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    ์ผ๋ณธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜๊ณผ์ •

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œ์ง€์—ญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2023. 2. ๋ฐ•์ฒ ํฌ.Japan, which has a Peace Constitution has maintained the interpretation that, although it has the right to exercise collective self-defense throughout the postwar period, it cannot exercise it. Chiro Yoshikuni, the Director of the Cabinet Legislation Bureau, said, As a sovereign state, Japan has the right of collective self-defense as used by international law, yet this is not allowed because it goes beyond the minimum necessary range. This official position continued as the governments interpretation for over 30 years. Japan maintained the defense-oriented policy that even if it is necessary for defense, preemptive strikes should not be made, and the invading enemy must be repulsed by military force only in Japanese territory. However, Japan has developed collective self-defense initiatives since the 1990s. The security threats from the rise of China and North Koreas nuclear development, have further motivated Japan to lay the ground regarding how it should actively support the United States and exercise collective self-defense under former Prime Minister Abes campaign for a proactive contribution to peace. As a result, former Prime Minister Abe admitted a limited form of collective self-defense in the 2014 Cabinet Resolution under three new conditions. In accordance with each decision in 2014, the Peace and Safety Act and the International Peace Support Act, including the exercise of the right of collective self-defense, were submitted to the Diet on May 15, 2015, and entered into force on March 29, 2016. This thesis claims that there were implicit maneuvers that explain the political compromise made by the Abe administration for the limited exercise of collective self-defense, instead of the full form even though the second Abe government laid the legal ground for collective self-defense. This paper explores the process of Japanese domestic political conflict and compromises on collective self-defense by examining three different time periods: Phase I (February 2013 to June 2013): Compromise on Constitutional Revision, Phase II (July 2013 to February 2014): Conflict for Collective Self-Defense, and Phase III (March 2014 to June 2014): Compromise on Collective Self-Defense in limited form. Therefore, this paper argues that it is difficult to assess the 2014 Cabinet Resolution as the former prime minister Abes unilateral decision to normalize the country with full-scale collective self-defense rights.์ผ๋ณธ์€ ํ‰ํ™”ํ—Œ๋ฒ•์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ›„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•ด์„์„ ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค. 1981๋…„ ์น˜๋กœ ์š”์‹œ์ฟ ๋‹ˆ ๋‚ด๊ฐ๋ฒ•์ œ๊ตญ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•„์š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๊ตญํšŒ์— ์ œ์ถœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž…์žฅ์€ 30๋…„ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ์€ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ „์ˆ˜๋ฐฉ์œ„์›์น™์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ณธ์€ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ ๊ตฌ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์žฌ๊ท ํ˜•์ •์ฑ…, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ถํ•œ์˜ ํ•ต ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ณด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ์•„๋ฒ  ์ „ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์  ํ‰ํ™”์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ 2014๋…„ 7์›” ๋‚ด๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์˜์—์„œ ํ•ด์„๊ฐœํ—Œ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ 3์š”๊ฑดํ•˜์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 2015๋…„ 9์›”์—๋Š” ์‹ ์•ˆ๋ณด๋ฒ•์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐํ‹€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2์ฐจ ์•„๋ฒ  ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์šฉ์ธํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์•„๋ฒ  ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „๋ฉด์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ œํ•œ์  ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ€ํ˜‘ ๊ณผ์ •์„ 1๋‹จ๊ณ„ (2013๋…„ 2์›”~2013๋…„ 6์›”): ํ—Œ๋ฒ• 9์กฐ ๋ฐ 96์กฐ ๊ฐœํ—Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, 2๋‹จ๊ณ„ (2013๋…„ 7์›”~2014๋…„ 2์›”): ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ ๋„์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ (2014๋…„ 3์›”~2014๋…„ 6์›”): ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์˜ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ ๋„์ž…์„ ์œ„ํ•œ 2014๋…„ 7์›” ๋‚ด๊ฐ๊ฒฐ์˜์•ˆ์€ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋‚ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•„๋ฒ  ์ „ ์ด๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฉด์  ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ž์œ„๊ถŒ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์›Œ ๋ณดํ†ต๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.I. Introduction 1 II. Theoretical Framework 5 2-1. Literature Review 5 2-2. Methodology 8 III. Historical Overview of Collective Self-Defense: Transformation 10 3-1. Domestic Context 10 3-2. East Asian Context 12 3-3. Global Context 14 3-4. Reactions from the US, South Korea, China, and North Korea 17 IV. Phase I (February 2013 to June 2013): Compromise on Constitutional Revision 21 V. Phase II (July 2013 to February 2014): Conflict for Collective Self-Defense 28 VI. Phase III (March 2014 to June 2014): Compromise on Collective Self-Defense in 'Limited Form' 35 VII. Outcome of the Political Conflict and Compromises 41 7-1. The Cabinet Resolution in 2014 41 7-2. The Security Legislation in 2015 42 VIII. Conclusion 44 IX. Bibliography 46์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ์Šคํฌ์ธ ๋งค๋‹ˆ์ง€๋จผํŠธ์ „๊ณต, 2017. 2. ๊น€์œ ๊ฒธ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ณด์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ณด์ฆ ์†์„ฑ ์ค‘ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ณด์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์ด ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์ฆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ณด์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ณด์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์—ฌ์ž ๋น„์น˜๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ๋ณผ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์™€ ๋น„์น˜๋ฐœ๋ฆฌ๋ณผ ํ”„๋กœ ์„ ์ˆ˜ 2๋ช…์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋†’์Œ๊ณผ ๋‚ฎ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ 2ร—2 ์‹คํ—˜์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ, ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ ๋†’์Œ-์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๋†’์Œ, ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ ๋†’์Œ-์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๋‚ฎ์Œ, ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ ๋‚ฎ์Œ-์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๋†’์Œ, ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ ๋‚ฎ์Œ-์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ ๋‚ฎ์Œ, ์ด 4๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ e๋Œ€, s๋Œ€, ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜คํ”„๋ผ์ธ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด 293๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข… ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SPSS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„, ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„, ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด t-test์™€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„, ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, AMOS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ํ‹ฐ์ผ“ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.The research intended to verify the event endorsement effect of sports athlete, especially on attractiveness and expertise among various endorsement attributes. In other words, the purpose of this research is to understand the influence of sport athlete's attractiveness and expertise on event brand image and event brand value accordingly as well as to investigate the correlation with purchase intention. Achieving the purpose of research, a term of endorsement was used and to verify the effectiveness of event endorsement for athletes not only by defining event as one of the brands, but also by analyzing the difference in effect of influence to brand image and brand value. To do so, by selecting existing world women's beach volleyball competition and two actual beach volleyball professional players, this research conducted experimental study using four scenarios which consisted of 2ร—2 experimental materials that manipulated by the combinations of attractiveness and expertise which are high attractiveness-high expertise, high attractiveness-low expertise, low attractiveness-high expertise and low attractiveness-low expertise. The offline survey was conducted to 293 participants in Ewha womens university and Seoul university student who are the 20s in the final analysis. In an effort to analyze data, descriptive analysis, reliability analysis, correlational analysis as well as t-test, simple regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were utilized by SPSS and CFA(Confirmatory Factor Analysis) were conducted by AMOS for verifying validity of the research. The results of the hypothesis in research were as followed: First, the attractiveness of sports athlete has a positively effect on the brand value of the event, not to the brand image of the event. Second, the expertise of sports athlete has a positively effect on the brand image of the event, not to the brand value of the event. Finally, both the brand image of the event and the brand value of the event have direct effect on the ticket purchase intention.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  8 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 9 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์กฐํ™” ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋ฐ ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ ์ด๋ก  9 1. ์กฐํ™” ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 9 2. ์กฐํ™” ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 3. ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 12 4. ์Šคํ‚ค๋งˆ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ 14 1. ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 14 2. ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 15 3. ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜ 17 4. ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ณด์ฆ 20 1. ๋ณด์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 20 2. ๋ณด์ฆ์˜ ์†์„ฑ 22 3. ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ 24 4. ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ 25 5. ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ 26 6. ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ 27 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€์น˜ 28 1. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 28 2. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ 29 3. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 31 4. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ 33 5. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 35 6. ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ 36 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„ 37 1. ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 37 2. ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”์—ฐ๊ตฌ 38 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 39 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 39 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 40 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 44 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 44 1. ์‹คํ—˜์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ ์ œ์ž‘ 44 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 46 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 47 1. ์ธก์ • ๋ณ€์ธ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 47 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 51 1. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 51 2. ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 51 3. ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ 52 4. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 52 5. t-test 53 6. ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ 53 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 54 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์†์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 54 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธก์ • ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 56 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 57 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 58 1. ํ™•์ธ์  ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ 58 2. ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 64 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 67 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ t-test 68 1. ์‚ฌ์ „ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 68 ์ œ 7 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ 71 1. ์กฐ์ž‘ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 72 2. ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ 73 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  79 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ์˜ 79 1. ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๋ณด์ฆ ํšจ๊ณผ 80 2. ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  82 3. ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  84 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 86 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  86 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 87 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 90 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 113 Abstract 118Maste

    Targeted mutagenesis of the human chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 gene using zinc finger nucleases and TAL effector nucleases

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    Genome engineering that allows targeted mutagenesis and gene correction in higher eukaryotic cells and organisms is broadly useful in research, biotechnology, and molecular medicine. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are artificial DNA-cleaving enzymes composed of the FokI nuclease domain and custom-designed arrays. ZFNs and TALENs are powerful and versatile tools of genome engineering that induce site-specific DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in the genome, whose repair via homologous recombination or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) gives rise to gene correction and disruption. Here I describe an efficient and easy-to-practice modular-assembly method using available zinc fingers to make ZFNs. Also, I report the DNA-binding modules of TAL effectors (TALEs) derived from plant pathogens can substitute zinc fingers to make the TALENs. Using this method, I synthesized and tested hundreds of ZFNs and TALENs to target genes of different sites in the human CCR5 gene that is a co-receptor required for HIV infection and found that many of these nucleases induced site-specific mutations in the CCR5 sequence. Because human cells that harbor CCR5 null mutations are functional and normal, these ZFNs and TALENs might be used for knocking out CCR5 to produce T cells that are resistant to HIV infection in AIDS patients.Docto

    Body ornament expressing vital circulation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€(๊ธˆ์†๊ณต์˜ˆ์ „๊ณต),2010.2.Maste

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ Calpain-10 ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    Dept. of Medical Science/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋‹คํ˜•ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค: Calpain-10๊ณผ PPARg. Calpain-10์€ ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ์˜ ํฐ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…์กฑ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์ธ -43, -19, -63์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋„๋ก ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์—์„œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜•๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œ ์ „์ž์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์—์„œ calpain-10์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด calpain-10์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ -43, -19 ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  -63์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ, 739๋ช… ์ค‘ 499๋ช…์˜ ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž์™€ 240๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ calpain-10์˜ SNP-43, -19์™€ -63์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ -19๋Š” ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ agarose gel์—์„œ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„ ์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ œํ•œํšจ์†Œ ์ ˆํŽธ๊ธธ์ด ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‘ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ‘œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฃน์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œ ์ „์ž, ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•, ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜•๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๋ฒ„์ „ SAS 8.0์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์„ธ ๊ณณ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์œ ์ „์ž, ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 121/111 (OR=3.344d์™€ p=0.001)๊ณผ 112/112 (OR=2.381์™€ p=0.049)์˜ ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• ๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ, 112/121 ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋ช‡ ๋ช‡์˜ ์ธ์ข…์—์„œ ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ -43, ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ -19์™€ ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ -63์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” calpain-10์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐฐ์ฒดํ˜• ์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋ฅ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]It has been reported recently that the polymorphisms of two genes, calpain-10 and PPARg, is associated with type II diabetes mellitus. Calpain-10 is a member of a large intracellular protease family. In Mexican-Americans and other populations, the variants of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -43, -19, and -63 of this ubiquitously expressed protein influence the susceptibility to type II diabetes. However, the difference in the alleles and the haplotypes attribututing to the risk was observed in different ethnic groups. This suggests the importance of determining the role of calpain-10 in various populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of calpain-10 (SNPs-43, -19, and -63) on the susceptibility to type II diabetes in Korean. 739 samples, 499 type II diabetes and 240 control individuals, were examined. Their calpain-10 genotype regarding SNPs -43, -19, and -63 was analyzed. The genotype of SNP-19 was determined by electrophoresis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genotype of SNP-43 and -63 was analyzed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. The association was determined by analyzing the difference of the frequency of the genotype, alleles, haplotype, and the combination of haplotypes in control groups and in type II diabetes patients using SAS ver 8.0. We have observed that the frequency of alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes of the three SNPs is significantly different in two groups. The difference was observed in the 121/111 (OR=3.344 and p=0.001) and 112/112 (OR=2.381 and p=0.049) haplotype. In contrast, the 112/121 heterozygosity has been reported to be associated with the increased risk of type II diabetes mellitus in other populations. The results of this study suggest the association of the calpain-10 heterozygotes with combinations of SNPs -43, -19, and -63 with the risk of type II diabetes mellitus in Korean population.ope

    The Depth of Fiction : Self-Conscious Representation in Moll Flanders

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    ์ด์ œ ๊ณ ์ „์ด ๋œ ใ€Ž์†Œ์„ค์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒใ€(The Rise of the Novel)์—์„œ ์™€ํŠธ(Ian Watt)๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธํ•™ ํ˜•์‹์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ญ์„คํ•œ๋‹ค(30). ๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง„์†”ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ(a full and authentic report of human experience)๋ผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ ์€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์„ค ์žฅ๋ฅด์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž์ดˆ์ง€์ข…(the individuality of the actors concerned, the particulars of the times and places of their actions)์„ ์ง€์‹œ์  ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ(referential use of language; 32)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค๊ฐ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ˜•์‹์  ๋ฆฌ์–ผ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋  ๋•Œ ๋…์ž๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ 2์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ข…์ด ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ 3์ฐจ์› ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค.Just like many other eighteenth-century British novels, the editor in Daniel Defoes Moll Flanders claims that the book is a historical account of a person named Moll Flanders. Its preface, however, distinguishes the novels structure from others by insinuating that something genuine and original is missing: the editor professes that Moll Flanders is a pseudonym and that the text is a result of a censorship. The strategy that assumes the non-existent truth behind the given text provokes the readers fancy, ironically engraving a fictional depth into the flat surface of the text. The same strategy applies to Molls own fictions that drive the novels narrative. While Moll disguises in various shapes and figures to profit from others, what should be her genuine identity tantalizes readers behind her dress, culminating in the episode she encounters her lost mother via her incestuous marriage to her brotherโ€”an episode that strongly implies, but never explicitly tells, her origin. As it is shown in the fact that the list of Molls fortune in the end of the novel is completed by her inheritance from her mother, Defoes self-conscious construction of the absent coreโ€”the original textual body, the autonym, and the body behind the dressโ€”critically contributes to the three-dimensional fancy of verisimilitude in Moll Flanders

    Fragments and Small Opportunities: Women and Superfluity in Elizabeth Gaskells Cranford

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ์กฐ์„ ์ •.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฒ ์Šค ๊ฐœ์Šค์ผˆ์˜ ใ€Žํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œใ€๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌํ™” ๋ฐ ์ž‰์—ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์˜์—ญ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์›์น™๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ • ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ๊ตญํ•œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์Šค์ผˆ์€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ œ๋„์—์„œ ๋ฐ€๋ ค๋‚œ ์ž‰์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋งˆ์„์ธ ํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธต์œ„์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ธ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ž‰์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์„น์Šˆ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฐจ์›์— ์กฐ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์Šค์ผˆ์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ๋‹ค. 1์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‰์—ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ํฌ์„ญ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ž‰์—ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž‰์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ž‰์—ฌ ์„น์Šˆ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฌ์  ์†์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทœ์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ •์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์Šค์ผˆ์ด ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž‰์—ฌ ์„น์Šˆ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์„ธ ํŽธ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„œ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์„น์Šˆ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ๋น„ํ˜ผ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์  ํ‹€์— ๋‹ด๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. 2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ์™ธ๋œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ์  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์Šค์ผˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋…ธ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด ์†ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๋น„๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์˜์—ญ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์˜ ์›์น™์˜ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ • ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฒฐํ•์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ์•ฝ๊ณผ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ, ๋ฌผ๋ฌผ๊ตํ™˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์  ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ํ˜‘์†Œํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ํ™”ํ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. 3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—ฎ์—ฎ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์Šค์ผˆ์˜ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ „๋žต์„ ์กฐ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์†Œ์„ค์  ์„œ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐœ์Šค์ผˆ์€ ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์  ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„œ์‚ฌํ˜•์‹์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์š•๋ง์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์œ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์  ๊ณต๋ชจ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ์„ ํ’ˆ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž‰์—ฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ ๊ธฐํš์„ ์กฐ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์Šค์ผˆ์€ ์ž‰์—ฌ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌํš์„ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌํš ์•ˆ์— ํฌ์„ญ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ์  ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค.This thesis aims to analyze the ways in which Gaskell represents the superfluity of women in Cranford. In nineteenth-century England, the doctrine of separate spheres defines womens role as a wife and a mother, thus alienating unmarried women from the social process of reproduction and production altogether. By inventing an imaginary space of Cranford, a community of seemingly unmarriageable women, Gaskell problematizes superfluitys social construction and its inscription onto womens lives in multiple levels. This thesis thematizes superfluity under the rubric of unproductivity that corresponds to three interrelated levels of meaningsโ€”female sexuality, economy, and narrative. Gaskells novelistic exploration of the social meanings of superfluity can be interpreted as a feminist critique of the contemporary Victorian ideology of progress and production. The first chapter focuses on the female superfluity embodied in the very presence of women in Cranford who fail to be subsumed under the marriage plot and the cycle of reproduction. The superfluity of these women, Gaskell demonstrates, is an effect of the social mechanism that sustains itself by proliferating the category of productivity. Superfluous sexuality unassimilated into reproductive cycle, however, manifests itself through three minor Cranfordian marriage plots, suggesting the multifaceted sexuality of Victorian women which exceeds the dichotomous frame of productivity and non-productivity. The second chapter examines a variety of economic operations and transactions in Cranford which are characteristically superfluous. Gaskell undermines the cult of domesticity by portraying scenes of domestic labor and locating the home in an economic context. Cranfordian domestic economy consists of non-mainstream economic practices such as recycling, thrift, and bartering, which play an important role in compensating the general deficiency of the Cranford ladies. These alternative economic activities suggest the arbitrariness of the separation between the public and the private, leading a reconsideration of the modern concept of economy. The last chapter analyzes Gaskells writing strategy that enables her to create and weave narratives of her own when there is no conventional material for narration. Gaskell employs two authorial figures who fluently appropriates available literary forms to develop Cranfordian narratives that uniquely empower womens needs and abilities. The collaboration of two authorial voices revitalizes Cranford into a fertile narrative soil. This study on the social meanings of superfluity offers illuminating insight into the modernity project in Victorian society. By portraying the lives of redundant women, Gaskell not only criticizes the oppressive social system but also reveals vagaries of life irreconcilable within the modern categories of production.๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก i ์„œ๋ก : ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌํ™”, ์ž‰์—ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑํ™” 1 1. ์ž‰์—ฌ ์„น์Šˆ์–ผ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ์˜ ํฌ์ฐฉ 20 2. ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ 38 3. ํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ใ€Žํฌ๋žœํฌ๋“œใ€๋กœ 57 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  80 Works Cited 83 Abstract 88Maste

    Alcott Plays House:Rewriting the Classic and Creating a New World in Little Women

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    Louisa May Alcotts Little Women, regardless of its vast success in the publishing market, has been dismissed as a rather minor work in the more serious and masculine literary scene of 19th century America. Following the track of feminist critics who have been reevalutating Alcotts literary accomplishments, this paper sheds the new light on the novel as the artist Alcotts original novelistic experiment. Alcott, unlike the general presupposition considering her as a childrens books author bent on light topics, writes the novel under the very influence of the European literary tradition and the contemporary American literary trendโ€•transcendentalism. As an American transcendentalist, she rewrites the European novel into American novel; as a feminist transcendentalist, she reinterprets Emersons masculine transcendentalism into a feminine and domestic one. In Little Women little domestic places are transformed into vast wilderness that establishes its own politics, economies, and arts: politics that resists the separation of public and private spheres, economies that feminine materials, instead of capital, circulate among people, and arts that stand under the feminine and domestic tradition and values. This experiment, however, has its limits. Littleness, however splendidly rewritten, is still a term taken by the patriarchal language system. Jos desire to fly over the net is finally entrapped by the moralistic judgments of Bhaerโ€•a teacher and a father-figure who later marries her. Conscious of the danger of self-suffocating femininity, Alcott redefines Jos domesticity by killing off Beth, a true angel in the house, who symbolizes the traditional femininity. The novels endingโ€•Jo opening a school/home for poor boysโ€•extends the limits of traditionally domestic spaces into a more open and public place, reimagining the possibilities of feminine values
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