3 research outputs found

    Risk based priority setting method and its applicability for hazardous air pollutants in air

    No full text
    ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ์‚ฌ์ „์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ €๊ฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ์œ„ํ•ด๋„์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ์žฌ์›์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ•ด๋„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์†์‰ฌ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž ์žฌ์  ์šฉ๋„์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘ ์œ ํ•ดํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ฒด ์œ„ํ•ด๋„ ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ(indicator) ๋ฐ ๋กœ์ง(logic)์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ 6 ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ฑ(mobility), ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ค‘ ์ง€์†์„ฑ(persistence), ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰(released amount) ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ธฐ์••(vapour pressure), ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ(half-life in air), ๊ตญ๋‚ด TRI(Toxic Release Inventory) ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ฒด ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋Š” ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํก์ž… ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๋…์„ฑ(inhalation chronic toxicity), ๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ(carcinogenicity), ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์›์„ฑ(mutagenicity) ๋“ฑ์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋…์„ฑ(other specific toxicity) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ๋ฌด๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์˜ ์šฐ๋ ค ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ์šธ์‚ฐ๊ด‘์—ญ์‹œ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 46์ข…์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ intervals์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1โˆผ5์ ์”ฉ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์‚ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ํŒŒํŠธ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋…์„ฑ์—์„œ 15์ , ๋…ธ์ถœ์—์„œ 15์ ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณฑํ•œ ๊ฐ’์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ฐ’์ด 100์ ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก normalize ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๋…์„ฑ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ์„œ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์œ„ํ•ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ(comparable) ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—๋Š” 16์ข…์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ๋…์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์œ„ํ•ด๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€(acceptable level)์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋น„๋ฐœ์•” ๋…์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์‹œ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ''1''์„ ๋„˜์œผ๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ์œ„ํ•ด๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€(10-6)๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ''1''์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ratio๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฟ ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ, ๋น„๋ฐœ์•”์„ฑ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฐ(High, Medium, Low)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์„ ๋งค๊ธด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๋น™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นดํŒŒ ์ผ์น˜๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(Kappa coefficient of concordance)๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํŒ์ • ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ•ด๋„ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ’์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ 25์ข…์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ์œ„์—๋Š” ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, epichlorohydrin, benzene, methyl chloride ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ default๊ฐ’์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ƒ์œ„ ์ˆœ์œ„์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ default๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ default๊ฐ’์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, chloroform, methylene chloride, ammonia ๋“ฑ์€ default๊ฐ’ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์œ„ํ•ด๋„ ์ฐจ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ acceptable level์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์œจ์„ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, vinyl chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, formaldehyde, cadmium ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐœ์•” ์œ„ํ•ด๋„๊ฐ€ acceptable level๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ 10-6๋ณด๋‹ค 10๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ํฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ „์ฒด์  ์œ„ํ•ด๋„๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ vinyl chloride, formaldehyde๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์œ„์— rank๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„ํ•ด๋„ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” grouping(High, Medium, Low)ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ groupingํ•˜๊ณ  ์นดํŒŒ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์นดํŒŒ ์ผ์น˜๋„ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ''์Œ(-)''์˜ ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ข‹์€ ํŽธ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์€ 50% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋”์šฑ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ screening tool๋กœ์„œ ์ฐจํ›„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ survey ๊ณ„ํš ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…์„ฑ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ(type) ๋ฐ ์งˆ(quality)๋งŒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํš์ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ƒํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์„ ์ • ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์šฉ๋œ ๋งŒ์„ฑ NO(A)EL์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ TOPKAT๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถ”์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ฐจํ›„ ์ถ”์ • ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์žฌ๊ณ ํ•ด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ˆ„๋ฝ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋„ ์ข€๋” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐจํ›„ ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋˜์–ด ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ group๋‚ด ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณด๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ข€๋” ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นดํŒŒ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •๋ณด์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ธก์ • ๋†๋„๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2000๋…„, 1997โˆผ1998๋…„์ด๊ณ , ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์šธ์‚ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ „์ฒด, ์„์œ ํ™”ํ•™์‚ฐ์—…์ด ์ฃผ์ถ•์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์šธ์‚ฐ์„์œ ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…๋‹จ์ง€๋กœ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ฐจ์ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Although air pollution in Korea already is significant, the management system doesn''t consider the exposure characteristics of air pollution and it has been managed only based on toxicity. So, the precautionary management plan couldn''t be derived. Recently, it is suggested that risk-based management plan is needed to manage air pollution effectively. We have time and resources not enough to evaluate all aspects of substances and set priorities. So we need to develop a logical and easy risk-based priority setting method. Beginning from this reason, several studies on chemical ranking and scoring system were performed. However, because most chemical raking and scoring systems generally have their own goals, it is impossible that only one generic system that is consistent with all the use is developed. That is, it is a very important process to clearly define a goal of system. I proposed a human health risk based priority-setting method for hazardous air pollutants in air, and examined validity for priorities from these results and applicability for this method. First of all, after investigating previous chemical ranking and scoring systems, I chosen appropriate indicators and logics to this study and made a chemical ranking and scoring method using these. There are 6 chosen indicators; vapour pressure, half-life in air, and released amount to air in TRI(Toxic Release Inventory) for mobility, persistence in air, released amount categories, respectively, in relation to exposure potential, and general chronic toxicity via inhalation to mammals, carcinogenicity, and other specific toxicity in relation to human health. I filled the data for 46 substances in TRI of Ulsan metropolitan city where is concerned for significant air pollution using DB sources known to reliable for these indicators. I determined the intervals based on previous methods and data distributions, scored from 1 to 5, and aggregated these scores. Finally, it was derived to 15 points in human health toxicity part and 15 points in exposure part. Two scores were multiplied to derive final scores, and final scores were normalized to maximum 100 points. I compared this result with quantitative risk assessment to evaluate applicability of scores and rankings. Because quantitative risk was calculated only when numeric values for exposure dose and toxicity are available in risk assessment, the number of substances is less than in chemical ranking and scoring method, and there are 16 substances in commonly comparable scope. In addition, acceptable risk levels were set for carcinogenic effects and non-carcinogenic effects to combine both effects in risk assessment. That is, non-carcinogenic effect is not acceptable when hazard quotient which is the ratio of exposure concentration to reference concentration exceeds ''1'', and carcinogenic effect is not acceptable when excess cancer risk exceeds general acceptable level (10-6) for cancer effect. Two excess ratio were summed to use as priority indicators. However, several ranking scenarios were made such as combined effect rankings, cancer effect rankings, and non-cancer effect rankings because it is controversial with whether cancer and non-cancer effect could be combined. Several groups (High, Medium, Low) were classified with rankings of each substance, if the concordance between two groups is high, these results are reliable and useful although not absolute. In this study, to estimate concordance between two categorical variables grouped according to priority ranking, I calculated Kappa coefficient of concordance, a judgment indicator. As results, compact scores in CRS method were derived for 25 substances, and ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, epichlorohydrin, benzene, and methyl chloride were included in high rank. In addition, same substances were highly using default values when using no default, but the scores of chloroform, methylene chloride, and ammonia were sensitive to default value. In quantitative risk assessment, when excess ratios to each acceptable risk level were chosen as indicators, there were vinyl chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, formaldehyde, and cadmium in high rank which had 10 times larger carcinogenic risk than acceptable risk (10-6). Vinyl chloride and formaldehyde commonly were ranked highly in both chemical ranking and scoring system and quantitative risk assessment. Because individual ranks had high uncertainties, I made ranks several groups and evaluated the concordance between two results using Kappa coefficient. As a result, the concordance was very low as negative Kappa coefficient. However, the explanation rate of chemical ranking and scoring method to quantitative risk assessment was over 50%, and when separating human health effect into cancer and non-cancer, the concordances were a little higher than that for combined effects. That is, the CRS method in this study is useful to set area-specific management guidelines and survey plans as a screening tool, and to suggest substances list needed to systematic exposure assessment. This study can be important that priorities were set including toxicity type and quality and local inherent exposure condition. However, there may be some limitations in this study. It was difficult to fill all chronic NO(A)EL in chemical ranking and scoring system, but I didn''t use QSARs model recently recommended, so I need to reconsider the availability of estimation model in further. In addition, the investigator''s subjective judgment and the substances that already were excluded in TRI can affect the released amount levels. We should consider the uncertainties for these, and need more accurate and comprehensive investigations in national scale. We can expect more reliable Kappa coefficients when more exposure assessment data are included in table for calculating Kappa coefficients. We should also consider space-time variances of data, such as that released amount and exposure concentration were in 2000, 1997โˆผ1998 respectively, and that data were from all around of Ulsan and mainly chemical industrial area, respectively.ope
    corecore