Abstract in Korean 21Maste

    ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ํ™œ๋™ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšจ๊ณผ

    No full text
    ๋…ธํŠธ : ๋ณธ ๊ฐ„ํ–‰๋ฌผ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์—์„œ 2014๋…„ 8์›”์— ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•œ [์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋ณต์ง€] ํŠน์ง‘์˜ ์ œ 5๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
    corecore