89 research outputs found

    Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms and haplotypes with ischemic stroke in Korean individuals with or without diabetes mellitus

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    Polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene have been implicated in various diseases associated with cardiovascular risk factors, but little is known regarding the risks of ischemic stroke (IS) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, we evaluated the genotypes and haplotypes of three eNOS polymorphisms (-786T>C, 4a4b and 894G>T) in a Korean population of 223 IS patients and 206 controls classified into four groups: healthy subjects, type 2 DM patients without IS, IS patients without type 2 DM and IS patients with type 2 DM. The genotype frequency of 4a4b in the controls with type 2 DM differed significantly from that in the controls without DM (4b4b vs. 4a4b; OR=2.769; 95% CI 1.233-6.220) and the frequency of the -786C-4a-894G haplotype was higher in the controls with DM compared to the controls without DM (P=0.040). Additionally, the -786C-4b-894G haplotype was more common in the cases with DM than in the controls without type 2 DM (P=0.034). Our findings suggest that the eNOS 4a allele-associated genotype and haplotype is a risk factor for type 2 DM, and that the -786C-4b-894G haplotype is a risk factor for IS with DM.ope

    Surgical treatment of hypothalamic hamartoma

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    Hypothalamic hamartomas are often associated with early onset gelastic seizures, precocious puberty, behavioral problem and suboptimal response to antiepiletptic drugs. Until now, four surgical options have been reported to reduce seizure by >50%. Surgical excision have good seizure outcome but postoperative complications were not infrequent, whether by pterional or transcallosal interforniceal approach. Radiosurgery is noninvasive alternative to resective surgery but the effect usually does not appear until several months later. Radiofrequency ablation is less invasive than surgical resection and its effect is immediate, but lacks long term follow-up data. It also requires three dimensional analysis of the lesion to enhance effi cacy and safety. As hypothalamic hamartoma is intrinsically epileptogenic and epileptogenic discharges spread from the lesion, blocking the seizure propagation through endoscopic disconnection is regarded as an effective and safer option. Surgical choice for a particular patient should take into account the hamartomaโ€™s size, location, surgeonโ€™s preferences, possible complication as well as the effect and risk of the various surgical methods. In the present review, open surgery, endoscopic disconnection, radiosurgery and radiofrequency ablation are discussedope

    Long term magnetic Resonance Angiography follow-up in moyamoya disease

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    OBJECTIVE: Revascularization is an effective treatment for the ischemic symptom of moyamoya disease. Indirect revascularization is also effective. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has the ability for collateral formation that is equivalent to conventional angiography. This study analyzed the results of indirect revascularization by MRA.0aMETHODS: A total of 25 patients underwent bilateral EDAS for the management of moyamoya disease. All patients underwent MRA after surgery more than 24 months later. The collateral formation was graded as Good, Fair, and Poor. The clinical outcome was assessed as Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor.0aRESULTS: Good collateral formation was 32 sides of the EDAS, and fair was 18. An excellent clinical outcome was obtained in 15 patients, Good in 8, Fair in 1, and Poor in 1. There was a significant correlation between the preoperative symptom, gender, and the clinical outcome.0aCONCLUSION: In the management of ischemic moyamoya disease, indirect revascularization has been the golden standard with remarkably low morbidity and mortality. Moreover, and MRA can replace conventional angiography in the follow-up of moyamoya patients.ope

    The Ability of the Gliadelยฎ Wafer to Control the Malignant Brain Tumor๏ผ›Preliminary Report

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    Introduction๏ผšAdjuvant systemic chemotherapy increases survival for malignant glioma patients. However, it is unable to effectively cross the blood-brain barrier and have unacceptable systemic toxicities, and the short exposure time of tumor tissue to chemotherapeutic agents. Consequently, many researchers have tried to develop innovative local treatments that bypass the blood-brain barrier and allow for direct treatment in the central nervous system(interstitial chemotherapy). Recently, Gliadelยฎ wafer containing carmustine(BCNU) was approved for the interstitial chemotherapy. We present our initial experience in using interstitial chemotherapy as a strategy to treat malignant brain tumors. Materials and Methods๏ผšWe analyzed the clinical feature, MRI figures, KPS score, and progression-free survival in 13 malignant brain tumor patients treated with interstitial chemotherapy using Gliadelยฎ wafer from Sep 2004 to Dec 2006. There were 6 glioblastomas, 4 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 3 poorly differentiated carcinomas. Each patient has different treatment histories before and after insertion of Gliadelยฎ wafer. Out of 3 metastatic brain tumors, 2 were recurred after gamma knife surgery. Old patient with huge cystic metastatic tumor refused other kind of chemotherapy. So we inserted Gliadelยฎ wafer after grossly total removal of tumor without any other treatment. Three anaplastic astrocytomas and three glioblastomas recurred after surgery or biopsy, followed by concomitant radiation and Temodal chemotherapy. Three glioblastomas and one anaplastic astrocytoma were treated with interstitial chemotherapy using Gliadelยฎ wafer at the first surgery followed by concomitant radiation and Temodalยฎ chemotherapy. Results๏ผšThere was not any complication related to interstitial chemotherapy using Gliadelยฎ wafer during follow-up (follow up duration๏ผšmean - 10 months, range -3~20 months). Three patients were dead 8, 11 and 12 months after after insertion of Gliadelยฎ wafer(2 anaplastic astrocytomas and 1 glioblastoma). Follow-up MRI of 2 glioblastoma patients revealed tumor regrowth 3 and 19 months after insertion of Gliadelยฎ wafer. The others are alive. The survivals showed the good performance status. Conclusion๏ผšThis would be the brief preliminary report about the local control of the highly infiltrative brain tumor. Because the local progression or recurrence is still problematic combination of interstitial chemotherapy using Gliadelยฎ wafer and systemic chemotherapy with Temodalยฎ or other anticancer agents could improve patient's survival without increasing additional systemic toxicity.ope

    ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์†๋„ ์ถ”์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž…์ž ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ ์ˆ˜์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ „์‚ฐ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ๋ฐ•์˜์„.This thesis presents a reliable integrated model of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Population Balance Model (PBM) for the gas-liquid stirred tank for predicting oxygen mass transfer rates. Three constructed meshes were compared: unstructured, structured with thickness resolved, and zero-thickness structured mesh. The structured with thickness resolved meshes were selected as the best mesh. Then, the adjustable parameters in PBM kernels were estimated. The grid search method was employed, due to the strong non-linearity of the CFD-PBM model, based on the Bayesian optimization (BO) to improve the efficiency of searching. The final model was validated with experimental measurement results, and the validated model and the uniform bubble size model were compared. The results show that the PBM model reflects the heterogeneity of the system better, therefore better predicting the occurrence of dead zones in the stirred tank. Finally, a case study was conducted to examine changes in oxygen mass transfer according to changes in viscosity. As the viscosity was increased to 10 times that of water, the volume-averaged oxygen mass transfer rate decreased by 28% as the viscosity increased 10 times, and an increase in the mixing rate of 5% and the aeration rate of 10% was estimated to recover 67% and 45% of reduced mass transfer rate, respectively.๋ณธ ์„์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ-์•ก ๊ต๋ฐ˜ ํƒฑํฌ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์†๋„ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ CFD-PBM ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ (๋น„ ์ •ํ˜•, ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ •ํ˜•, ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•œ ์ •ํ˜• ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ)๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ •ํ˜• ๋ฉ”์‰ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ PBM kernel๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. CFD-PBM ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋น„ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฒฉ์ž ํƒ์ƒ‰์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฉ์ž ํƒ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€์•ˆ ์ตœ์ ํ™” (BO)๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข… ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ผ ํฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฑฐํ’ˆ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, PBM ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋น„ ๊ท ์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ต๋ฐ˜ ํƒฑํฌ์—์„œ โ€˜dead zoneโ€™์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ ๋„๊ฐ€ ์—ด ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ 72%๋งŒํผ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 3 ๋ฐฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ ๋„์—์„œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์•ฝ 5% ์ •๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์ž…๋Ÿ‰์„ 10% ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ „๋‹ฌ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 67% ์™€ 45%๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.Contents 4 List of Figures 5 List of Tables 6 1. Introduction 7 2. Modeling Approach 11 2.1 CFD Modeling of Gas-Liquid Multiphase Flow 11 2.2 Turbulence Modeling 16 2.3 Population Balance Modeling 17 2.3.1 Formulation of Method of Moments (MOM) 19 2.3.2 Formulation of QMOM 21 2.3.3 Kernels for Bubble Dynamics 24 2.4 Modeling of the Volumetric Mass Transfer Rate kLa 32 2.5 Parameter Estimation with Bayesian Optimization (BO) 34 3. Geometry, Grid, and Numerical Strategy 37 4. Simulation Results and Discussion 50 4.1 Sensitivity Test 50 4.2 Parameter Estimation 54 4.3 Model Validation 59 4.4 Comparison between Uniform Size Model and PBM Model 65 4.5 Oxygen Mass Transfer Rate Results in Viscosity Changes 68 5. Conclusion 72 References 73 Abstract in Korean (๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก) 77์„

    Factors contributing to improvement of myelopathy in patients with cervical OPLL

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ]ํ›„์ข…์ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณจํ™”์ฆ์€ ํ›„์ข…์ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์„ํšŒํ™”๋˜์–ด ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์กด์ ์š”๋ฒ• ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ถ” ํ›„์ข…์ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณจํ™”์ฆ์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ž๋กœ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋‚˜์ด, ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์˜ ์••๋ฐ•์ •๋„, ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ•๋„์—ฌ๋ถ€๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋กœ ๋‚ด์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์ถ” ํ›„์ข…์ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณจํ™”์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์ฆ ํšŒ๋ณต์œจ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ˆํ›„์ธ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ›„ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๋ณธ์›์—์„œ ํ›„์ข…์ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณจํ™”์ฆ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž 110๋ช…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ‰๊ท  52๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์  ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ ๋‚˜์ด, ์™ธ์ƒ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ T2W1 ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์ƒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ•๋„ ์œ ๋ฌด, ๊ณจํ™”๋œ ๋ถ„์ ˆ์ˆ˜, ํ›„์ข…์ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณจํ™”์ฆ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜, ๊ณจํ™”๋œ ์ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น„์œจ(OCA ratio of OPLL), ๋‚ด์›์‹œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์ƒํƒœ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์ฆ ํšŒ๋ณต์œจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์ฆ ํšŒ๋ณต์œจ์ด ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹œ 60์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ตฐ, ์™ธ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ T2W1 ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์ƒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ, ๊ณจํ™”๋œ ์ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 4๋ถ„์ ˆ ์ด์ƒ์ธ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์›์‹œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์†Œ๊ฒฌ ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์ด๋‚˜ ํ›„์ข…์ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณจํ™”์ฆ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ๊ณจํ™”๋œ ์ธ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น„์œจ์€ ์ฒ™์ˆ˜๋ณ‘์ฆ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์œจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ›„ ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐฉ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์ฒ™์ˆ˜์•ก ์œ ์ถœ, ์ด์‹๋œ ์žฅ๊ณจ์˜ ์ „์œ„๋“ฑ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ›„๋ฐฉ์ ‘๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ถ”ํ›„๋งŒ์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋ง‰์™ธํ˜ˆ์ข… ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ›„์ข…์ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณจํ™”์ฆ์˜ ์žฌํ˜•์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament(OPLL) is defined as an abnormal thickening of the posterior longitudinal ligament and is a cause of myelopathy. Surgical decompression is the only effective method to have neurologic symptoms. A variety of factors may affect the surgical outcome for patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament with myelopathy. The aim of this study is to analyze the factors that contribute to the improvement ratio of myelopathy after operation and investigate the complications of operation. To assess the prognostic factors after surgery, clinical and radiological data of 110 patients who underwent surgery were reviewed. The neurological status of the patients was assessed with the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale and improvement ratio of myelopathy. Radiological features were examined with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Occupancy ratio of the OPLL was also checked. The improvement ratio of myelopathy was lower for patients older than 60 years, with an invasion level over 3 and high signal intensity on T2W1 MRI and truama history. However the OCA ratio of OPLL and type of OPLL were not correlated with the improvement ratio of OPLL. The age, levels of OPLL, high signal intensity on T2W1 MRI and trauma history were reliable predictors of poor improvement ratio of myeolpathy. The most common complication of the anterior approach is CSF leakage and displacement of iliac bone graft or plate. Kyphosis developed after the posterior approach in about 7.4% of cases.ope

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ eNOS ์œ ์ „์ž ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘์€ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๊ด€์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ์ผํ˜ˆ, ๋‡Œ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰, ๋‡Œ์ถœํ˜ˆ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ํŠน์ด์ ์ด๋‹ค. NO๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์†ŒํŒ ์นจ์ฒด ์–ต์ œ ๋ฐ, ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ํ™•์žฅ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ NO์— ๊ด€์—ฌ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰, ์‹ฌ๊ทผ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘์—์„œ NO์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ eNOS ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” eNOS ์œ ์ „์ž ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์–‘์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ 93๋ช… (23.0ยฑ16.1 years, 59 ์—ฌ์„ฑ [63.4%], 34 ๋‚จ์„ฑ, [36.6%])์˜ ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘๊ณผ 328๋ช… (27.7ยฑ16.2 years, 217 ์—ฌ์„ฑ [66.2%], 111 ๋‚จ์„ฑ [33.8%])์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ eNOS (eNOS -922 A>G, -786 T>C, 4a4b, 894 G>T) ์œ ์ „์ž ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ นํŠน์ด์  ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ eNOS ์œ ์ „์ž ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ํŠน์ • ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น ํŠน์ด์  ์ž„์ƒ์–‘์ƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™˜์ž ๋Œ€์กฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฐ๋ น ์ค‘๋ณต ์น˜์šฐ์นจ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 15์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์†Œ์•„๊ตฐ๊ณผ 25์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ธ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์—ฐ๋ น ํŠน์ด์  ๋Œ€์กฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์„ ๋‡Œ๊ฒฝ์ƒ‰๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋‡Œ์ถœํ˜ˆ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ธํŠธ๋ก  4๋ฒˆ์˜ 4a4b ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 21.0%, ์„ฑ์ธ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 6.1% ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ์—์„œ ์ธํŠธ๋ก  4๋ฒˆ์— 4a4b ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์ด ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (P=0.046). ๋˜ํ•œ 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์†Œ์•„์˜ G-T-4a-G, G-T-4a ๋ฐ G-T-G ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• ๋ฐฐ์—ด์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ์•„ ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค (P=0.029). ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• ๋ฐฐ์—ด์€ ์†Œ์•„ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ eNOS ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• G-T-4a-G, G-T-4a๋ฐ G-T-G ๋ฐฐ์—ด์€ ์†Œ์•„ ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๊ณ , ์ธํŠธ๋ก  4๋ฒˆ์— 4a4b์˜ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์ด ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ์•„์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘์ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ „์  ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ์•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ชจ์•ผ๋ณ‘์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž„์ƒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋„ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Background: Moyamoya disease is a chronic cerebrovascular disorder with symptoms that vary based on the age at diagnosis. Pediatric populations tend to develop cerebral ischemic symptoms and adults more frequently develop cerebral hemorrhage. These differences suggest that there is some variation in the genetic characteristics of moyamoya disease based on the age at presentation.Material and Methods: A case-control study to investigate whether polymorphisms in the eNOS gene are associated to the age-specific onset of moyamoya disease was conducted. Ninety-three consecutive native Korean patients (23.0ยฑ16.1 years, 59 female [63.4%], 34 male, [36.6%]) with moyamoya disease were recruited for this study. These patients were divided into pediatric (G, -786 T>C, 4a4b, and 894 G>T) were assessed in the pediatric and adult patients with moyamoya disease and compared to the healthy control group. Results: In the adult moyamoya group, the 4a4b genotype was less frequently detected than in the control group (P=0.046). The 4a4b genotype was detected in 21.0% of the control group subjects and in 6.1% of the adult group. All 10 potential haplotypes were represented among all participants and were denoted by the allele at intron 4. Compared to the control group, there were differences in the haplotype distribution in the study group; specifically the G-T-4a-G haplotype was observed more frequently in the pediatric moyamoya group (P=0.029). In addition, the G-T-4a and G-T-G genomic sequences were more frequently found in the pediatric moamoya group. Other aberrant haplotype sequences were not found in either the pediatric or adult groups. There were no significant differences in eNOS polymorphisms associated with clinical symptoms, such as the ischemic or hemorrhagic type. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the haplotype with the G-T-4a-G, G-T-4a and G-T-G genomic sequences were associated with pediatric moyamoya. In addition, the intron 4 polymorphism of eNOS appears to be associated with the development of moyamoya disease. Our results suggest that pediatric and adult onset moyamoya disease have different genetic characteristics. These genetic differences can effect on age-specific clinical characteristics such as cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage.prohibitio

    ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ฐ ์‘์ง‘ ์ œ์–ด๋œ ๊ท€๊ธˆ์† ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„

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    Optical characterizations to probe characteristic plasmonic properties were performed with noble metallic nanostructures of colloidal plate and assembled tubular geometries. Two different chemical reduction strategies were designed and introduced to tailor the anisotropic geometry of plasmonic nanostructures with ionic stabilizers and the tubular assembly with colloidal nanorod templates, respectively. Copper nanoplates were selected as the model geometry of colloidal anisotropic nanostructures. To obtain anisotropic particles in the colloidal state, microemulsions were employed as microscopic reactors and suspending medium. Interfacial formation of cupric hydroxides as intermediates between immiscible water and oil phases of microemulsions was followed by the reduction of the Cu(II) species into Cu. We confirmed that gradual seeded growth of Cu nanoparticles leads to the geometric control in the presence of ionic stabilizers. Plate geometries and localized surface plasmon resonances of colloidal Cu were controlled using quaternary ammonium hydroxides with identical akyl chains as stabilizers, which were found to have a crucial effect on the geometric control. Geometry-dependent plasmon resonances were investigated monitoring UV-vis extinction. A comparison between measured and calculated extinction profiles for Cu nanoparticles was made using electrodynamics calculations, confirming that the controlled anisotropic geometries are responsible for narrow and intense plasmon resonances. Tubular silver nanostructures were prepared with colloidal ZnO nanorod templates. Regulated chemical reduction with two reducing agents gave rise to homogeneous and concentrated deposition of Ag nanoparticles assembled on the nanorods. Structural and optical characterizations were conducted to reveal tubular fine structures consisting of aggregated Ag nanoparticles and broad extinction extending over whole visible ranges of the tubular structures. Tunable plasmon coupling was found to be originated from the tubular assembly of aggregates with interparticle junctions, resulting in the broad extinction. Additionally, we demonstrate subsequent interfacial self-assembly of tubular nanostructures between water and hexane occurs yielding highly ordered macroscale films. Distinctive wide range plasmon coupling between tubular Ag nanostructures was evident from the films. Finally, probing the SERS activity of various nanostructure films delivering tunable coupled plasmons confirms that the primary tubular assembly of Ag nanostructures with abundant interparticle junctions and strong plasmon coupling is responsible for strong and reproducible SERS. From optical charactrizations on plasmonic nanostructures with controlled geometry and assembly, we concluded that narrow and intense localized surface plasmon resonances arise from anisotropic geometries of colloidal Cu as a result of geometric control, and templated assembly of Ag nanoparticles into tubular nanostructures causes quite broad extinction triggered by strong plasmon coupling between nanoparticles. Strongly coupled plasmons of tubular Ag nanostructures ensure reproducible and sensitive SERS detections, generating local concentration of electromagnetic fields within interparticle junctions, while a significant damping of plasmon resonances due to the surface oxidation of nanostructured Cu restricts applications of the plasmonic nanostructures.๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ํŒ ๋ฐ ์‘์ง‘๋œ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ๊ท€๊ธˆ์† ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…์„ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ํ˜•์ƒ์€ ์ด์˜จ์„ฑ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํก์ฐฉ์ œ๋กœ, ํŠœ๋ธŒํ˜•์ƒ์˜ ์‘์ง‘์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ง‰๋Œ€ ์ฝ”์–ด ํ˜•ํ‹€๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ํ™˜์›๋ฒ•์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•ด ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒ์€ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฝœ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ, ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์—๋ฉ€์ „์„ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์—๋ฉ€์ ผ์˜ ์œ ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ™˜์›์‹œ์ผœ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•™ํ™˜์› ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ด์˜จ์„ฑ ํก์ฐฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…์€ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™” ์•Œํ‚ฌ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„์˜ ์–‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•ด ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์•Œํ‚ฌ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„ ํก์ฐฉ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ œ์–ด์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…์€ ์ž์™ธ์„ -๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ์˜ํ•œ ๋น›์˜ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด, ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตญ์†Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…์— ์˜ํ•œ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธํŒ์˜ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ํ˜•์ƒ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‘์ง‘๋œ ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™”์•„์—ฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ง‰๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•ํ‹€๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜์›์ œ๋กœ ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ง‰๋Œ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‘์ง‘๋œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์‘์ง‘์ฒด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ์˜์—ญ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๋น›์˜ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠœ๋ธŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์€ ์ž…์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‘์ง‘์ด ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋„“์€ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํก์ˆ˜๋ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํŠœ๋ธŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ—ฅ์„ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์˜ˆ์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์€ ํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฐ• ๋ผ๋งŒ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํ•„๋ฆ„์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์€ ์ž…์ž ๊ฐ„ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ผ๋งŒ์‚ฐ๋ž€์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ท€๊ธˆ์† ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์ข๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตญ์†Œ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…์€ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ๋น„๋“ฑ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ํ˜•์ƒ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ณ , ํ˜•ํ‹€๋กœ ์œ ๋„๋œ ์€ ์‘์ง‘์ฒด ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•ด ๋„“์€ ๋  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฐ• ๋ผ๋งŒ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ๊ณต๋ช…์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‘์šฉ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Docto

    ์„ธ๊ณ„์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ต์œก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ „๊ณต,2002.Maste

    Designing Media Space with Mobile Media for Regenerating the Sense of Place

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝยท์ง€์—ญ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(์ƒํƒœ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™), 2012. 2. ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•œ.ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฒ‰๋ชจ์Šต๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋งˆ์ € ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์ ธ ์ด‰๊ฐ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๋งŒํผ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ์•ฝํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ(placelessness)๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ยท์—ญ์‚ฌยท์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋œ ์‹ค์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ(non-place)๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‡„์‹ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์™”๋‹ค. 3์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ต์‹ ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋ณด ์ธํ”„๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ๋Ÿญ์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ•, ํœด๋Œ€์šฉ ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ํœด๋Œ€์ „ํ™”์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์–‘์‹๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ยท๊ฐœ์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋งค๊ฐœ(remediation)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ž™์…˜์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์•„ํ‹ฐ์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ๋ฌด์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ ์ฆ‰ ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ๋ฌด์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ์˜ ์žฌ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ˆ„์ ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งค๊ฐœ์ด๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ์€ ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์›์ดˆ์  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์žฌ๋งค๊ฐœ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ์„œ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์ธ์‹(์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ)์„ ๊ณ ์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์•„ํŠธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž…์ฒด์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ฐ์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ง„๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„๊ณผ ์ฃผ์œ„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์žฌํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ด‘์—ญ์  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฒ™๋„์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์ด ๊ด‘์—ญํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฌ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ฐœํŒ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์•„์นด์ด๋น™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ง์ ‘ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋“ค์„ ๋™์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์™€ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ์†Œ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ดํ™”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋ชจ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ํฌ์  ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„(๋„์‹œ)์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ฆ‰ ํ™•์žฅ๋œ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. 3. ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ƒ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ๋„์ž… ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋„์ถœ-์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ์˜ค๋ธŒ์ ํŠธ ๊ตฌ์ƒ-๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์„ ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๊ฐ€ ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค.Place has lost its meaning in contemporary urban areas. This phenomenon spreads out two aspects of placelessness and non-place. There were a lot of design projects and studies to revive from spatial ills in field of manipulating space. However there is a limit to overcome these spatial ills through creating physical environments. In addition to several things, construction of information infrastructure, advancement of mobile device and popularization of mobile phone have changed the personal mode of communication and the range of space recognition. Particularly, mobile media creates social interaction in various ways and opportunities to recognize relation between place and person, by remediation: a process of improving and remedying past media. Media artists try to reconstitute place by these possibilities of mobile media. This study aims to overcome the phenomenon of placelessness and non-place through media space design. It is based on the arrangement of physical environment and virtual space. It also tries to reconnect and cumulate the placeness of which the meaning had been fragmented. Especially, media space design applies to the existing process of environment planning, and then visualizing media space program derived from space experience scenario. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Place is a media of experiencing space to human, and human recognizes place by sensation. As physical sensation is a basic media of recognizing and experiencing space, mobile media enhances the sense of place and enables to new experience of space. 2. Through a consideration of media artists works, it becomes clear that specific features for reconstruction of place by mobile media consists of the following four parts. The first is that mobile media offers three-dimensional experience by visual and auditory senses. The second aspect of these features is that mobile media promotes a wide-areal understanding. The third issue is that mobile media enables archiving everyday lives. The final aspect is that mobile media can be an amusement interface between human and space. 3. Media space design derived media space program from the process of environment planning that media space design premise as subordinate to environment plan. Considering physical space to manipulating outdoor space and exploring virtual space to realizing media space program are based on the site analysis. Particularly, media space design involves following process "selecting spatial programs - drawing smart objects - choosing alternatives of media space program. Media space design has two spatial points: physical space applied to outdoor space plan and virtual space realized to media space program. Based on these two points space experience scenario can visualize space experience and mechanism of media space program simultaneously.Maste
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