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    ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ž„์ƒ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊น€๊ธฐ๋ฒ”.Objectives : The purpose of this study was to establish long-term survival data of surgical pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in congenital heart disease (CHD) and to identify risk factors for mortality, in-hospital mortality, and repetitive PVR. Methods : This is a retrospective study of 375 surgical PVR in 293 consecutive patients who underwent surgical PVR for CHD between January 2000 and May 2020. Conduit changes between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery were excluded from the analysis. Results : The median age of the patients who underwent surgical PVR was 179 (range, 3-704)months. The mean age at first open-heart surgery was 12 months (0.1-177 months) and the mean age interval between first open-heart surgery and first PVR was 146 months (1-459 months). The mean follow-up duration was 23.5 years (0.1-41 years). There were 3 patients with in-hospital mortality (1.0%) and 15 patients with total mortality (5.1%) during follow-up. The survival rate was 95.1% over 25 years of follow-up period. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that more than three previous open-heart surgeries before surgical PVR (HR, 13.808; 95% CI, 3.507 54.363; P<0.001), age at the first operation (HR, 1.018; 95% CI, 1.000 1.036; P=0.046), longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)(HR, 1.009; 95% CI, 1.004 1.013; P<0.001) and longer duration of intensive care unit(ICU) stay (HR, 1.073; 95% CI, 1.043 1.104; P<0.001) were predictors for mortality following surgical PVR. Only CPB time (HR, 1.010; 95% CI, 1.006 1.014; P<0.001) was risk factor for in-hospital mortality after surgical PVR by multivariate analysis. The presence of multiple valve problems, duration of ICU stay, operation time, younger age and male sex were risk factors for redo PVR. Conclusions : As the adult CHD population grows, redo PVR is inevitable and helpful for the patient with problems in pulmonary valve. Regardless of the successful long term survival rate of PVR, it should be performed with caution for those who previously underwent multiple open-heart surgeries, especially if the patient received more than 3 times of open-heart surgeries. In addition, CPB time should be reduced during a surgery because longer CPB time was the only important risk factor for mortality and in-hospital mortality.๋ชฉ์ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์„ฑ์ ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ง ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ํ๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 2000๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2020๋…„ 5์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ํ๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ 293๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž ๋ฐ 375๊ฑด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์‹ฌ์‹ค๊ณผ ํ๋™๋งฅ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋„๊ด€ ๊ต์ฒด๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 179๊ฐœ์›”(3-704๊ฐœ์›”)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐœํ‰์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  12๊ฐœ์›”(0.1-177๊ฐœ์›”) ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฐœํ‰์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ ํ‰๊ท  146๊ฐœ์›”(1-459๊ฐœ์›”) ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ท  ์ถ”์  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 23.5๋…„(1-41๋…„) ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4๋ช…์˜(1.4%) ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ‡ด์›ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ถ”์  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์ด 15๋ช…์˜ (5.1%) ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 25๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์€ 95.1% ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ๋™๋งฅํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „ ๊ฐœํ‰์ˆ  ํšŸ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 3๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ (์œ„ํ—˜๋น„ 13.808 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 3.507-54.363; P<0.001), ์ฒซ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ ์—ฐ๋ น (์œ„ํ—˜๋น„ 1.018 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 1.000-1.036; P=0.046), ์ฒด์™ธ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (์œ„ํ—˜๋น„ 1.009 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 1.004-1.013; P<0.001), ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค ์žฌ์› ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ (์œ„ํ—˜๋น„ 1.073 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 1.043-1.104; P<0.001) ์ด ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒด์™ธ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ (์œ„ํ—˜๋น„ 1.010 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 1.006-1.014; P<0.001)๋งŒ์ด ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ ์›๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ธ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํŒ๋ง‰์— ๋ฌธ์ œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค ์žฌ์› ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹œ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆด์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ์„ฑ์ธ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰์— ์งˆํ™˜์ด์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ํ”ผํ™˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 3๋ฒˆ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœํ‰์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ๋ณ‘์› ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒด์™ธ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ํ๋™๋งฅ ํŒ๋ง‰ ์น˜ํ™˜์ˆ  ์‹œ ์ฒด์™ธ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.Abstract i Contents iv List of tables and figures v List of abbreviations vii Introduction 1 Material and Methods 2 Results 5 Discussion 38 References 43 Abstract in Korean 47Maste

    A study on light extraction efficiency enhancement of OLED employing stochastic nano-structure

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 8. ์ด์ฐฝํฌ.Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ด‘์›๊ณผ ํ‰ํŒ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” OLED๊ฐ€ liquid crystal display (LCD)์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‘๋‹ต์†๋„, ๋ฐฑ๋ผ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”, ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ์œจ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ „์••, ๋„“์€ ์‹œ์•ผ๊ฐ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ organic layer๋Š” ์ €์˜จ ์—ด์ฆ์ฐฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์Šคํ•€์ฝ”ํŒ…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์ธต์„ ์Œ“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ flexible ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ƒ‰ ์žฌํ˜„์„ฑ์€ ๊ณ ํ™”์งˆ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์ด๋‚˜ ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ, Tablet ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตด์ ˆ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฒน๊ฒน์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ photon์ด wave-guided mode, substrate mode, surface plasmon polariton mode ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ชจ๋˜์–ด ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•ฝ 20%์˜ outcoupling efficiency๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์†์‹ค๋˜๋Š” ๋น›์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ถ”์ถœ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด OLED ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ด‘ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ Bragg scattering์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ ์†Œ์ž ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ photon์„ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ photolithography ๊ณต์ •์ด๋‚˜ laser interference๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ด‘ ์ถ”์ถœํšจ์œจ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๊ด„๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต์ •๋น„์šฉ์ด ์น˜์†Ÿ๊ณ  ํŠน์ •ํŒŒ์žฅ์—์„œ๋งŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๊ทธ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๋„์˜์กด์„ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠน์ • ๊ฐ๋„์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ผ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์‹ค์ œ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ด‘์›์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ์˜ OLED์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์  ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ํƒ‘์žฌ์‹œํ‚จ OLED ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ํšจ์œจ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์†Œ์ž ๋Œ€๋น„ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์  ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์„ OLED ์†Œ์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 30%~60%๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํฐ ํญ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ํšจ์œจ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Classical ray optics์™€ Bragg ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ Full-wave optics simulation์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Bottom-emitting OLED์™€ Top-emitting OLED์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ OLED ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ด‘์ถ”์ถœ ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ผํ”ผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฉด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 1step์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— uniformity๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋ฉด์ ์˜ ์ ์šฉ์—๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ปจ์…‰์€ OLED์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ OLED ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๋™์ž‘์›๋ฆฌ 4 2.1 OLED์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์—ญ์‚ฌ 4 2.2 OLED์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›๋ฆฌ 8 2.2.1 ์†Œ์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ 8 2.2.2 ๋™์ž‘์›๋ฆฌ 11 2.2.3 ์†Œ์žํšจ์œจ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 12 2.2.4 ์†Œ์ž ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 15 2.3 OLED ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋™ํ–ฅ 18 2.3.1 OLED ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์žฅ์  18 2.3.2 Passive- vs active-matrix OLED ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด 20 2.3.3 OLED ์ „๊ทน์˜ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ฃผ์ž… 27 2.4 OLED ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋™ํ–ฅ 46 2.4.1 OLED์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ „๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ ํšจ๊ณผ 46 2.4.2 OLED์˜ Surface Plasmon Polariton 48 2.4.3 Periodic ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ด‘ํšจ์œจํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 51 2.4.4 Random ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ด‘ํšจ์œจํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 60 2.5 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  65 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ TEOLED์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 66 3.1 TEOLED์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 66 3.2 TEOLED์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 70 3.2.1 TEOLED์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์ƒ‰๊น”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 70 3.2.2 TEOLED์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์Œ๊ทน์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 78 3.3 TEOLED์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์บ๋น„ํ‹ฐ ์ด๋ก  79 3.3.1 Fabry-Perot Cavity 79 3.3.2 EL ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ 81 3.3.3 Full Width at Half-Maximum 82 3.4 TEOLED์˜ Outcoupling 84 3.4.1 SPP mode ํŒŒ์›Œ ์†์‹ค 84 3.5 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  86 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ OLED์˜ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 88 4.1 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์  88 4.2 Maxwells Equation์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹ค์ดํด ์†Œ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 88 4.3 FEM์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋งคํŠธ๋ฆญ์Šคํ™” 92 4.4 FEM์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ ๋‹ค์ดํด ์†Œ์Šค simulation 100 4.5 FEM์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋œ OLED ์†Œ์ž simulation 103 4.6 ์ „๊ทน ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ OLED ์†Œ์ž simulation 116 4.7 ํ™•๋ฅ ๋ก ์ , ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์  ์š”์ฒ ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฝ์ž…๋œ OLED ์†Œ์ž ๊ด‘ํšจ์œจ 125 4.8 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  129 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ OLED ๊ตฌํ˜„ 130 5.1 ์—ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์š”์ฒ  ๊ณต์ •๋ฒ• 130 5.2 ๊ณต์ •์™„๋ฃŒ๋œ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ฌผ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 131 5.3 OLED ์†Œ์ž ์ œ์ž‘ ์‹คํ—˜ 148 5.3.1 OLED ์†Œ์ž ์ œ์ž‘ ์ฑ”๋ฒ„ 148 5.3.2 Green Color TEOLED ์†Œ์ž ๊ด‘ํ•™ํŠน์„ฑ 152 5.3.3 Blue ๋ฐ Red Color TEOLED ์†Œ์ž ๊ด‘ํ•™ํŠน์„ฑ 161 5.4 OLED Lifetime 169 5.5 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  170 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ Mask-free plasma etching์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ OLED ๊ตฌํ˜„ 171 6.1 Mask-free plasma etching ๊ณต์ •๋ฒ• 171 6.2 Mask-free plasma etching ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ TEOLED ์†Œ์ž ํŠน์„ฑ์ธก์ • 187 6.3 Blue and Red TEOLED ์†Œ์ž ์‹คํ—˜ 198 6.4 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  201 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  202 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 205 Abstract 214Docto

    Back pain with erectile dysfunction

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    A 42-year-old male was referred to our pain clinic with back pain. Four years ago, he was treated for back pain caused by falling down injury. He also complained of erectile dysfunction, which was regarded as having psychologic origin at other departments. He had grade IV leg weakness and left lower thoracic paravertebral tenderness. Thoracic CT, plane X-ray and whole body bone scan revealed normal findings. After diagnostic medial branch block at lower thoracic vertebra, pain was subsided partially, but erectile dysfunction persisted. Due to persistent symptoms, we ordered MRI, and the extramedullary mass at T9 level was found. He had undergone neurosurgical operation for tumor removal, and pathologic finding was Schwannoma. After the operation his symptoms improved completely. Although erectile dysfunctions are presumed to have psychologic origin frequently, we report a patient whose symptoms were from the spinal cord tumor.ope

    Bispectral index monitoring during anesthesiologist-directed propofol and remifentanil sedation for endoscopic submucosal dissection: A prospective randomized controlled trial

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    PURPOSE: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a technically difficult and lengthy procedure requiring optimal depth of sedation. The bispectral index (BIS) monitor is a non-invasive tool that objectively evaluates the depth of sedation. The purpose of this prospective randomized controlled trial was to evaluate whether BIS guided sedation with propofol and remifentanil could reduce the number of patients requiring rescue propofol, and thus reduce the incidence of sedation- and/or procedure-related complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 180 patients who underwent the ESD procedure for gastric adenoma or early gastric cancer were randomized to two groups. The control group (n=90) was monitored by the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation scale and the BIS group (n=90) was monitored using BIS. The total doses of propofol and remifentanil, the need for rescue propofol, and the rates of complications were recorded. RESULTS: The number of patients who needed rescue propofol during the procedure was significantly higher in the control group than the BIS group (47.8% vs. 30.0%, p=0.014). There were no significant differences in the incidence of sedation- and/or procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: BIS-guided propofol infusion combined with remifentanil reduced the number of patients requiring rescue propofol in ESD procedures. However, this finding did not lead to clinical benefits and thus BIS monitoring is of limited use during anesthesiologist-directed sedation.ope

    ๊ฒฝ์•ก์™€ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ†ต์ฆ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ์†Œ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ ์ง€์† ์ฃผ์ž… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ

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    Dept. of Medicine/์„์‚ฌPurpose: The robot-assisted transaxillary approach to thyroid surgery is a novel method that has recently been used in hopes of improving patient safety and cosmetic outcomes. We evaluated post-operative pain after robot-assisted endoscopic transaxillary thyroid surgery and pain relief using a continuous wound perfusion system with local anesthetics.Materials and Methods: In a control group of 25 female patients who underwent robot-assisted endoscopic transaxillary thyroidectomy, post-operative pain scores and characteristics as well as analgesic use were monitored. 50 female patients undergoing robot-assisted endoscopic transaxillary thyroidectomy were given an On-Q system, and were randomly assigned to receive one of two different local anesthetic doses: group I (0.25% Ropivacaine, n=25), group II (0.375% Ropivacaine, n=25). Pain score, pain site, analgesic requirements and side effects in each group were recorded during 48h after surgery.Results: Post-operative pain scores and analgesic demand were lower in the On-Q groups than in the control group. No difference was found between group I and group II. Until 6-12h after surgery, pain was mainly located in the axilla, while after 6-12h the primary location of pain had a tendency to move to the neck. Pain scores gradually decreased with time in all patients.Conclusions: Patients who underwent robot-assisted endoscopic transaxillary thyroidectomy with an On-Q system injecting 0.25% ropivacaine had a low pain score, showing the effectiveness of the system. As a potential pain blocker, continuous wound perfusion with the On-Q system attenuates side effects. This could lead to shortened hospital stays after robot-assisted endoscopic transaxillary thyroidectomy.ope

    Influence of strain and size effect on the properties of ferroelectric (Ba,Sr)TiOโ‚ƒ thin films

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    Thesis(doctors) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2009.8.Docto

    ๊ทผ์ด์™„์ œ ๋กœํ๋กœ๋Š„๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šค์•„ํŠธ๋ผํ๋ฆฌ์›€์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ ์ ์ •์šฉ๋Ÿ‰

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌOptimal dose of combined rocuronium and cisatracurium during minor surgery Woo Young Park Department of Medicine The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Jae Chan Choi) Background: Combined rocuronium and cisatracurium have synergistic effects. We investigated whether reduced doses are effective during co-administration, by monitoring neuromuscular relaxation during surgery. Methods: This randomized, controlled clinical trial was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov (registration number NCT02495038). The participants were 81 patients scheduled for elective mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty. Participants were assigned to groups, including the intubating dose group (Group I, n = 27; combined ED95 rocuronium and ED95 cisatracurium), the small reduction group (Group S, n = 27; dose reduced by 10% of each ED95), or the large reduction group (Group L, n = 27; dose reduced by 20% of each ED95). Drugs were administered to patients and a timer was started using TOF-Watchยฎ monitoring. TOF (train-of-four) was monitored at the ulnar nerve, at a setting of 2 Hz/12 s. We recorded the time to TOF ratio = 0 (onset), time to first TOF ratio >25% (duration 25%), and TOF 25โ€“75% (recovery index) under total intravenous anesthesia. One way analysis of variance was used for statistical analyses (ฮฑ = 0.05, ฮฒ = 0.2). Results: There were no significant demographic differences between groups. Group L had a longer duration to onset (mean ยฑ standard deviation, 399.3 ยฑ 147.8 s) and shorter duration 25% (39.4 ยฑ 6.8 min) compared to Group I (212.8 ยฑ 56.0 s and 51.3 ยฑ 8.47 min, respectively) and Group S (230.7 ยฑ 60.6 s and 47.9 ยฑ 10.7 min, respectively). There were no other significant differences between groups. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to determining clinically effective combinations of rocuronium and cisatracurium, as well as to predicting the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the synergistic effects. We suggest that reducing doses of both drugs by approximately 10% of their respective ED95 values is sufficient to maintain neuromuscular relaxation during minor surgery. Keywords: rocuronium, cisatracurium, combination, neuromuscular monitoring, drug synergism ๊ทผ์ด์™„์ œ ๋กœํ๋กœ๋Š„๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šค์•„ํŠธ๋ผํ๋ฆฌ์›€์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ ์ ์ •์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฐ• ์šฐ ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ๊ทผ์ด์™„์ œ ๋กœํ๋กœ๋Š„๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šค์•„ํŠธ๋ผํ๋ฆฌ์›€์€ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์‹œ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์šฉ๋œ ๊ทผ์ด์™„์ œ์˜ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ƒ์Šน ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ค‘ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ทผ ์ด์™„ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์œ ์–‘๋Œ๊ธฐ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์‹ค์„ฑํ˜•์ˆ ์ด ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ 81๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋„์‚ฝ๊ด€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ตฐ 27๋ช… (๋กœํ๋กœ๋Š„๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šค์•„ํŠธ๋ผํ๋ฆฌ์›€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ 95%์œ ํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ณ‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ), ์ €์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ตฐ 27๋ช… (๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ 95%์œ ํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ10%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ), ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ตฐ 27๋ช… (๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ 95%์œ ํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ 20%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ) ์— ํ• ๋‹น๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์ด์™„์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ TOF-Watchยฎ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์—ฐ์†์ž๊ทน์„2Hz/12s๋กœ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ทผ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ •๋งฅ๋งˆ์ทจ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ทผ์ด์™„์ œ ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ ์‚ฌ์—ฐ์†์ž๊ทน ๋น„์œจ์ด 0์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์—ฐ์†์ž๊ทน ๋น„์œจ์ด 25%๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ 25%์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ์—ฐ์†์ž๊ทน ๋น„์œจ์ด 25%๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 75%๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ธฐ๋„์‚ฝ๊ด€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ €์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธด ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ๊ฐ„ (ํ‰๊ท  ยฑ ํ‘œ์ค€ํŽธ์ฐจ, 399.3 ยฑ 147.8 s) ๊ณผ ์งง์€ 25%์ง€์†์‹œ๊ฐ„ (39.4 ยฑ 6.8 min)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋กœํ๋กœ๋Š„๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šค์•„ํŠธ๋ผํ๋ฆฌ์›€์˜ ๋ณ‘์šฉ์‹œ ์ƒ์Šนํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์•ฝ๋™ํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณตํ—Œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ ๋‘ ์•ฝ์ œ์˜ 95%์œ ํšจ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ 10%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ทผ ์ด์™„ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง: ๋กœํ๋กœ๋Š„, ์‹œ์Šค์•„ํŠธ๋ผํ๋ฆฌ์›€, ๋ณ‘์šฉ, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ทผ ๊ฐ์‹œ, ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ƒ์Šนํšจ๊ณผopen๋ฐ•

    Factors Affecting Political Competency of Advanced Practice Nurses

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง๋ฌดํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ด€์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋„๋œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด 13๊ฐœ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ 1๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ฆ์„ ์ทจ๋“ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘ํšŒ์— ๋“ฑ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 2021๋…„ 6์›” 16์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›” 16์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์ž๊ฐ€๋ณด๊ณ ์‹ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด 135๋ช…์ด ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ์ค‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ์ ์ ˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 4๊ฐœ์™€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‘๋‹ต์ด ๋ˆ„๋ฝ๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 13๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด 118๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด 97.5%๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 30๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 58.5%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ง์œ„๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 62.7%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์€ 2๋…„ ์ดํ•˜๊ฐ€ 48.3%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 30.5%์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์น˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 24.6%, ์ •๋‹น ๊ฐ€์ž… ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 14.4%์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ •๋„๋Š” 5์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท  3.00ยฑ0.54์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ์ •์น˜ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 3.86ยฑ0.55์ , ์ •์น˜ํ–‰๋™ 2.95ยฑ0.66์ , ์ •์น˜์ง€์‹ 2.91ยฑ0.65์ , ์ •์น˜์ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ 2.28ยฑ0.81์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง๋ฌดํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ •๋„๋Š” 5์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท  3.69ยฑ0.41์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ 3.97ยฑ0.54์ , ๊ณผ์—…์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 3.89์ ยฑ0.59์ , ๊ณผ์—…์ •์ฒด์„ฑ 3.74์ ยฑ0.68์ ,vi ์ž์œจ์„ฑ 3.55์ ยฑ0.74์ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 3.28ยฑ0.58์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ด€ ์ •๋„๋Š” 5์  ๋งŒ์ ์— ํ‰๊ท  3.38ยฑ0.48์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ 3.71ยฑ0.52์ , ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‹ค๋ฌด์—ญํ•  3.59ยฑ0.63์ , ์ „๋ฌธ์ง ์ž์•„๊ฐœ๋… 3.45ยฑ0.54์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ์‹ 3.15ยฑ0.57์ , ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋…์ฐฝ์„ฑ 3.01ยฑ0.66์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์—ฐ๋ น(t=2.392, p=0.018), ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€(t=2.525, p=0.013), ์ง์œ„(t=5.693, p=0.004), ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ(t=4.065, p=0.008), ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝํ—˜(t=2.960, p=0.004), ์ •๋‹น๊ฐ€์ž… ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค(t=-3.628, p<.001). 4. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ์ง๋ฌดํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ด€์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ง๋ฌดํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ (r=.395, p<.001), ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ด€์€ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค(r=.343, p<.001). 5. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ง๋ฌดํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ(ฮฒ=.247, p=.005), ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ด€(ฮฒ=.211, p=0.16), ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€(ฮฒ=-.169, p=.043) ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰, ์ง๋ฌดํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ด€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง๋ฌดํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ด€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง๋ฌดํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ „๋ฌธ์ง๊ด€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—…๋ฌด ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ง๋ฌด์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ง๋ฌด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋…์ž์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋ฐ ํ˜‘ํšŒ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. This descriptive correlation study identifies the job characteristics and the degree of nursing professionalism of advanced practice nurses as a factor influencing their political competency and determines a way to improve such political competency by identifying their relationship with this factor. This study was conducted on June 16, 2021 for advanced practice nurses who have acquired one or more advanced practice nurse licenses in 13 fields recognized by the Medical Act, registered with the Korean Association of Advanced Practice nurses, and are currently working in hospitals and local communities. Data were collected through an online survey program using a structured self-report questionnaire from June 16 to September 16. A total of 135 people responded, of which 4 questionnaires were not suitable for the purpose of the study, and 13 questionnaires with some missing responses were omitted; a total of 118 questionnaires were finally used for the analysis. The results are summarized as follows. 1. By gender, 97.5% of the participants were women, and most were in their 30s (58.5%). As for the position, general nurses accounted for the most at 62.7%, and those with less than two years of experience as professional nurses accounted for the most at 48.3%. A total of 30.5% of the participants had political competency education experience, 24.6% had experience in political participation, and 14.4% had joined a political party. 2. Regarding the degree of political competency, participants scored an average of 3.00ยฑ0.54 out of 5, and by sub-domain, the score for political efficacy was 3.86ยฑ0.55, political activity was 2.95ยฑ0.66, political knowledge was 2.92ยฑ0.65, and political interaction was 2.28ยฑ0.81 points. The degree of job characteristics showed an average of 3.69ยฑ0.41 points out of 5, and by sub-area, feedback was 3.97ยฑ0.54, task importance was 3.89ยฑ0.59, task identity was 3.74ยฑ0.68, autonomy was 3.55ยฑ0.7, and variety was 3.28ยฑ0.58 points. The degree of nursing professionalism averaged 3.38ยฑ0.48 out of 5 points, and by sub-area, professionalism of nursing was 3.71ยฑ0.52, the roles of nursing service was 3.59ยฑ0.63, self concept of the profession was 3.45ยฑ0.54, and social awareness was 3.15ยฑ0.57, and originality of nursing was 3.01ยฑ0.66 points. 3. Among general characteristics, political competency was found to have statistically significant differences based on the following: age (t=2.392, p=0.018), place of work (t=2.525, p=0.013), position (t=5.693, p=0.004), experience as an advanced practice nurse (t=4.065, p=0.008), educational experience (t=2.960, p=0.004), and political party membership experience (t=3.628, p<0.001).open์„

    ์Šคํผํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•œ (Ba,Sr)TiOโ‚ƒ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ž”๋ฅ˜์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰๋‘๊ป˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2004.Maste
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