15 research outputs found

    A Comparative Study of Donor Site Morbidity between Patients with or without Iliac Donor Site Reconstruction after Anterior Thoracolumbar Spinal Fusion using Auto-Iliac Tricortical Strut done Graft

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    Study Design A comparative retrospective study between those who have and have not undergone donor site reconstruction after thoracolumbar spinal anterior interbody fusion using an auto-iliac bone graft. Objectives To determine the efficacy of iliac reconstruction in reducing iliac donor site morbidity. Summary of Literature Review An autogenous bone graft harvested from the iliac crest is still the gold standard for spinal anterior interbody fusion. However, defects of a significant size often remain in the donor site, which may cause pain, pelvic instability and cosmetic deformity etc. Iliac donor site reconstruction with bone cement is one of the methods for reducing the donor site morbidity, with a relatively easy technique. Materials and Methods A review of patients who underwent iliac bone graft harvesting, with or without reconstruction, by a single orthopaedic surgeon was conducted. The iliac donor site morbidity, at least one after remote surgery was compared in those who had and had not undergone iliac reconstruction. All patients were evaluated by an independent observer. During a two and half year period, 61 patients met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-three patients underwent iliac donor site reconstruction with bone cement and 9 with auto rib bone reconstruction, while the remaining 29 had no donor site reconstruction. Patients were asked to assess the duration and severity of their donor site pain, using a visual analogue scale (VAS), and other morbidity, such as cosmetic deformity. Results The severity of chronic donor site pain was significantly reduced in the donor site reconstruction group; however, there were no statistically significant differences, other than chronic pain, in the morbidities. Conclusions Iliac donor site reconstruction, with bone cement or auto-rib bone, is a relatively easy technique to perform after anterior spinal fusion. Better results can be expected, especially in reducing postoperative donor site pain.ope

    Geometric Error Measurement of Spiral Bevel Gear Using Virtual Gear Model

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    Maste

    ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ

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    MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์š”์†Œ ์ฆ‰, ๋ฐธ๋ธŒ, ๋ชจํ„ฐ, ํŽŒํ”„, ๊ธฐ์–ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์„ 2์ฐจ์› ํ‰๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณ ๋ฐ€๋„ ์ง‘์ ํšŒ๋กœ, ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ณต์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ดˆ์†Œํ˜• ์ œํ’ˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ๋„“ํ˜€ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์นฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ, ๋ฌด์„ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ, ๊ด‘๋ถ€ํ’ˆ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. MEMS ์ œ์ž‘๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ LIGA ๋ฐ LIGA-Like ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ๋„๊ธˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ธˆ์† ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ๋„๊ธˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์ œ์ž‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ, ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ, ํ‰ํ™œ์„ฑ, ๋‚ด๋งˆ๋ชจ์„ฑ, ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ๋„, ๊ณ ์†๋„ ๋„๊ธˆ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ์ฐํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ๋„๊ธˆ์ด ์ €์‘๋ ฅ ๋„๊ธˆ ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ ๊ณต์ • ์ค‘์— ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์žฅ (tensile) ๋˜๋Š” ์••์ถ• (compressive) ์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์•„์ง ์—†๋‹ค. ์ „์ฃผ๋„๊ธˆ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ์ฐํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ๋„๊ธˆ์•ก์—์„œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์•ก์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 1์ฐจ ๊ด‘ํƒ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” saccharin, 2,6-NDS (2,6-naphthalene disodiumsulfate) ๋ฐ 1,3,6-NTS (1,3,6-naphthalene trisodiumsulfate) ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1,3,6-NTS๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์€ +4,000 psi ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์••์ถ•์‘๋ ฅ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์‡„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์ธ MEA (Monoethanol amine), DEA (Diethanol amine) ๋ฐ TEA (Triethanol amine)๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์œ ์ „์ž์Œ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ์†Œ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—ํ‹ธ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ๊ธฐ (-CH2CH2OH)๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ 1, 2 ๋ฐ 3๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ MEA, DEA ๋ฐ TEA๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” TEA๊ฐ€ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, TEA๋ฅผ 1.0 mmol/L ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ์ด์˜จ์ด ํ™˜์›๋  ๋•Œ ์Œ๊ทน๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ด ๊ฐ•์—ผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์›๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. TEA์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์œ ์ „์ž์Œ์€ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋„๊ธˆ์•ก์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™•์‚ฐ์ธต ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ TEA๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ด์˜จ์„ ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ด์˜จ์€ ์Œ๊ทน ๊ณ„๋ฉด์˜ pH๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์›์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ํก์ฐฉ๋œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์— ํ˜ผ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. TEA ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. TEA ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ์šฐ์„  ๋ฐฉ์œ„๋ฉด์ธ (111)๋ฉด๊ณผ (311)๋ฉด์˜ ํšŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ ˆ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. TEA ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฆฝ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์žฅ์กฐ๊ฑด์ธ ๋ชจ์žฌ๋ฉด (rear side)๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ธ ์šฉ์•ก๋ฉด (front side)์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์•ฝ 20 nm๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์•ก ์กฐ์„ฑ์—์„œ TEA๋ฅผ 1.0 mmol/L ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์ด TEA๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ 59.2 wt.% ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ TEA๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์ •์งˆ ์ƒ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›์ž์˜ ํ˜ผ์ž…์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธˆ์† ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ์ด ๋น„์ •์งˆํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ •์งˆํ™”๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1_x000D_ 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6_x000D_ 2.1 ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ์ฐํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ๋„๊ธˆ 6_x000D_ 2.2 ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘ 8_x000D_ 2.2.1 ๊ณผ์ „์•• 8_x000D_ 2.2.2 ์›์ž์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ๋„๊ธˆ 11_x000D_ 2.2.3 ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์žฅ 15_x000D_ 2.2.4 ์Œ๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ 16_x000D_ 2.3 ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ 19_x000D_ 2.3.1 ์œ ๊ธฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 19_x000D_ 2.3.2 ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ ์—ญํ•  ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ 21_x000D_ 2.3.3 UV-visible Spectroscopy 30_x000D_ 2.4 ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 32_x000D_ 2.5 ์ด์ฐจ์ด์˜จ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„ 34_x000D_ 3. ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38_x000D_ 3.1 ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ์ฐํŒŒ๋ฉ”์ดํŠธ ๋„๊ธˆ์•ก ์กฐ์„ฑ 38_x000D_ 3.2 ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • 40_x000D_ 3.2.1 ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ ์ธก์ • ์žฅ์น˜ 40_x000D_ 3.2.2 ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธก์ •๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ 43_x000D_ 3.3 ํ™•์‚ฐ์ธต ๋‚ด pH ์ธก์ • 46_x000D_ 3.3.1 pH ์ „๊ทน 46_x000D_ 3.3.2 ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜ 46_x000D_ 3.4 X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ 48_x000D_ 3.5 ์›์†Œ ๋ถ„์„ 48_x000D_ 3.6 ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ„์„ 49_x000D_ 3.7 ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 49_x000D_ 3.8 UV-visible spectroscopy ๋ถ„์„ 49_x000D_ 4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 50_x000D_ 4.1 ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” 1์ฐจ ๊ด‘ํƒ์ œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 50_x000D_ 4.1.1 1์ฐจ ๊ด‘ํƒ์ œ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ ํ›„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์กฐ๋„ 50_x000D_ 4.1.2 1์ฐจ ๊ด‘ํƒ์ œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ ๋ณ€ํ™” 53_x000D_ 4.2 ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 58_x000D_ 4.2.1 ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ 58_x000D_ 4.2.2 ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‘๋ ฅ 60_x000D_ 4.3 ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๊ฐ€ pH์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 66_x000D_ 4.3.1 ์—ผ๊ธฐํ•ด๋ฆฌ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์ • 66_x000D_ 4.3.2 ๋„๊ธˆ์•ก์—์„œ ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ 71_x000D_ 4.4 ์Œ๊ทน ๊ณ„๋ฉด ํ™•์‚ฐ์ธต ๋‚ด์˜ pH ์ธก์ • 77_x000D_ 4.4.1 ์Œ๊ทน ๊ณ„๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ์ด์˜จ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘ 77_x000D_ 4.4.2 ํ™•์‚ฐ์ธต ๋‚ด pH ์ธก์ • 78_x000D_ 4.4.3 ์•„๋ฏผ๊ณ„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ์˜ UV-visible spectroscopy ์ธก์ • 83_x000D_ 4.5 ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 89_x000D_ 4.5.1 X-์„  ํšŒ์ ˆ๋ถ„์„ 89_x000D_ 4.5.2 ๋‹ˆ์ผˆ ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต ๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 101_x000D_ 4.5.3 ๋„๊ธˆ์ธต ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„ 103_x000D_ 4.5.4 ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Šฅ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์ „์žํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ๋ถ„์„ 106_x000D_ 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  111_x000D_ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 115_x000D_ Abstract 124Docto

    ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ™์ถ” ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ๋ถ€, ์ดํ–‰๋ถ€, ์™ธ์ธก ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ BMP-2์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘

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    Dept. of Medicine/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒ™์ถ” ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹น๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ด ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰ ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•ต๊ณผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅœ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ „์ด์ธต์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‡ดํ–‰๋œ ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ์€ ๋‹น๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์˜ ํ•จ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ๋†’์ด๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉฐ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์ถ”์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ์˜ ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. BMP-2 ๋Š” ๊ณจ์œ ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์‹, ์—ฐ๊ณจํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณจ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์— ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์œ ๋ฐœ์ธ์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณจ์œ ํ•ฉ ์ด‰์ง„์ œ๋กœ์จ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋‹น๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ์‹์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด ํ‡ดํ–‰์„ฑ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. BMP-2์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ๋‚ด์˜ ํŠน์ •๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€, ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•ต, ์ „์ด๋ถ€, ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ฑ„์ทจ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ BMP-2์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด์ , ์†Œ์œ„ zonal effect ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ ์กฐ์ง์€ 5๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ํšจ์†Œ ์†Œํ™”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ์ธ๊ฐ„ BMP-2๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ BMP-2๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , alkaline phsphatase ํ™œ์„ฑ, von Kossa ์—ผ์ƒ‰ , ๋“ฑ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.BMP-2 ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅœ ์„ธํฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ cDNA ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด mitogenic effect๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•ต ์„ธํฌ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ ์ „์ด๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ๊ตฐ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹น๋‹จ๋ฐฑ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ์ˆ˜ํ•ต ์„ธํฌ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅœ ๋ฐ ์ „์ด๋ถ€ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์œ„์—์„œ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ์ธ๊ฐ„ BMP-2๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”๊ฐ„ํŒ๋‚ด ๊ฐ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ zonal effect ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์‹ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋™ํ™”์ธ์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Study design. In vitro experiment using bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and human intervertebral disc (IVD) cells from nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and transitional zone.Objectives. To demonstrate the differential effect of BMP-2 on mRNAs expression (collagen type I, collagen type II, aggrecan, and osteocalcin), proteoglycan synthesis, expression of alkaline phosphatase, bone nodule formation in human IVD cells from nucleus, annulus, and transitional zone.Summary of Background Data. BMP-2 was widely known as a powerful agent for osteoinduction and a crucial growth factor for early chondrogenesis and maintenance of cartilaginous phenotype. BMP-2 has been proven to be effective in stimulating proteoglycan synthesis in articular chondrocytes and IVD cells from nucleus pulposus. Nevertheless, the effect of BMP-2 on IVD cells from different region of disc i.e. nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and transitional zone was not thoroughly elucidated.Materials and Methods. Human IVDs were harvested from nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and transitional zone from surgical disc specimen. Disc tissue was enzymatically digested. Then IVD cells were cultured three-dimensionally in alginate beads. Recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) was produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells after transduction of BMP-2 cDNA, then concentrated and purified. Then IVD cell cultures from nucleus pulposus(NP), transitional zone (TZ), and annulus fibrosus(AF) were exposed to rhBMP-2. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for mRNA expression of osteocalcin was performed. Newly synthesized proteoglycan was measured by 35S-sulfate incorporation on Sephadex G-25M in PD 10 columns.Results. Cells from AF exhibited mitogenic effect with rhBMP-2. However there was no significant increase in DNA synthesis in cultures from NP and TZ with rhBMP-2. Cells from NP showed increase in newly synthesized proteoglycan while cells from TZ and AF demonstrated no significant increase in response to rhBMP-2. In RT-PCR, IVD cells from all zones demonstrated no siginificant expression of osteocalcin mRNA expression.Conclusions. BMP-2 clearly showed mitogenic effect in the cells from AF, while stimulate proteoglycan synthesis in the cells from NP without evidence of the expression of osteogenic phenotype. Taken together, this study raised the possibility of rhBMP-2 to be used an anabolic agent for mitogenesis and regenerating matrix of IVD depending on different zone.ope

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