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    ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์…ฐ์ผ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 2. ์ตœ์ข…๊ทผ.์…ฐ์ผ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ์œ ์ฒดํˆฌ๊ณผ์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์…ฐ์ผ์ธต์— ๋ถ€์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ๊ฐ€์Šค์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์‹œ์ถ” ๋ฐ ๋‹ค๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜์••ํŒŒ์‡„๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋‚˜, ํšŒ์ˆ˜์œจ์ด 5~15%๋กœ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์••ํŒŒ์‡„ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ˆ„์ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์—… ์ „ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €๋ฅ˜์ธต ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ฒ•์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ท ์—ด๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ด์ค‘๊ณต๊ทน ยท ์ด์ค‘์œ ์ฒดํˆฌ๊ณผ์œจ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ๊ท ์—ด์ €๋ฅ˜์ธต์˜ ์ด๋ฐฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํก์ฐฉ, ํ™•์‚ฐ, ๋น„์ •์ƒํ๋ฆ„ ๋“ฑ ์…ฐ์ผ ์ €๋ฅ˜์ธต์˜ ์œ ๋™ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ค๊ณ„์— ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €๋ฅ˜์ธต๋ฌผ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์••ํŒŒ์‡„ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์ธ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์••ํŒŒ์‡„ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ, ๊ธธ์ด, ๋†’์ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ปธ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ค๊ณ„ ์ค‘ 3์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์š”์ธ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ R2 ๊ฐ’์ด 0.9828์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ณ  ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ 1.34%๋กœ ์ ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋†’์€ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ดˆ ๋ก List of Tables List of Figures 1. ์„œ ๋ก  2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2.1 ์…ฐ์ผ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ €๋ฅ˜์ธต ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 2.2.1 ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ท ์—ด๋ชจ๋ธ 2.2.2 ์ด์ค‘๊ณต๊ทนยท์ด์ค‘์œ ์ฒดํˆฌ๊ณผ์œจ๋ชจ๋ธ 2.2 ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด๋ฒ• 3. ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์…ฐ์ผ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 3.1 ์…ฐ์ผ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์ • 3.2 ์…ฐ์ผ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ €๋ฅ˜์ธต ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 4.1 ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ž…๋ ฅ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 4.2 ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ 4.3 ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ˆ์ธก 4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ABSTRACTMaste

    Global Health Project for Maternal Child Health in a Developing Country: Case Study in Tigray, Ethiopia

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    Purpose: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate a two-year global health project to improve maternal and child health (MCH) in Ethiopia. Methods: This is a descriptive case study. The target area is Kilte Awlaelo Woreda in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. A baseline survey was conducted to identify the needs of community residents and health care professionals. A MCH program was developed according to a project design matrix that included: infrastructure renovation of health centers; continuing education for midwives, nurses, and health extension workers (HEWs); and improvement of residents' MCH awareness. Project evaluation will examine the structure, process, and outcomes of the program. Results: The baseline survey showed low rates of family planning (31%) and antenatal and postnatal care use (36.1% and 69%, respectively). The institutional birth rate was 13.5%. Midwives and nurses received 2~4 educational programs about family planning and perinatal care. HEWs were also given practical education. Water and electrical infrastructure of all five health centers in the Kilte Awlaelo Woreda were renovated. Additionally, medical supplies and equipment were provided. Community health education on perinatal care, family planning, and personal hygiene was presented. Conclusion: This study highlights the role of nursing in global health and provides basic information on the development and outcomes of the global health project.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋‹จ(KOICA)์˜ ์—ํ‹ฐ์˜คํ”ผ์•„ ์›์กฐ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์œ„ํƒ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ

    ๊ทผ๊ด€์šฉ ์•ฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ด€๋‚ด ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ•ญ๊ท ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์น˜๊ณผ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ด€์šฉ ์•ฝ์ œ์ธ formocresol(Mu akami's Formoc resol)๊ณผ camphorated phenol (Murakami's Camphenic )๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๊ทผ๊ด€์น˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ ๊ทผ๊ด€์šฉ ์•ฝ ์ œ์˜ ์ผํšŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์น˜์•„๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์ž”์กด๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ์•ฝ์ œ์˜ ํ–ฅ๊ท ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜๋น„๊ต ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜์— ๋ณด๊ด€๋œ ์น˜์งˆ ์†์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜ 260๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทผ๊ด€ ํ˜•์„ฑํ›„, 5 ฮผl์˜ ์•ฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ•๋‚ด์˜ No3 ctton pellet์— ๋„ฃ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ cavit์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ด‰ํ•˜์—ฌ, 5ml์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ธด polyethylene tube์— ์นจ์œค์‹œ์ผœ 37โ„ƒ ํ•ญ์˜จ๊ธฐ๋‚ด์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผํšŒ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 6์‹œ๊ฐ„, 12์‹œ๊ฐ„, 1, 2, 3, 7์ผ, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 1, 2, 3, 7์ผ ํ›„, ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์น˜์•„๋‚ด์™ธ์˜ ์ž”์กด๋Ÿ‰์„ spectrophotometer (V-V24O, himadzu Co.)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  , cotton pellet๋‚ด ์•ฝ์ œ์˜ ์ž”์กด๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•ญ๊ท ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์— ์ค€ํ•˜ ๋Š” ์–‘์„ filter paper์— ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์„œ, ๊ท ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ํ•œ์ฒœํ‰ํŒ์ƒ์˜ ์–ต์ œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์•„ ๋ž˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ์ผํšŒ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 1์ผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ›„ ๋‘ ์•ฝ์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ•๋‚ด์—์„œ ์†Œ์‹ค๋˜์—ˆ๋ฉฐ, CP ๊ฐ€ FC ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž”์กด๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผํšŒ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ•๋‚ด ์•ฝ์ œ์˜ ์ž”์กด๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 3. FC์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ•๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์†๋„๋Š” CP์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋นจ๋ž๋‹ค. 4 . FC์˜ ๊ทผ๊ด€์™ธ๋กœ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰๋กœ CP์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 5. FC์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผํšŒ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 6์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 12์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ์ด, ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ตฐ์—๋Š” 7์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ญ๊ท  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE DIFFUSIBILITY AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF INTRACANAL MEDICATIONS Young Sook Park, D.D.S., M.S.D. Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Chung Suck Lee, D.D.S., Ph.D.) This study was undertaken to measure the diffusibility and antimicrobial effectiveness of the medication used in clinical practice . To study the diffusibility of the root canal medicament, loss of formocresol and camphorated phenol from a cotton pellet after insertion into the pulp chamber of 260 molars prepared as routine endodontic treatment was measured. Measurement was done for the one time insertions and fort the reinsertions using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Antibacterial effectiveness against three microoganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spider-midis and a-hemolytic streptococcus, on the blood agar plate was observed by measurement of the inhibition zone with various amount of medicaments . The following results were observed. 1. Nearly all of the medication were lost in the first day after insertion and the residual amount of camphorated phenol was greater than that of fermocresol. 2. Residual amounts of medication in the reinsertion group were greater than that of the onetime insertion group. 3. Within the pulp chamber diffusibility of formocresol wan greater than that of camphorated phenol. 4. The amount of formocresol diffusing out from the tooth wag greater than that of camphorated phenol. 5. Antibacterial effectiveness was obsenred from the residual amount of formocresol in the reinsertion group and in other groups no antibacterial effectiveness was observed.restrictio

    Identification of differentially experessed mouse mRNA induced by the infection of acanthamoeba culbertsoni via DD

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ž์œ ์ƒํ™œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ”๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์— ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์–ด ์›๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜๋ง‰๋‡Œ์—ผ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๋ง‰์—ผ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ” ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ์—ผ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‚ฐ(DNA ๋˜๋Š” RNA) ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฒ•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” mRNA๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ DNA๋ฅผ ์ฆํญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(DDRT-PCR)์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ฆํญ๋˜๋Š” ์ฆํญ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ง„๋‹จ์šฉ ํ‘œ์ง€์ž ์ œ์กฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Acanthamoeba culbertsoni(A. culbertsoni) ์˜์–‘ํ˜• 1ร—10**5 ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์—ผ์‹œํ‚จ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ” ์šฉ์ถœ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ELISA๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 7โˆผ10์ผ์—์„œ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ  ์ด 40โˆผ60%์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ” ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ „(๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ)๊ณผ ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ›„(๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ)์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •์ œํ•œ mRNA๋ฅผ ์ฃผํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ DDRT-PCR ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 70๊ฐœ์˜ arbitrary 10-mer primer๋“ค ์ค‘ 14๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆํญ๋œ DNA ์ฆํญ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค 14๊ฐœ์˜ arbitrary 10-mer primer์™€ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ one base-anchored oligo-dT^^11 M(M: A, C, ๋˜๋Š” G)์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ DDRT-PCR์˜ ์ฆํญ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™ ๋ถ„ํš์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ arbitrary primer #209๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ PCR ์ฆํญ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ 18๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ํš ์ž„์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , #210์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 11๊ฐœ, #212์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 35๊ฐœ, #219์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 15๊ฐœ, #228์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 19๊ฐœ, #232์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ23๊ฐœ, #234์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 20๊ฐœ, #237์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 17๊ฐœ, #250์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 29๊ฐœ, #254์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 24๊ฐœ, #265์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 12๊ฐœ, #266์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 16๊ฐœ, #268์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 29๊ฐœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  #269์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ 7๊ฐœ ๋“ฑ, ์ด 275๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ํš์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ ๋ถ„ํš๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ mRNA๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ CDNA ํƒ์นจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ Southern slot blot hybridization์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” mRNA๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฆํญ๋œ PCR ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์œ ์ƒํ™œ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฐ”์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ต์‚ฐ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํ‘œ์ง€์ž ์ œ์กฐ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ 14๊ฐœ์˜ arbitrary 10-mer primer๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด primer๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 275๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ตฐ์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™ ๋ถ„ํš์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์ค‘ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์šฉ ํ‘œ์ง€์ž ํ™•๋ณด์— ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ CDNA ์ฆํญ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋™์ • ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] A facultative parasite and pathogenic free-living amoeba, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, has been known to frequently cause granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis and Acanthamoeba keratitis in human infection from a lot of sources such as fresh water, air conditioner, air, sewage, soil and so on. In this study, identification of the DNA amplicons representing differentially expressed mRNAs in the blood cells of the mice infected with Acanthamoeba culbertsoni(1ร—10**5 ) was attempted via differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(DDRT-PCR),which could be prospective candidates for developing DNA probe for the early diagnosis. Based on ELISA analysis, antibody titer rose outstandingly on day 7 to 10 after the infection when the mortality of the infected mice already reached up to 57%. For DDRT-PCR analysis, seventy arbitrary 10-mer primers coupled with each one base-anchored oligo-dT^^11 M(M: A, C, or G)primer were screened and 14 of them revealed informative amplification profiles. The size of DDRT-PCR amplification products, counted in this study, were ranged from 100 to 2,500bp. Here are the summary of the 275 differentially displayed amplicons in the infection group, which are prospective candidates of representing differentially expressed mRNA induced by amoebic infection: Fifteen specific amplicons were observed from PCR amplification with the combinations of the 3 anchored oligo-dT^^11 M and the arbitrary primer #209, 11 amplicons with #210, 35 amplicons with #212, 15 amplicons with #219, 19 amplicons with #228, 23 amplicons with #232, 20 amplicons with #234, 17 amplicons with #237, 29 amplicons with #250, 24 amplicons with #254, 12 amplicons with #265, 16 amplicons with #266, 29 arnplicons with #268, and 7 amplicons with# 269. It was verified that the observed 275 differentially displayed amplicons were amplified from mRNA of the infected mouse via Southern slot blot hybridization using cDNA probes synthesized from mRNA of the infected mouse. Through DDRT-PCR analysis, several differentially displayed amplicons representing differentially expressed mRNA in the infection group were observed from the blood cells collected on the day 5 after the infection, which could be the candidates for developing the markers for the early diagnosis at the nucleic acid level. Further characterization of the observed 275 differentially amplified fragments should be Performed to identify the Prefer molecular genetic markers for the early diagnosis.restrictio

    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™ ์ง€์‹์ฒด ํ˜•์„ฑ: ๊ท€๋‚ฉ๋ฒ•

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    ํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•ด ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์„ ์ •๊ณผ ํ•ด๋‹ต์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„(paradigm)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Kuhn๏ผŒ 1962). ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ์ง€์  ํ™œ๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ(moral judgement), ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ํŒ๋‹จ(factual judgement), ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ(logical judgement)์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(Kemeny๏ผŒ 1960). ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ(normative orientation), ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ(empirical orientation), ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ(practical orientation) 3๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(๊ฐ•์‹ ํƒ๏ผŒ 1984). ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ์€ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ฐ€์ง์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ๏ผŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ฐ€์ง์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ์€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ๊ฐ€์ง์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋Š” ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„์„œ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ -์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๋ฌธ์€ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ์ง€ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋•์  ํŒ๋‹จ๏ผŒ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ํŒ๋‹จ๏ผŒ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์  ํŒ๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ Carper(1978)๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ง€์‹์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์•Ž์˜ 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ 1) ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๊ณผํ•™๏ผŒ 2) ๋ฏธํ•™์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๏ผŒ 3) ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 4) ์œค๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ๋„๋•์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Kim (1993)๋„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์‹ค๋ฌด์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ง€์‹(private knowledge)๊ณผ ๊ณต์  ์ง€์‹(public knowledge)์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์ ๏ผŒ ๋„๋•์ ๏ผŒ ๋ฏธํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค

    Treatment pattern and survival rate in pancreatic cancer

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    ์—ญํ•™ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]1. 2006๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2007๋…„ 2๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•œ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ค‘์ฆ์งˆํ™˜์ž(์•”) ๋“ฑ๋ก์„ ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์ด 8414๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 4777๋ช…( 56.7%), ์—ฌ์ž 3637๋ช…(43.3%)๋กœ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ 1.31๋ฐฐ ๋งŽ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 60๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „์ฒด๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 61.6%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ์น˜๋ฃŒํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒํ˜•ํƒœ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 8๊ฐœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 8414๋ช…์ค‘ ๋ฌด์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 4395๋ช…(52.2%), ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋งŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 568๋ช…(6.8%), ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 451๋ช…(5.3%), ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 54๋ช…(0.6%), ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ• ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 285๋ช…(3.4%), ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•๋งŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 2033๋ช…(24.2%), ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋งŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 148๋ช…(1.8%), ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 480๋ช…(5.7%)์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•๋งŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์ œ์ผ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์ค‘ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ๋™๋ฐ˜๋œ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 1351๋ช…(16.1%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ์•”์ด ์ „์ด๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 2258๋ช…(26.8%)์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ์•”์ด ์ „์ด๋œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 3157๋ช…(37.5%)์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ๊ฐ„, ํ›„๋ณต๋ง‰ ๋ฐ ๋ณต๋ง‰, ๋ณต๋ถ€๋‚ด ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์•…์„ฑ ์‹ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ์ „์ด๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 1648๋ช…(19.6%)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.. 4. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ทŒ์žฅ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ด 8414๋ช…์˜ ์ค‘์•™์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 7.0๊ฐœ์›”์ด๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘์•™์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 3.9๊ฐœ์›”, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ค‘์•™์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 32.8๊ฐœ์›”, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 21.1๊ฐœ์›”, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 18.5๊ฐœ์›”, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 18.0 ๊ฐœ์›”์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 12.2๊ฐœ์›”, ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 7.9๊ฐœ์›”, ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋งŒ์„ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 6.1๊ฐœ์›” ์ˆœ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” p๊ฐ’ 0.0001 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๋…„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 78.3%, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด 73.7%, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ 72.8% ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (p <.0001) 5. ๋น„๋ก€์œ„ํ—˜ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌ๋ง์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋…์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œ„ํ—˜์€ 0.246๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ• ๋งŒ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œ„ํ—˜์€ 0.311๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œ„ํ—˜์€ 0.320๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œ„ํ—˜์€ 0.273๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•๋งŒ์„ ๋‹จ๋… ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 0.687๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋งŒ์„ ๋‹จ๋… ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 0.732๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์•”ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์œ„ํ—˜์€ 0.513๋ฐฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” p๊ฐ’ 0.0001 ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]ope

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    (A) study on the fracture modes and failure loads of the various types of restoration for the endodontically treated anterior teeth

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ทผ๊ด€์น˜๋ฃŒํ›„ ์น˜์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ถ€์„œ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šฐ๋ฉฐ, ๊ด€์น˜๋ฃŒ์ค‘์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์‚ญ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์น˜์•„์šฐ์‹์ฆ, ์ˆ˜๋ณต๋ฌผ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฑด์ „ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ํŒŒ์ ˆ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šฐ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทผ๊ด€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›์€ ์น˜์•„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋น„๊ต ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ•™์ž๋“ค๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋ณต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” ์น˜์•„์†์ƒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฑฐ๋œ ์ „์น˜ 128๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๊ด€์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ๋ณด์กด์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ˜๋ณต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• -์ธ์‚ฐ์•„์—ฐ์„ธ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ด์žฅํ›„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„ ์ถฉ์ „, ์ธ์‚ฐ์•„์—ฐ์„ธ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ์ด์žฅ์—†์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„๋งŒ ์ถฉ์ „, ๊ทผ๊ด€๋‚ด Post ์žฅ์ฐฉํ›„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„ ์ถฉ์ „, ๊ทผ๊ด€๋‚ด Post ์žฅ์ฐฉํ›„ ๊ธˆ์†์น˜๊ด€ํ˜•์„ฑ -์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ก  ํ•˜์ค‘๊ธฐ (Instron testing machine, Tensilon/UTM- โ…ข -500, Toyo Baldwin Co. Ltd.)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ, ํŒŒ๋‹จํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ ˆ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๊ทผ๊ด€์ถฉ์ „ํ›„ ์ˆ˜๋ณต๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์น˜์•„์˜ ํŒŒ๋‹จํ•˜์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2 Post๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฐ•๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์น˜์•„์˜ ํŒŒ์ ˆ์€ ์น˜๊ทผ์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€ โ…“๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ โ…“ ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ‰ ํ˜น์€ ๋น„์Šค๋“ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 3 Post๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฐ•๋œ ์น˜์•„์˜ ํŒŒ์ ˆ์€ Post ์ฃผ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4 Post ๋ณด๊ฐ•ํ›„ ์น˜๊ด€์ˆ˜๋ณตํ•œ ์น˜์•„์—์„œ๋Š” Post ์ฃผ์œ„์™€ ์น˜ํ™˜๋ถ€์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ ˆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] An endodontically treated tooth is likely to be brittle than a vital tooth. Internal structure of the tooth has been weakened due to a significant removal of dentin by coronal access, canal preparation. There are many controversies concerning wish various methods of reinforcing an intact anterior tooth that has endodontic treatment. In this experiment, 128 extracted maxillary anterior teeth were endodontically treated, and prepared with methods of restorations; Composite resin filling with zinc phosphate cement, composite resin filling without zinc phosphate cement, composite resin filling with post, and metal crown with post. _ An Instron testing machine was used to measure the fracture loads of the specimens. The means of the failure loads for the 4 groups were compared by F-test statistically and the failure modes were observed. The results were as follows ; 1.There were no statistically significant difference between the failure loads of the four methods of restoration. 2. Teeth without post were fractured in a horizontal or oblique plane through upper or middle third of the root. 3. In the posted teeth, fractures were occurred around the post. 4. In the metal crowned teeth with post, the fracture were occurred around the post or coronalrestrictio

    A crisis model for the early adolescent

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์ „๊ณต,2002.Docto

    Case studies of hospital ownership structures in Korea

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    ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๋… ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” OECF, KFW ์ฐจ๊ด€ ๋ฐ 2๊ฐœ ๋„ ์ด์ƒ ๊ด€ํ•  ์ค‘๋ณต ์ง€์—ญ ๋ณ‘์› ์ด์ˆ˜ 141๊ฐœ ์ค‘์—์„œ 13๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ž„์˜์  ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ธ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณ‘์›๋ณ„ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณ‘์›๋ณ„ ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๋ณ‘์›๋ณ„ ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‘ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ „์›์ด ๋น„์˜์‚ฌ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์„ธ ๋ณ‘์›์€ ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ „์›์ด ์˜์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ๊ณผ์˜ ์ธ์ฒ™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ธ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ „์›์ด ๋น„์ธ์ฒ™๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€๊ณ  12๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์€ ๋น„์ธ์ฒ™์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 50.0% ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์€ ์ธ์ฒ™๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ธ์ฒ™๊ด€๊ณ„์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ถ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ณ‘์›์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธˆ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฆ์ถ• ๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, 13๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ธ๋“ค์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ด์‚ฌ์™€ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฒ˜์˜ 3์ดŒ ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ๋ถ€๊ณ„ํ˜ˆ์กฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž ๋“ฑ์€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ชฝ ์นœ์ธ์ฒ™๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ถ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ธˆ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฆ์ถ• ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ •์€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ 13๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ณ‘์›์ด 11๊ฐœ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ์˜์‚ฌ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ์˜์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์ด ์ด์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ธ์ฒ™ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์›์€ ์†Œ์œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ™”๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์นœ ์ธ์ฒ™ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์•„์ง์€ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์ฒด์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ ค๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‘์ฑ…์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] In this study we opportunistically sampled 13 cases from 141 OECF, KFW loan hospitals and hospitals located in more than 2 provinces, that are monitored and managed by Ministry of Health and Welfare for understanding the hospital ownership structures in Korea. The purposes of this study are as follows: 1. Describe the cases of hospitals for ownership structures in Korea. 2. Focus on the changes in CEOs and the relationship between CEOs and members of the board for ownership structure.And the result of this study is as follows: 1. Members of the board changed frequently after replacement of a new CEO. 2. According to board members of case 2 and case 7, all the members of the board were non-physicians but in case 1, case 10 and case 13, all the members of the board were physicians. 3. To understand hospital ownership structure, we saw relations between CEOs and members of the board. In case 3, case 5 and case 10, there were no relatives among board members, but most of the cases, except case 13, there were more than 50.0% non-relatives in members of the board. In case 13 there were more relatives than non-relatives among board members. 4. Case 2, case 3 and case 8 were dishonored because of the financial problems \and expansion of hospital sizes. There are several problems in this study and they are as follows: 1. There were certain limitations to generalize to all hospitals in Korea because of sample sizes. 2. There were difficulties understanding further relationship between CEOs and members of the borad because we couldn't find out CEO's wife's relatives. 3. Couldn't get no further inter-hospital circumstances of the dishonored hospitals because of no other informations in managed files of Ministry of Health and Welfare. Among 13 hospitals, 11 hospitals had physician CEOs and hospitals with physician CEO, there were less changes in members of the board than hospitals with non-physician CEOs. Especially hospitals with physician CEOs, who are keeping their positions continuously until now, changed the board members much less than non-physician CEOs. Most of the inspectors of hospitals had relationship with the CEOs. Constructuring the board is to use control over hospital but actually ownership structure of hospital is concentrated and considering the high rate of relatives among the board members, monitoring system is yet to be established and so other counterplots are recommendable.restrictio
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