54 research outputs found

    ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ˆ ์–ด๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–ดํœ˜-ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ๋ถ„์„

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    This study deals with the adjectival resultative construction interpreted as X1 CAUSE [Y2 BECOME Z3]. In Spanish, it is impossible to construct this construction with adjectival secondary predicate unlike other languages, especially English. The resultatives are secondary predicates indicating the result of action described by the primary predicate. Contrary to the depictives, the resultative predicate maintains lexically a close relationship with the main verb. Therefore, through the structural approach of adjunct predication we dont have access to all the information contained in the resultative construction. Thats why its necessary to assume the lexical-syntactic derivation and to argue that the lexicon and the syntax are related directly. Based on lexical property of verbs, I argue the lexicalization of motion event across different kinds of languages discussed in Talmy(1985; 2000) and Talmys typological distinction between verb-framed and satellite-framed languages for verb roots with respect to the expression of motion events. Following Talmy(1985; 2000) and Tenny(2000), I propose that the verb-framed languages, such as Spanish, express core predicate on the verb. And I claim that the resultative secondary predicates of pseudo-resultative construction modify and emphasize the path element conflated on the verb

    Angiogenic factor thymidine phosphorylase increases cancer cell invasion activity in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.

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    We investigated the biological role of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), an angiogenic factor, in gastric cancer cell migration and invasion and explored a therapeutic approach for high TP-expressing tumors using TP enzymatic inhibitor (TPI) and rapamycin. We established TP cDNA overexpressing gastric cancer cell lines (MKN-45/TP and YCC-3/TP) and did invasion and adhesion assays with Matrigel-coated transwell membranes. The related signal pathway using recombinant human TP (rhTP), deoxy-d-ribose (D-dRib), and signal pathway inhibitors (wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin) was investigated. First, AGS and MKN-1 gastric cancer cell lines showed dose-dependent up-regulation of invasiveness through Matrigel following treatment with rhTP or D-dRib. TP-overexpressing cancer cell lines displayed increased migration and invasion activity, which doubled with rhTP and D-dRib treatment. This activity depended on the enzymatic activity of TP, and TP stimulated the adhesion of cancer cells onto Matrigel and induced actin filament remodeling. Finally, we showed that this activity is related to increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in TP-overexpressing cells and that combination treatment with rapamycin and TP enzymatic inhibitor produces an additive effect to abrogate TP-induced invasion. Taken together, TP increases the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells, especially in TP-expressing cells. Therapies targeting TP might diminish the propensity for invasion and metastasis in gastric cancerope

    ๋ถ„๋น„๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์ “๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ํ–ฅ๊ธฐํ™œ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2003.Aroma-active compounds in the needles of Abies nephrolepis (Khingan fir), Abies holophylla (Manchurian fir), and Pinus densiflora (red pine), conifers native to Korea, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spctormetry-olfactometry. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that terpene compounds were found to account for over 95% of total volatile compounds, especially, monoterpenes were contained a large percentage in these conifers. Aroma extract dilution analysis using two types of capillary column with different polarities (DB-5MS and DB-WAX) revealed that ฮฑ-pinene was the most predominant aroma-active compound with pine-like aroma, which indicates that ฮฑ-pinene contribute the typical conifer aroma to the plants. Also, bornyl acetate, myrcene, ฮฒ-phellandrene, ฮณ-terpinene, and terpinolene were found to show typical pine-like aromas. When the overall aroma of A. nephrolepis was compared with A. holophylla, considerable differences were observed. A. nephrolepis was judged to emit a intenser apple-like aroma due to (Z)-3-hexenal and (ฮ•)-2-hexenal, while A. holophylla had a sharper pine-like aroma, which is affected by the terpene compounds showing sharp or pine-like aroma, such as myrcene, 4-terpineol, geranyl actate, and ฮฒ-caryophyllene. In Pinus densiflora which has typical conifer aroma, ฮฑ-pinene, (ฮ–)-3-hexenal, and bornyl acetate were found to be the important aroma contributors.Maste

    Effect of thymidine phosphorylase on the gastric cancer cell migration

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ์˜ ํš๋“์€ ์•”์˜ ์ „์ด์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ธฐ์งˆ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค ์–‘ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ž‘์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ focal adhesion kinase (FAK)๋Š” focal adhesion์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ tyrosine์ž” ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ, ์„ธํฌ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž์™€ integrin ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜๋Š” phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)๋Š” Akt๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํ•˜๋ถ€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ธํฌ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด, ์ฆ์‹, ์ด๋™ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค.Thymidine phosphorylase (TP)๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ platelet-derived endo- thelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF)์™€ ๋™์ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ thymidine ์„ thymine๊ณผ 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dR)๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹  ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์œ ๋„๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. TP๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์•”์ข…์—์„œ ์ฃผ์œ„ ์ •์ƒ์กฐ์ง ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์œ ๋„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด TP์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์€ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์˜ˆํ›„์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ TP๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์œ ๋„ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•”์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์— ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์—ฐ ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” TP ์™€ ์ด์˜ ํšจ์†Œ ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด์ธ 2dR์ด ์œ„์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด MKN-45 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— TP๋ฅผ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œํ‚จ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ (MKN-45/TP)๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด TP์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” AGS ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ matrigel์„ coatingํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ migration assay ์™€ adhesion assay๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TP์™€ 2dR์˜ ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ TPI (TP inhibitor)์™€ 2LR (2-deoxy-L-ribose)์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ TP์™€ 2dR์ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘์—ผ์ƒ‰๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜ ์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด actin์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ์ž‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด FAK, Akt, P70S6K ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ immuno-blotting์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  ยฑ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.1. ์„ธํฌ์ด๋™๋Šฅ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—์„œ MKN-45/TP์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋Š”, ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ mock transfection ์„ธ ํฌ์ฃผ (MKN-45/CV)์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด๋™๋Šฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ ๋ฉฐ, ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ TP๋‚˜ 2dR์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก๋งŒ์„ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TP์–ต์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ TP ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2dR์˜ ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ 2LR์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด๋™๋Šฅ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด TP๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” AGS ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์™ธ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ TP์™€ 2dR์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด ๋™๋Šฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TPI์™€ 2LR์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋‚ด์˜ TP๋ฐœํ˜„์ •๋„์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค.2. ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋Šฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ MKN-45์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ AGS์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ๋ชจ๋‘ TP์™€ 2dR์˜ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋Šฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. AGS ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜•๊ด‘๋ฉด์—ญ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด actin์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™• ์ธํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์— actin์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธํฌ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋ฉด์  ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋Šฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.3. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ TP์™€ 2dR์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ๋•Œ ์„ธํฌ์ด๋™์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€ ๋‹ค. FAK์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ ์—์„œ Tyr397/576 ์ž”๊ธฐ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์ธ PI3K/Akt pathway ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, TP์™€ 2dR ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ Akt์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€ ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Akt์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์ž‘๋™๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ p70S6K ์—ญ์‹œ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” TP์™€ 2dR์ด ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด PI3K/Akt ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด TP์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ TP์™€ 2dR ์ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TP ์™€ 2dR์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„์•” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด๋™๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— PI3K/Akt ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ in vitro ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” TP์˜ ๋ฐœ ํ˜„์ด ์ผ๋ถ€์•”์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The first step of metastatic process is the movement of cancer cells and the cell migration is initiated by cell adhesion to its extracellular matrix (ECM). Focal adhesion is a site where cell attachment and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is recruited by integrin engagement with ECM. FAK is activated by its own tyrosine-phosphorylation and is accompanied by the recruitment of other cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins to the focal adhesion.Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is identical to human platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), and it is involved both in pyrimidine nucleoside metabolism that catalyzes the reversible conversion of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dR), and in angiogenesis. Expression of TP is higher in cancer compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue, and is correlated with angiogenic activity in various tumor types. However, TP has been reported to an independent indicator of unfavorable clinical outcome in renal and colorectal cancer irrespective of its angiogenic activity, suggesting that TP might be involved in cancer progression independent of its angiogenic activity. Hence, I herein investigated the effects of TP and its catalyte, 2dR on the migration of cancer cell in gastric cancer.The levels of TP expression in various gastric cancer cell lineswere shown to be associated moderately with the movement through matrigel in gastric cancer cell lines (R2=0.473). Then, we established a TP-expressing stable cell line, MKN-45/TP. It showed enhanced migration ability through matrigel compared to parental cells and mock transfectant (MKN-45/CV) in migration assay. Also, the addition of TP or 2dR induced higher chemotaxis compared to media alone in MKN-45/TP and AGS. These suggested that the cancer cells with high expression of TP induced cancer cell migration. Treatment of specific TP inhibitor (TPI) showed suppression of TP-mediated cancer cell migration, confirming the effect of TP on cell migration. In adhesion assay, exogenous TP and 2dR stimulated cell adhesion on matrigel, and TP-transfected cells also enhanced adhesion.Next, signaling pathways that related to cell migration were investigated. First, the level of phosphorylated FAK showed little difference between MKN-45/TP and MKN-45/CV, because the baseline phosphorylation level of FAK level was already high in its own residues. Meanwhile, the phosphorylated level of phos- phatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt and its down-stream effector p70S6K were increased after exposure to TP or 2dR. TP-related cell migratory effect was partially abrogated by the treatment of the PI3K inhibitors. These findings indicate that TP and 2dR is promoting cancer cell adhesion and migration in gastric cancer, at least in part, by regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.ope

    An Analysis of SpanishMultiple FocusMovement and Secondary Predicate Construction

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    ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์ด์ฐจ์ˆ ์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ(secondary predicate construction)์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ดˆ์ (multiple focus) ์ด๋™ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ดˆ์  ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์˜ ์ขŒํ–ฅ ์™ธ๊ณฝ(left periphery)์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ์  ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋‚ด์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, wh-์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ wh-์š”์†Œ๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌธ๋‘์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์ด๋‹ค. wh-์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ดˆ์  ์š”์†Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ wh-์˜๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋„ ์ดˆ์  ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ดˆ์  ์š”์†Œ๋งŒ์ด ๋ฌธ๋‘์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์ด์ฐจ์ˆ ์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ดˆ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋จผ์ € ์ด์ฐจ์ˆ ์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋„์ถœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ดˆ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ์ด๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•จ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด ์ด์ฐจ์ˆ ์–ด ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋„์ถœ์— ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉ(parallel merge)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ํ†ต์–ด ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ˆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋„์ถœ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๋‘ ์ดˆ์  ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ํƒ์นจ์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ(goal)๊ฐ€ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ดˆ์  ์ด๋™์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.This study intends to treat the multiple focus movement in Spanish secondary predicate construction. Only one focus element can move to the left periphery within a clause in focus construction. Moreover, one wh-element can appear in clause-initial position in Spanish wh-construction. According to the similarities between wh-element and focus element, it is argued that wh-elements could be treated as focus elements. Therefore, in Spanish one focus element appears in the left periphery of the sentence. However, two focus elements can move to the left periphery in Spanish secondary predicate construction. To explain this phenomenon, I will propose a novel structure of derivation for secondary predicate construction and I will argue that multiple focus movement is possible under this structure. Concretely, I will apply the parallel merge to the derivation of secondary predicate construction. Based on this structure, two focus elements derived in different c-command units could be matching goals for the same probe

    El Presente Espaรฑol a travรฉs del Espanglish y Ciberespanglish

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    En este trabajo tratamos el desplazamiento lingüístico del español frente al inglés en los EE.UU, es decir, el espanglish, y el ciberespanglish, cuya expansión se está acelerando por el desarrollo tecnológico de la informática y la Internet. El espanglish es una manera de hablar de los hispanohablantes con palabras sustituidas por todo o parte del inglés y nace por la necesidad de comunicación, por lo cual varias formas se representan y se difunden sin reglas determinadas. Por eso intentamos clasificar el proceso de la transferencia lingüística en el ámbito léxico en dos clases, el préstamo y el calco. El préstamo indica la importación de lexema parcial o total. En este proceso las palabras se recogen del inglés y se españolizan adaptándose al sistema morfológico y fonológico del español. En el calco léxico se toma el significado del inglés y no se crea una nueva forma léxica porque este proceso es la adopción de un significado extranjero para una palabra ya existente del español a través de la semejanza fonética o semántica entre las palabras de dos lenguas. En estos procesos es necesario darse cuenta de que la trasferencia lingüística puede motivar un conflicto lingüístico en el sistema del español

    The effect of group support program for the family caregivers of dementia patient

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์ „๊ณต,2002.Docto

    Identity formation of preservice earth-science teachers who changed their majors

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต),2009.2.Docto

    A Syntactic Analysis of the Pluralization of haber in Spanish Existential Construction

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    ๋ณธ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์˜ ๋น„์ธ์นญ ์กด์žฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ(impersonal existential construction)์ด ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ haber๋™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ธ์นญ ์กด์žฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋น„์ธ์นญ ๋™์‚ฌ hay๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง์ ‘๋ชฉ์ ์–ด๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๋…ผํ•ญ์ด ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๋•Œ, ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์— ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” haber ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ™”(pluralization) ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. haber ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ˜• ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘๋ชฉ์ ์–ด์ธ ๋ช…์‚ฌ๊ตฌ ๋…ผํ•ญ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์ž์งˆ์—์„œ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋น„์ธ์นญ ์กด์žฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„์ธ์นญ ์กด์žฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ™” ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ณตํžˆ ์žฅ์†Œ์–ด๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๊ฒฉ์ฃผ์–ด๋กœ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋น„์ธ์นญ ์กด์žฌ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฒฉ ์ฃผ์–ด์™€ T์˜ ฮฆ-์ž์งˆ์˜ ์ž๋™ ์ผ์น˜(default agreement)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ 3์ธ์นญ ๋‹จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ํ™” ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์€ T์˜ ฮฆ-์ž์งˆ ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ผ์น˜(partial agreement)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด 3์ธ์นญ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‹คํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋‘ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋„์ถœ์„ T์˜ ฮฆ-์ž์งˆ ์ผ์น˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค

    The Social Economic Burden and impact of Health Related Quality of Life of COPD

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์–‘๋ด‰๋ฏผ.๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ˜์ œํ•œ์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ง, ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด ๋ฐ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ์•…์€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํก์—ฐ ์™ธ์— ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์•…ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ธ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ƒ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์ฆ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ƒ๋ณ‘ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ 2011๋…„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ‰๊ฐ€์› ํ™˜์žํ‘œ๋ณธ์ž๋ฃŒ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์˜๋ฃŒํŒจ๋„์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ‰๊ท  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ์—†์ด ์—ฐ๋ น ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ณต์‹์  ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„๋Š” 2,367์–ต 7,547๋งŒ์›, ๊ตํ†ต๋น„์šฉ์€ 110์–ต 7,387์–ต์›, ๊ฐ„๋ณ‘๋น„ 657์–ต 9,154๋งŒ์›, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์†์‹ค๋น„์šฉ 1,096์–ต 9,011๋งŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ 4,233์–ต 3,099๋งŒ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜ ์ค‘ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฒœ์‹์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์†๋„, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜ ์งธ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ค‘์ฆ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ƒ๋ณ‘ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ 5๊ธฐ (2010 โ€“ 2012) ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, COPD์˜ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ COPD์™€ ํƒ€ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™˜์ž ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด EQ5D index๊ฐ€ 0.0322๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์•• (-0.0303, p=0.0041), ๋‹น๋‡จ (-0.0319, p=0.0393), Bํ˜•๊ฐ„์—ผ (-0.0572, p=0.0416), ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ (-0.0751, p<.0001), ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ (-0.0789, p<.0001), ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ (-0.0983, p=0.0308)์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์œ„์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์ •์ฑ…๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด ๋ฐ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜๊ณผ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ์งˆํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) causes the irreversible airway obstruction, and its morbidity and mortality is high. So COPD became the major cause of the burden of disease and low quality of life. The purpose of this study was to estimate the social economic burden of COPD in South Korea from 2013 using nationally representative data. And we assessed the HRQOL (Health related quality of life) of COPD patients and examined any impact of the severity of COPD, presence of comorbidity and specific comorbidity conditions for COPD patients in Korea. First, we estimated the cost of COPD by claims data from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service-National Patients Sample, using a prevalence-based approach. Data from the Korea Health Panel, the Korea National Statistical Offices records of causes of death, the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Labor Statistics were used to calculate medical, non-medical and opportunity costs lost due to premature death and productivity loss. Second, to assess the HRQOL of Korean COPD patients, we used data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. And the study design was a retrospective study. The total social, economic burden of COPD (2013) was 423 billion won. : 237 billion won for medical cost, 76.7 billion won for non-medical cost and 110 billion won for premature death and productivity lost. In the HRQOL study population, 46.51% had mild, 48.44% had moderate, and 5.04% had severe COPD conditions, with no significant differences in EQ5D index. But Comorbidity appeared to have negative impact on EQ5D index in COPD patients. Patients who have one more comorbidities had poor EQ5D index than patients who don't have comorbidities (-0.0296, p=0.0179). Also the poor effects of depression, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and arthritis on EQ5D index were statistically significant. Of all comorbidity conditions, arthritis was most strongly negative impact on EQ5D index (-0.0800, p<.0001). COPD imposes a huge social economic burden and prevalence rates of COPD are expected to increase due to the aging of population. Also in patients with COPD, comorbidity is an important determinant of HRQOL. Therefore, effective prevention programs and treatments including comorbidities about COPD are needed in South Korea.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 4 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด 6 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ 11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ถ€๋‹ด 16 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์‹œ์  16 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์ •์˜ 18 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 24 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋งŒ์„ฑํ์‡„์„ฑํ์งˆํ™˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ 36 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์› 36 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 37 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜ 38 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 44 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 65 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์š”์•ฝ 65 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 68 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์–ธ 70 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 72 Abstract 78Maste
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