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    Nafamostat Mesilate๋ฅผ ERCP ํ›„์— ํˆฌ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ Post-ERCP Pancreatitis์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊น€์šฉํƒœ.Background & aims: Nafamostat mesilate decreases the incidence of pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, no studies have administered nafamostat mesilate after ERCP. So we investigated if the infusion of nafamostat mesilate after ERCP can affect the post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) in high-risk patients. Methods: In a tertiary hospital, 350 high-risk patients of PEP were reviewed retrospectively. Among them, 201 patients received nafamostat mesilate after ERCP. Patient-related and procedure-related risk factors for PEP were collected. We performed a propensity score matching to adjust for the significant different baseline characteristics. The incidence and severity of PEP were evaluated according to the infusion of nafamostat mesilate. The risk factors of PEP were also analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: The baseline characteristics were not different after the matching. The PEP rate (17.4% vs. 10.3%, P=0.141) was insignificant. Among the PEP patients, mild PEP was significantly higher in the nafamostat mesilate group (85.7% vs. 45.5%, P=0.006). Only one patient in the nafamostat mesilate group developed severe PEP. Young age(odds ratio [OR] 2.92, 95% CI 1.26-6.79, P=0.013) and female sex(odds ratio [OR] 3.72, 95% CI 1.57-8.84, P=0.003), p-duct manipulation(odds ratio [OR] 4.31, 95% CI 2.01-9.24, P=<0.001), nafamostat mesilate(3.72 95% CI 1.57-8.84, P=0.019) were risk factors associated with PEP. Conclusions: The administration of nafamostat mesilate after ERCP in high-risk patients was not effective in preventing PEP, but may attenuate the severity of PEP.๋ชฉ์ : Nafamostat mesilate๋Š” ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ nafamostat mesilate๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” nafamostat mesilate๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 3์ฐจ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ 350๋ช…์˜ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ 201๋ช…์ด ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ nafamostat mesilate๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์•ฝ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž์™€ ์‹œ์ˆ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜๋งค์นญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ Nafamostat mesilate์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๋งค์นญ ์ดํ›„ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค(17.4% vs 10.3%, P=0.141). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ nafamostat mesilate๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(85.7% vs. 45.5%, P=0.021). ํ•œ ๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ค‘์ฆ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ Š์€ ๋‚˜์ด(odds ratio [OR] 2.92, 95% CI 1.26-6.79, P=0.013)์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ(odds ratio [OR] 3.72, 95% CI 1.57-8.84, P=0.003), ์ทŒ๊ด€ ์กฐ์ž‘(odds ratio [OR] 4.31, 95% CI 2.01-9.24, P=<0.001), nafamostat mesilate(3.72 95% CI 1.57-8.84, P=0.019)์ด ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ์ดํ›„ nafamostat mesilate๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด์‹œ๊ฒฝ์ ์—ญํ–‰๋‹ด์ทŒ๊ด€์กฐ์˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ทŒ์žฅ์—ผ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„๋ฅผ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ Introduction 1 Methods 3 Study design and petients 3 Data collection and definition 4 Study outcome measures 5 Statistical analysis 6 Results 7 Baseline characteristics of the study population 7 Study outcomes 8 Discussion 10 References 15 ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ [Table 1] 19 [Table 2] 20 [Table 3] 21 [Table 4] 21 [Table 5] 21 [Table 6] 22 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ [Figure 1] 23Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2023. 2. ์ดํƒœ์šฐ.๊ธˆ์† ํ• ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์ข์€ ๋ฐ˜์น˜ํญ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ๊ด‘๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ํšจ์œจ, ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ƒ‰์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ์ƒ‰์ˆœ๋„ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋Š” 20% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์–‘์ž ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝํ•œ ์ด์˜จ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์–ด ์—ด, ์ˆ˜๋ถ„, ์‚ฐ์†Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด‘์ „์†Œ์ž ๊ตฌ๋™ ์‹œ์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋œ ์ „์••์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ดํ™”๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์†Œ์ž ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด, ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ์˜ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์ฒด์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๊ทน๋ณต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฝ”์–ด-์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋„์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„๊ณผ, ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ์ด๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ์—ดํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๊ทœ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ 3์ฐจ์›-2์ฐจ์› ์ฝ”์–ด-์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด ์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์–‘์„ฑ์ž ์ด๋™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ 3์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ 3์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•จ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ 3์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ • ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•˜ ์†Œ์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ, ๊ฒฐํ•จ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ์ด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” 2์ฐจ์› ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ ๊ตฌ๋™์‹œ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋™์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ์ด์˜จ ์ด๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์‹œ์ธ„ ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฝ”์–ด-์‰˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์ฒด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ 3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ์ฝœ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๋„์™€ ๋†’์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ตฌ์† ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‹ค๊ฒฐ์ • ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์งง์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํฐ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž˜๊ฒŒ ์ชผ๊ฐœ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์งง์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๋Š” ์ฝ”์–ด-์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹œ์ธ„ ์ฝ”์–ด-์‰˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์งง์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด 3์ฐจ์› ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์ „ํ•˜ ์ด๋™๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ง€๋  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ•˜ ๊ตฌ์† ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์— ์ตœ๋Œ€ 400,000๋‹ˆํŠธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํœ˜๋„, ์ตœ๋Œ€ 28.9%์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์–‘์ž ํšจ์œจ, 100๋‹ˆํŠธ์˜ ํœ˜๋„์—์„œ 30,000์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ตฌ๋™์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์†Œ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์†Œ์ž์—์„œ ํŠน์ง•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ์ด์˜จ ์ด๋™์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์—ดํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ 3์žฅ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์ฝ”์–ด-์‰˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ์™€ 3์ฐจ์› ๋‹ค๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ๋‹ค์ด์˜ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์—ดํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์ „๊ธฐ์ , ๊ด‘ํ•™์ , ํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ณ ์žฅ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํŽ˜๋กœ๋ธŒ์Šค์นด์ดํŠธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์—์„œ ์ „๊ทน์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ํ™•์‚ฐ, ์ด์˜จ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์† ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๋ถ€์‹, ๊ตฌ๋™ ์ „์••์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ค„์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์–‘์„ฑ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ž ์—ดํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have been studied as promising candidates for light emitters because of their narrow emission spectra (full-width at half-maximum โ‰ˆ 20 nm), easy color tunability, excellent charge-transport properties and low-cost solution processability. As such, they are promising candidates for use in next generation light-emitting diode (LED) displays that could overcome the color quality limitations of current commercial LEDs made with organic materials. Perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs) have been developed containing films of MHPs in the form of relatively large polycrystalline grains or colloidal nanocrystals. However, PeLEDs suffers from very short lifetime of less than several tens of hours and unstable device behavior due to the soft ionic crystal structure. MHPs are fundamentally easily degraded by heat, moisture, and electric field during the device operation. Due to the intrinsic limitation on stability, PeLEDs has been considered only the laboratory-scale material that cannot be commercialized. In this research, strategies to overcome the lifetime limitations of PeLEDs were developed. In chapter 2, 3D-2D core/shell structures of perovskite light emitters using stable 2D perovskite structures were developed. By facilitating the proton transfer reaction in the perovskite precursor solution, a stable two-dimensional perovskite structure is synthesized, and by forming a mixed structure surrounding the three-dimensional perovskite in the crystallization step, the three-dimensional perovskite Defects located on the surface of the crystal could be suppressed. Existing three-dimensional perovskite structures have disadvantages in that they exhibit low luminous efficiency due to charge loss occurring at defects on the crystal surface and very low stability due to ion migration occurring at defects. This limitation was solved by stabilizing the surface with a two-dimensional perovskite structure, so that a perovskite light emitting diode with higher luminous efficiency and excellent drive lifespan could be realized. In addition, it was proved that the cause of the unstable electrical behavior of the device when driving the light emitting diode was due to ion movement. In chapter 3, in situ synthesis of core/shell perovskite nanocrystal are introduced. Previously reported 3-dimensional and colloidally synthesized nanoparticle perovskite structures had limitations in that they can't simultaneously satisfy high charge mobility and strong charge confinement. In this study, post-treatment process of short acidic ligand was introduced on the surface of a 3-dimensional polycrystalline perovskite thin film, resulting in a core/shell structure surrounded by short ligands while large crystals were split by ligands to form nanoparticles. This in situ core/shell structure not only maintained the high charge mobility of the 3-dimensional structure, but also exhibited efficient light emission characteristics with strong charge confinement effects of nanocrystals. As a result, when fabricated as a perovskite light emitting diodes, an excellent device characteristics with maximum luminance of more than 400,000 nits, maximum external quantum efficiency of 28.9%, and estimated operational lifetime of more than 30,000 hours at 100 nits of luminance were achieved. In chapter 4, the effect of ionic movement on the catastrophic failure phenomenon in operational lifetime decay process of perovskite light emitting devices and the underlying degradation mechanism were studied. Using the stable core/shell nanocrystal perovskite and 3-dimensional polycrystalline perovskite-based light emitting diodes discussed in Chapter 3, we comprehensively analyzed the electrical, optical, and chemical characteristics of each degradation stage to unravel the cause of catastrophic failure. In particular, the existence of a unique degradation mechanism accelerated by the positive feedback of ion diffusion toward electrode, corrosion of metal electrode by ion, increase in driving voltage, and subsequent Joule heating was identified.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1-1. Megatrend of display 1 1-2. Challenges for realizing stable perovskite LEDs 5 1-3. Outline of the thesis 8 Chapter 2. Proton-Transfer-Induced 3D/2D Hybrid Core/Shell Perovskite LEDs with Suppressed Ion Migration and Luminance Overshoot 9 2-1. Introduction 9 2-2. Experimental 12 2-3. Result and discussion 17 2-4. Conclusion 64 Chapter 3. In situ Formed Core/Shell Perovskites for Simultaneously Ultra-Bright, Efficient, and Stable Perovskite LED 65 3-1. Introduction 65 3-2. Experimental 68 3-3. Result and discussion 73 3-4. Conclusion 105 Chapter 4 . Unravelling the Origin of Catastrophic Failure in Perovskite LEDs 106 4-1. Introduction 106 4-2. Experimental 110 4-3. Result and discussion 114 4-4. Conclusion 133 Chapter 5. Conclusion 134 Bibliography 137 Abstract in Korean 146 Curriculum Vitae 149๋ฐ•

    A study on the correlation between control factors and denitrifiers in a full-scale denitrifying upflow fluidized bed reactor (FBR)

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    ์งˆ์†Œ์™€ ์ธ์€ ๋ถ€์˜์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์จ ์ˆ˜์ค‘์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์งˆ์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ์•”๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์•„์งˆ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์งˆ์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2012๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ด์ธ์ด ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ข…๋ง์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์ธ์„ 0.2ใŽŽ/L ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜์ฃผ์˜๋ณด๋Š” 2013๋…„ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœ๋ น๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์˜์–‘ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ณตํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2012๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ด์งˆ์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ—ˆ์šฉ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ 20ใŽŽ/L ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ•˜ยทํ์ˆ˜์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ™”ํ•™์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํšจ์œจ์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด ๋…์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋“ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์—ผํ™”์•„์—ฐ, ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ํŒŒ์šฐ๋” ๋“ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค๊ณ  ์šด์˜ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์งˆ์†Œ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ข…์†์˜์–‘๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ์˜์–‘๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ข…์†์˜์–‘๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํƒˆ์งˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…์†์˜์–‘ ํƒˆ์งˆ์€ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„๋ฅผ ์งˆ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์งˆ์†Œ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ, ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ๊ธฐํƒ„์†Œ์›์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž„์˜์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํƒˆ์งˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์œ ๋™์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด์ธ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ตญ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ 50์—ฌ ๊ณณ์— ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์œ ๋™์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด์ธ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด์งˆ์†Œ๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋น„์šฉ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์œ ๋™์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์šด์ „์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒซ์งธ, ์˜จ๋„์™€ ํƒˆ์งˆํšจ์œจ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์ฃผ์ž…๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ํƒˆ์งˆํšจ์œจ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ์ฃผ์ž…๋Ÿ‰(C/N ratio)์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์…‹์งธ, ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์ฃผ์ž… ์ „ ์œ ์ž…์ˆ˜์˜ ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํ•œ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋  ๋•Œ ์šฐ์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ค๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟํ”Œ๋žœํŠธ(Pilot plant)๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์— ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์งˆํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์„์€ CODMn์„ standard methods(APHA, AWWA and WPCF, 1995)๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์€ on-line ์ž๋™์ธก์ •๊ธฐ์ธ Green Flowmeter SSM100(SSMI, Korea), ์งˆ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์งˆ์†Œ๋Š” HACH DR890(HACH Co, USA)๊ณผ on-line ์ž๋™์ธก์ •๊ธฐ์ธ NITRATAX plus(HACH Co, USA)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ๋Š” HACH 200TM Universal Controller(HACH Co, USA)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์˜จ๋„(T)๋Š” ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์˜ TMS(Telemetering system) ๋ฐฉ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜์งˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์€ 16S rRNA ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ์˜จ๋„์ƒ์ˆ˜ฮธ๋Š” 1.165์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ C/N๋น„(CODdosed/NO3--Nremoved)๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 4.65์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์˜ฌ ์ฃผ์ž… ์ „ ์œ ์ž…์ˆ˜์˜ ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํ•œ์€ 1.9ใŽŽ/L์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์ค‘์š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์ €์˜จ ํƒˆ์งˆ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ธ Flavobacteriales์™€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์‚ฐ์†Œ์กฐ๊ฑด(Micro-aerobic condition)์—์„œ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํƒˆ์งˆ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” Methylotenera versatilis์™€ Methylotenera mobilis๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด์งˆ์†Œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์งˆ๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์œ ์ง€์šฉ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์งˆ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์ธ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ตญ ํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์‹œ์„ค์— ๊ธฐ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์œ ๋™์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด์งˆ์†Œ๋„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•จ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์šด์ „์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋น„์šด์˜์— ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด ์‹ค๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์žฅ ์ ์šฉ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์šด์ „์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์šฐ์ ์ข…๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ฆ์‹ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ดˆ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Nitrogen and phosphorus are the causative agents for the eutrophication. In addition, an excessive amount of the nitrate () in water may form a carcinogen, and that of nitrite in water may be induced with cyanosis. To prevent phosphorus from entering the river, government focuses in phosphorus in prior to 2012. Sewage treatments have installed tertiary treatment facilities for discharging phosphorous under 0.2 ใŽŽ/L. Despite of the installation, it was issued in 2013, too. To solve this problem of eutrophication, government has tightened the total nitrogen discharge limits to 20 ใŽŽ/L or less for public wastewater treatment facilities, regardless of the season and the region in 2012. Thus, tertiary treatment processes for nitrogen are needed in public sewage treatment facilities. The processes for nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment are commonly divided into physicochemical processes and biological treatment processes. The treatment efficiency of physicochemical processes is constant and can treat the wastewater, even if the toxic substances are in. Though the advantages of it are, the cost of electrochemical processes is expensive than the biological treatment operation, because that processes use electrical energy and chemicals, as zinc chloride and aluminum powder, etc. A lot of special knowledge is required in managing the processes, therefore the application of that is limited. Biological nitrogen removal processes utilizing microorganisms can be divided into the heterotrophic processes and autotrophic processes. The most of sewage treatment plants in Korea have used heterotrophic denitrification processes. Heterotrophic process is a technology for denitrification which uses facultative microorganisms with injecting an organic carbon source such as methanol, ethanol and others in anaerobic condition, after using microorganisms to oxidize ammonia to nitrate in aerobic condition. The FBR (Fluidized Bed Reactor) have installed in over 50 sewage treatment plants in Korea, to remove total phosphorus. IF the FBRs already installed can treated T-N, as well as T-P, it would be cost saving. In this study, the objects were to evaluate the capable of treating the T-N and to determine the optimal operating parameters for operating a FBR. For this, first, the correlation between temperature and SDNR is analyzed. Second, through the correlation analysis between the injection volume of methanol and SDNR, most suitable C/N ratio is obtained. Thirdly, from a practical standpoint, the upper limit of dissolved oxygen in the influent before methanol injection analyzed. Finally, the correlation between the changed condition in DO and T (temperature) and microorganisms was analyzed. And the dominant microorganism was determined in the changed conditions. A pilot FBR was installed in a sewage treatment plant. CODMn were analyzed with the Standard Methods (APHA, AWWA and WPCF, 1995), Flow rate with the on-line Auto Meter Green Flowmeter SSM100 (SSMI, Korea), nitrate () with the HACH DR890(HACH Co, USA) and NITRATAX plus sc(HACH Co, USA, on-line automatic measuring sensor), DO with HACH sc 200TM Universal Controller(HACH Co, USA) and the temperature with the TMS(Telemetering system) data of the sewage treatment plant. In addition, molecular biological technology, 16S rRNA was used for the analysis of microbial community. An empirical temperature constant ฮธ was 1.165. C/N ratio (CODdosed/ Nremoved) on the basis of the methanol was 4.65. In addition, the upper limit of DO in the influent before methanol injection was 1.9ใŽŽ/L. When DO and temperature changed, the dominant microbial species were changed. In the cross-correlation analysis, an important discovery of microbes in denitrification was Flavobacteriales at low temperature. Another important discovery of microbes in denitrification was Methylotenera versatilis and Methylotenera mobilis to do incomplete denitrification in micro-aerobic condition. The significances of this study are summed up with three conclusions as bellows. The first, the technology of FBR can be applied to real wastewater treatment plant because FBR was verified at a full-scale on a real sewage plant. This reactor can supply maintenance water for streams through the improvement of effluent water quality in wastewater and sewage water treatment plant. Second, the FBR already installed in sewage treatment facilities can remove T-N, as well as T-P. It means to increase the utilization of existing systems by extending the treatment target substance. Third, the changes of denitrification limiting factor (DO and temperature conditions) make the changes of dominant species. The results of the cross-correlation analysis about that can focus the species which needs to be improved or cultured.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  7 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 11 2.1. ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํƒˆ์งˆ ๊ณต์ • 11 2.1.1. ๋…๋ฆฝ์˜์–‘ ํƒˆ์งˆ ๊ณต์ • 11 2.1.2. ์ข…์†์˜์–‘ ํƒˆ์งˆ ๊ณต์ • 12 2.1.3. ์ถฉ์ „์ƒ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋ง‰ ๊ณต์ • 17 2.2. ํƒˆ์งˆ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œํ•œ์ธ์ž 21 2.2.1. ํƒˆ์งˆ ์–‘๋ก  21 2.2.2. C/N๋น„ 28 2.2.3. ์˜จ๋„ 30 2.2.4. ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ 32 2.3. ํƒˆ์งˆ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์šฐ์ ๋„ 35 2.3.1. ์ฃผ์š” ํƒˆ์งˆ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ 35 2.3.2. ์šฐ์ ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ์ด๋ก  39 3. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 49 3.1. ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์šด์ „ 51 3.1.1. ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์œ ๋™์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 51 3.1.2. ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์œ ๋™์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ ์šด์ „์›๋ฆฌ 55 3.2. ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 58 3.2.1. ์‹คํ—˜๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 58 3.2.2. ์šด์ „ ์กฐ๊ฑด 59 3.3. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 62 3.3.1. ์ œํ•œ์ธ์ž ๋ถ„์„ 62 3.3.2. ์šฐ์ ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 63 4. ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์œ ๋™์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ์ธ์ž์™€ ํƒˆ์งˆํšจ์œจ 67 4.1. ์ตœ์  C/N๋น„ 67 4.2. ์˜จ๋„ 69 4.3. ์œ ์ž… ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ƒํ•œ 72 4.4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  76 5. ์ƒํ–ฅ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์œ ๋™์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ์ธ์ž์™€ ํƒˆ์งˆ๊ท  78 5.1. ์ƒํ™œ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ T-RFLP ๋ถ„์„ 78 5.1.1. ์ƒํ™œ์„ฑ๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 78 5.1.2. T-RFLP ๋ถ„์„ 80 5.2. ์šฐ์ ๋„ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 82 5.2.1. ์‹คํ—˜๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์šฐ์ ๋„ 85 5.2.2. ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 93 5.2.3. ํƒˆ์งˆ ์šฐ์ ๊ท  96 5.3. ์ œํ•œ์ธ์ž์™€ ํƒˆ์งˆ ์šฐ์ ๊ท ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 98 5.3.1. ์˜จ๋„์™€ ํƒˆ์งˆ ์šฐ์ ๊ท ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 98 5.3.2. ์šฉ์กด์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํƒˆ์งˆ ์šฐ์ ๊ท ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 100 5.4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  104 6. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  107 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 111 Abstract 125 Appendix 130Docto

    2018๋…„ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์ด์ง„์ˆ˜.The public official accident compensation system is a policy in the form of social insurance for injuries and diseases, disability or death of public officials incurred in the line of duty. Despite the importance of the policy to enable public officials to concentrate on their duties, and to contribute to improving the welfare of public officials and their survivors, there has been a lack of policy attention. Unlike the National Pension Act for National Pension Service and the Industrial Accident Compensation Act for Industrial Accident Compensation, the government has developed a public official accident compensation system by the Public Officials Pension Act since 1960. Until now, public official accident compensation system has been criticized for being immature in many ways compared to the industrial accident compensation system for private-sector workers. In this research, first, background, It was intended to examine what historical development process the public official accident compensation system has undergone, what institutional context it has formed, and why an institutional development has been delayed for a long time. Second, it was examined what policy streams and political streams were combined in the course of policy change by enacting of the Public Officials Accident Compensation Act in 2018. Third, by evaluating the improvement effect of Public Officialโ€™s Accident Compensation Act in 2018, it was intended to provide a feedback to the policy changes that are continuing at this time. As the first research question, the initial path formation process and historical and institutional context of the pubic officialsโ€™ accident compensation system were examined. And through this process, the researcher's opinion was presented on how the policy environment, institutional environment, and characteristics of major policy interest groups acted as obstacles to institutional development. As a second research question, it was examined that how the problem streams, policy streams, political streams were combined by enacting the Public Officials Accident Compensation Act in 2018. As the last third research question, it was examined in detail how much the matters criticized by previous researchers as problems of official accident compensation system improved with the enactment of the Public Officialsโ€™ Accident Compensation Act in 2018. To find answers to these three research questions, a analysis framework on policy change was created by the neo-institutionalism, non-decision making theory, and Kingdonโ€™s policy stream model. And In terms of policy targets, level of compensation, and deliberation system, it was evaluated that how much improvement has been made by enacting the Public Officials Accident Compensation Act. The conclusion of this study is as follows. Regarding the first research question, a unique historical and institutional context was made by the integration of public official accident compensation system into the Public Officials Pension Act. And this initial path acted as an obstacle to institutional development by major interest groups that didnโ€™t want the public official pension system to be a policy agenda. As the government employee pension system and public official accident compensation system were integrated, the expansion of the policy target group for public official accident compensation could have had a negative impact on public officials pension. And the financial deterioration of the public officials pension made it difficult to raise the issue of accident compensation benefits and services. In addition, there was no separate organization in charge of public official accident compensation system, and the dispositions based on the tendency of too strict deliberation was often reversed in the course of administrative litigation, resulting in a decrease in trust in the public official accident compensation system. In particular, unlike industrial accident compensation which improved by the activities of the labor unions, it was difficult to find the role of public officialโ€™ Union in strengthening the public official accident compensation system. Regarding the second research question, since 2014 a problem stream and a policy stream and a political stream have created an environment suitable for policy changes to strengthen the public official accident compensation system. In terms of problem streams, the Ferry Sewol sinking on April 16, 2014 concentrated public opinion on safety. The government refused to compensate fixed-term teachers killed in the victims of the Ferry Sewol sinking by the Public Officials Pension Act and a fire helicopter crashed on its way back from a missing person search. And a young firefighter who died from rare diseases was refused of the public official accident compensation on the grounds that the cause was not determined. After this refusal, Rep. Pyo Chang-won proposed the presumptive disability law for public officials. In addition, Problems have also emerged on the surface, such as the rapid increase in the incidence of public officialโ€™ accidents, in particular of police and fire officialsโ€™ accident. On the other hand, researchers criticized that public official accident compensation was insufficient at the level of compensation and service compared to industrial accident compensation system, and cases of reversal of disposition in the course of administrative litigation negatively affected trust in public official accident compensation system. Next, in terms of political streams, the emergence of the corruption of public officials after the Ferry Sewol sinking and the Public Official Pension Reform in 2015 created a political atmosphere to boost the morale of public officials. And the Ministry of Personnel Management were implicit representatives of all public officials on the welfare. Accordingly when the demand for the Public Official Pension Reform was high, they adjusted the level of reform and compensated by gradually strengthening accident compensation benefits. In particular, The completion of the Public Official Pension Reform in June 2015 provided a great political opportunity to announce the legislative plan of the Public Officialsโ€™ Accident Compensation Act in 2016. In the process, the role of the Human Resources Innovation Agency, which was separated from the Ministry of Public Safety and Security, stood out, while the role of the public officialsโ€™ union was difficult to find. This is the difference from the development process of industrial accidents compensation system. In terms of policy alternatives, few alternatives compete due to the lack of policy interest and professional and technical characteristics. And most of the government proposals were accepted. In particular, it was led to an easy agreement by the change in the political streams of strengthening the responsibility of the state. Regarding the third research question, significant improvement was observed in some parts since the enactment of the Public Officials Accident Compensation Act in 2018. First, in terms of policy targets, it has been changed so that all public officials, including public officials hired by time-selective system, have been changed to be covered by Public Official Accident Compensation Act. And in case of the death of a private-sector worker who performing public duties with directly or indirectly employed by the state or local governments, a channel was created to be honored as a person of national merit. In terms of the level of compensation, there have been many improvements. The legal basis has been established to support the rehabilitation of public officials suffering accidents in the line of duty and their return to duties, and implementing projects for preventing of accidents while on duty. However, rehabilitation services are provided only through business agreements with rehabilitaion hospitals belonging the Korea Workersโ€™ Compensation and Welfare Service, and just pilot projects are being implemented because there is no financial resources to prevent injuries or diseases of public officials. On the other hand, compensation benefits were added according to the number of the survivors, which was introduced a long time ago in the industrial accidents compensation system. And when the National Public Officials Act was amended in 2021, the legal leave period due to injury or illness in the line of duty was extended, which effectively eased the restriction on the period of medical care. On the other hand, in the case of public officials who retired due to disability, there was a problem that social security benefits are lower than private-sector workers before the age at which retirement pension payments began, and on the contrary after the age the social security benefits are too high. But this problem has not been solved in Public Officialsโ€™ Accident Compensation Act. According to the related literature survey, the similar problem was occurring between the national pension and disability benefit in the industrial accident compensation system, and difficulties were expected because it was a problem of reducing social security benefits. In terms of the deliberation system for public officialsโ€™ accidents compensation, a positive improvement was observed, which was contrary to the researcher's expectation. Although there has been no significant improvement in the overall approval rate and the winning rate in administrative litigation, it was observed that approval rates for diseases have risen sharply, which claimants have struggled with proof. In addition, social interest in compensation for public officials' accidents compensation has expanded, with media reports and increasing revised legislation on that. The significance and implications of this study above are as follows. First, this study is meaningful in that it attempted to interpret why the development of the public officials' accidents compensation system was delayed from a policy perspective. Although the period of enforcement of the law is short, it is significant in the light of observing what significant improvement effects are occurring after the enactment of the Public Officials Accident Compensation Act. In particular, the feedback could be provided on areas that still need institutional improvement, such as the limitation of infrastructure to provide sufficient rehabilitation benefits, etc. Follow-up research on specific improvement measures should be continuously conducted.๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์ธ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณดํ—˜์˜ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ด ์ง๋ฌด์— ์ „๋…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๊ณผ ์œ ์กฑ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—ฐ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์ œ๋„์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 1960๋…„ ์ดํ›„ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ๋ฒ•ใ€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ์™”๊ณ , ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ œ๋„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฑ„ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์–ด ์™”๊ณ  ์™œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์ •์ฒด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, 2018๋…„ ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ณ€๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ยท์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ฃผ๋„์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, 2018๋…„ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ œ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์ฑ… ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œ์ ์—๋„ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์— ํ™˜๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ยท์ œ๋„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ •์ฑ…์ ยท์ œ๋„์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ด์ต์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ œ๋„์  ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์ „์— ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐœ์ „ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ ๋˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์ด 2018๋…„ ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„, ์ •์น˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„, ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์ด 2018๋…„ ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ œ๋„์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ก , ๋ฌด์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ด๋ก , Kingdon ๋ชจํ˜• ๋“ฑ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž, ๋ณด์ƒ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋‚ด์šฉ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋“ฑ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ์ • ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ น์ด ์ œ๋„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ๋ฒ•ใ€์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ยท์ œ๋„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์˜์ œํ™”๋ฅผ ์›์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์ฃผ์š” ์ด์ต์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ๋„์  ์„ฑ์ˆ™์— ์žฅ์• ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ํ™•๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ์˜ ์žฌ์ • ์•…ํ™”๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์žฌ์ • ํ™•๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ์†Œ์†๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์น˜์šฐ์นœ ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฒˆ๋ณต๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ ๊ทน์  ํ™œ๋™ ์ดํ›„ ์งˆ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์ง€์ฒด, ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ, ์—ฐ๊ธˆ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ €์ง€์— ์น˜์ค‘ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐœ์ „ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ ๋ฉฐ ์ œ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฒดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ •์ฒด๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œ๋„์  ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์€ 2014๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ํ๋ฆ„์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์ œ์‹œ์™€ ์ •์น˜ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, 2014๋…„ 4ยท16 ์„ธ์›”ํ˜ธ ์นจ๋ชฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์ฐธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์  ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ , ์ฐธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ํฌ์ƒ๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ œ ๊ต์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœ์ง ์‹ ์ฒญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, ์„ธ์›”ํ˜ธ ์นจ๋ชฐ ํ˜„์žฅ ์ˆ˜์ƒ‰์ž‘์—… ํ›„ ๋ณต๊ท€ํ•˜๋˜ ์†Œ๋ฐฉํ—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ถ”๋ฝ์‚ฌ๊ฑด, 2014๋…„ ํฌ๊ท€์•”์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆœ์ง ๋ถˆ์Šน์ธ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๋ฐ ์ด์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ํ‘œ์ฐฝ์› ์˜์›์˜ ๊ณต์ƒ์ถ”์ •๋ฒ• ์ œ์•ˆ ๋“ฑ์€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ  ์ฆ๊ฐ€, 2017๋…„ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์˜ ์—ญ์ „, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐยท์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ๊ฐ€ํŒŒ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋น„ํŒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฒˆ๋ณต ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€ ์ œ๋„ ์šด์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์  ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, 4ยท16 ์„ธ์›”ํ˜ธ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ ์ดํ›„ โ€˜๊ด€ํ”ผ์•„โ€™ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๊ณผ 2015๋…„ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ ๊ฐœํ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•˜๋œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ธ์‚ฌํ˜์‹ ์ฒ˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋ณต์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ์•”๋ฌต์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ธˆ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์  ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, 2015๋…„ 6์›” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ ๊ฐœํ˜์ด ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ค€๋น„์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 2016๋…„ 9์›”ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ž…๋ฒ•๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋”์—†์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์•ˆ์ „์ฒ˜ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ธ์‚ฌํ˜์‹ ์ฒ˜์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์ปธ๋˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ ์€ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ยท๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€์•ˆ์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํƒ์ œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์Ÿ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ •๊ถŒ ๊ต์ฒด ๋“ฑ ์ •์น˜์  ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋กœ ์žฌ์ • ์†Œ์š”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ž…์žฅ์ด ์ ์šฉ ํ™•๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ˆ˜์›”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž, ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋“ฑ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ์ • ์ดํ›„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํƒ์ œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ด ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์˜ ์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์‹ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ •ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๊ณ , ๊ตญํšŒ ๋…ผ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ๋ฒ•ใ€์˜ ์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜œํƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ž์น˜๋‹จ์ฒด์— ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ณด์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋˜, ์ˆœ์ง์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์œ ๊ณต์ž ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ†ต๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ง๋ฌด์ˆœ์ง๋ณด์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ณด์ƒ๋„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์ „์  ๋ณด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์žฌํ™œ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์žฌํ•ด์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ง„์ผ๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ ๊ทผ๋กœ๋ณต์ง€๊ณต๋‹จ ์žฌํ™œ์ „๋ฌธ๋ณ‘์› ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์—…๋ฌดํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ์•„์ง ์žฌํ•ด์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฌ์›์ด ์—†๋Š” ํƒ“์— ์‹œ๋ฒ”์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค๋งŒ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ์œ ์กฑ ์ˆ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆœ์ง์œ ์กฑ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ยท์ตœ์ € ํ•œ๋„์˜ ์„ค์ •์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ์žฌ์ง๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆœ์ง์œ ์กฑ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ˆœ์ง์œ ์กฑ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฅ  ์ƒํ–ฅ๋„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— 2021๋…„ ใ€Œ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋ฌด์›๋ฒ•ใ€๊ฐœ์ • ์‹œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ํœด์ง ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ข…์ „์— ํœด์ง๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ œํ•œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์š”์–‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ œํ•œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์™„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์žฅํ•ด๋กœ ํ‡ด์งํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ‡ด์ง์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅํ•ด์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ด ๊ณผ์†Œ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ํ‡ด์ง์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ธ‰๊ฐœ์‹œ์—ฐ๋ น ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์–‘ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ธ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋‹ค๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—ฐ๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ๋™์ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์ œํ•œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ๋„๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ์Šน์ธ์œจ๊ณผ ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก ์Šน์†Œ์œจ์—๋Š” ์•„์ง ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ์˜ ๊ณค๋ž€์„ ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šน์ธ์œจ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” 2016๋…„ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ๋ฒ•ใ€์‹œํ–‰๋ น ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์ธ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์‹ ์„คยทํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž… ๋“ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์ปค์„œ ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์— ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„๋‚˜ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ • ์ž…๋ฒ•์•ˆ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹ด๋‹น ์กฐ์ง์ด ํ™•์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ œ๋„๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ข…์ „์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์ฑ…ํ•™์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ•ด์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ์ • ์ดํ›„๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฐ”์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•๋ น์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•จ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ œ๋„๋ฐœ์ „์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ œ์•ฝ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์—†์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. 2018๋…„ใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€๋ถ„๋ฒ• ์ดํ›„ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ธˆ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ์š”๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ง๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์œ ์ธ์ด ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ข…์ „ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์  ์ค‘์—์„œใ€Œ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•ใ€์ œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์‹ ์„ค, ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์•ก์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์—๋งŒ ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ œ๋„๊ฐœ์„  ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ œ๋„์  ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์„  ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์ง€์† ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์šด์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ 4 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  7 1. ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ˜•์„ฑ 7 2. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ 8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  12 1. ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 12 2. ๋ฌด์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ด๋ก  13 3. Kingdon์˜ ์ •์ฑ…ํ๋ฆ„๋ชจํ˜• 15 4. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ œ๋„์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ก  17 5. ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  19 1) 2018๋…„๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•์ œ์ • ์ด์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 2) 2018๋…„๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•์ œ์ • ์ดํ›„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 23 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 24 1. ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 24 2. ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•์ œ์ • ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 27 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 28 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ฐœ์š” 28 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋น„๊ต 30 1. ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—ฐ๊ธˆ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋น„๊ต 30 2. ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ ์ œ๋„์™€ ๋น„๊ต 31 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 33 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 33 2. ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์˜ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํ™•์ธ 34 3. ์•ˆ๊ฑด์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ 34 4. ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰ 35 5. ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ 37 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 38 1. ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ถ”์ด 38 2. ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์•ก ์ถ”์ด ๋ฐ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ณ„ ์†Œ์š”๋น„์šฉ ๋น„์ค‘ 39 3. ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์Šน์ธ์œจ ์ถ”์ด 40 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 41 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ • ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 41 1. ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ตฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 41 2. 1960๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1981๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ(์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ธฐ) 43 1) ๊ฐœ์š” 43 2) ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 43 3) ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค 45 4) ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ 46 3. 1982๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1995๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ(์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ •๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ) 48 1) ๊ฐœ์š” 48 2) ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 48 3) ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค 48 4) ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ 49 4. 1996๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ(์ ์ง„์  ํ™•๋Œ€๊ธฐ) 50 1) ๊ฐœ์š” 50 2) ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 51 3) ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค 53 4) ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ 55 5. 2018๋…„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ(๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ) 58 1) ๊ฐœ์š” 58 2) ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 58 3) ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค 59 4) ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ 59 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ 61 1. ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘์˜ ์šฐ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ•ํ™”์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜์กด 61 2. ์ œ๋„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ 63 1) ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด์žฅ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ 63 2) ์žฌ์ •์  ํŠน์„ฑ 66 3) ์กฐ์ง์  ํŠน์„ฑ 69 3. ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ด์ต์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 71 4. ์ฃผ์š” ์ •์ฑ…ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ๋ฌด์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • 74 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•์ œ์ •๊ณผ์ • ๋ถ„์„ 76 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 77 1. ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 77 1) 416 ์„ธ์›”ํ˜ธ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ 77 2) ์„ธ์›”ํ˜ธ ์ฐธ์‚ฌ์— ํฌ์ƒ๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ œ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ˆœ์ง ์‹ ์ฒญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ ค 78 3) ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜ ์†Œ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ถˆ์Šน์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 81 2. ๊ด€๋ จ ์ง€ํ‘œ 84 1) ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ 84 2) ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์žฌ๋ณด์ƒ์˜ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• 87 3) ์ˆœ์ง์œ ์กฑ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ๊ฐ„ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 89 3. ํ™˜๋ฅ˜ 91 1) ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ์‹ฌ์˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 91 2) ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก ์Šน์†Œ์œจ ํ•˜๋ฝ 93 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •์น˜์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 97 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ : ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ๊ธฐ์กฐ 97 2. ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ก : ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ํ‘œ์‹ฌ ์žก๊ธฐ 99 3. ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ด์ต์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ™œ๋™ 101 1) ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ 101 2) ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ 104 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์•ˆ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 106 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 106 2. ์Ÿ์ ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 107 1) ์ ์šฉ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 107 2) ์œ„ํ—˜์ง๋ฌด์ˆœ์ง๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ธ์ •์š”๊ฑด 111 3) ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ œ๋„ 117 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฐฝ 119 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์žฌํ•ด๋ณด์ƒ๋ฒ•์ œ์ • ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 125 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฐœ์š” 125 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •์ฑ…๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ธก๋ฉด 128 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 128 2. ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํƒ์ œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๋“ฑ 128 3. ๊ณต๋ฌด์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ทผ๋กœ์ž 130 4. ์œ„ํ—˜์ง๋ฌด์ˆœ์ง ์ธ์ •์š”๊ฑด 132 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ธก๋ฉด 135 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 135 2. ์š”์–‘๊ธ‰์—ฌ 135 2. ์‹ ์„ค๊ธ‰์—ฌ 136 3. ์žฅํ•ด๊ธ‰์—ฌ 142 4. ์ˆœ์ง์œ ์กฑ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ๋ฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์ง๋ฌด์ˆœ์ง์œ ์กฑ๊ธ‰์—ฌ 143 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์žฌํ•ด ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์ธก๋ฉด 146 1. ๊ฐœ์š” 146 2. ์Šน์ธ์œจ ๋ณ€๋™ 147 1) ์ „์ฒด ์Šน์ธ์œจ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์‹ฌ ์ธ์šฉ๋ฅ  147 2) ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์ƒ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์Šน์ธ์œจ 149 3) ์ž์‚ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์Šน์ธ์œจ 154 3. ํ–‰์ •์†Œ์†ก ์Šน์†Œ์œจ ๋ณ€๋™ 155 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ž์› ์ธก๋ฉด 156 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ ํ™•๋Œ€ 156 2. ๋‹ด๋‹น ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ™•์ถฉ 159 3. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 161 ์ œ 6 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 162 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  164 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 164 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  168 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 170 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 172 Abstract 179์„

    How would we deal with hypothalamic hamartomas?

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    Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is usually associated with refractory epilepsy, cognitive impairment, and behavioral disturbance. There is now increasing evidence that HH can be treated effectively with a variety of neurosurgical approaches. Treatment options for intractable gelastic seizure in HH patients include direct open surgery with craniotomy, endoscopic surgery, radiosurgery with gamma knife and stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation. Selection of treatment modalities depends on type and size of the HH and the surgeonโ€™s preference. Two surgical techniques, resection and disconnection, had been described with favorable outcomes. Pretreatment evaluation, patient selection, surgical techniques, complications, and possible selection of treatment are discussed.ope

    Direct versus indirect revascularization in the treatment of moyamoya disease

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    OBJECTIVE For patients with moyamoya disease (MMD), surgical intervention is usually required because of progressive occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The indirect bypass method has been widely accepted as the treatment of choice in pediatric patients. However, in adult patients with MMD, the most effective treatment method remains a matter of debate. Here, the authors compared the clinical outcomes from MMD patients treated with either extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass (EIAB; 43 hemispheres) or modified encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis (mEDAS; 75 hemispheres) to investigate whether mEDAS is an effective surgical method for treating adults with symptomatic MMD. METHODS A comparative analysis was performed in patients treated using either mEDAS or EIAB. Collateral grading, collateral vein counting, and symptom analysis were used to assess the outcome of surgery. RESULTS Seventy-seven percent (58/75) of mEDAS cases and 83.7% (36/43) of EIAB cases in the analysis experienced improvement in their symptoms after surgery. Furthermore, patients in 98.7% (74/75) of mEDAS cases and those in 95.3% (41/43) of EIAB cases exhibited improved collateral grades. Increases in regions of perfusion were seen after both procedures. CONCLUSIONS Modified EDAS and EIAB both result in positive outcomes for symptomatic adults with MMD. However, when considering the benefit of both surgeries, the authors propose mEDAS, a simpler and less strenuous surgery with a lower risk of complications, as a sufficient and safe treatment option for symptomatic adults with MMD.restrictio

    Hemispherotomy and Functional Hemispherectomy: Indications and Outcomes

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    Hemispherectomy constitutes an established surgical method in the management of patients with medically intractable epilepsy secondary to severe unilateral hemisphere damage. As opposed to focal resections, in hemispherotomies, the entire hemisphere is disconnected from the remaining nervous system, including the functional regions and fibers. Despite this, hemispherotomy is recommended for certain indications, and has good functional and epilepsy outcomes. Here we describe the indications, epilepsy outcomes, and surgical techniques for several hemispheric surgeries.ope

    Cognitive Outcome of Pediatric Moyamoya Disease

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    Quality of life is the current trend and issue for the most of human diseases. In moyamoya disease (MMD), surgical revascularization has been recognized as the possible assistance to reduce the neurological insult. However, the progressive nature of the disease has been invincible so far. To improve the quality of life of MMD patients not only the protection from the neurological insult but also the maintenance or improvement of cognitive function is inevitable. For pediatric MMD patients, younger age or longer duration of disease is the key factor among the prognostic factors for bad neurological outcomes. Hence, 'the earlier, the better' is the most precious rule for treatment. Protection from neurological insult is very critical and foremost important to improve cognitive outcome. Clinicians need to know the neuropsychological profile of MMD patients for the care of whole person and make an effort to protect the patients from neurological insults to maintain or improve it.ope

    Correction of coronal imbalance in degenerative lumbar spine disease following direct lateral interbody fusion(DLIF)

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    Objective: The authors have recently been using a surgical technique of minimally invasive direct lateral interbody fusion (DLIF) for correcting of coronal imbalance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcome and complication of DLIF. Methods: We undertook retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of 8 DLIF procedures in Degenerative lumbar spine disease since May 2011. Four patients underwent DLIF only, and the others underwent combined DLIF and posterior fixation. Data on intra- and postoperative complications were collected. The pre- and postoperative X-rays were reviewed. We investigated coronal deformity, Cobbโ€™s angle, and apical vertebral translation (AVT). The mean follow-up period was months with a range of 2 to 8 months. Results: A mean preoperative coronal Cobbโ€™s angle was 21.8ยฐ (range 11.5-32.4ยฐ). Following after DLIF, the mean Cobbโ€™s angle was decreased to 13.0ยฐ (range 2.9-21.5ยฐ). Following additional posterior screw fixation, mean Cobbโ€™s angle was further decreased to 7.4ยฐ (range 2.9-13.2ยฐ). A mean preoperative AVT was 2.0 cm(range 0.6-3.5 cm), and improved to 1.4 cm(range 0.3-2.4 cm) and 0.8 cm(range 0.2-1.8 cm) postoperatively (DLIF and, posterior fixation respectively). One patient (12.5%) showed cage migration during follow-up period. Two patients (25%) developed motor weakness, and 4 patients (50%) experienced postoperative thigh paresthesias or dysesthesias. During follow up period, motor weakness had resolved in 1 patient. Sensory symptoms were improved in all patients at the last follow-up. Conclusion: Degenerative lumbar disease can be effectively corrected by DLIF with acceptable complications.ope

    Neurodevelopmental Problems in Non-Syndromic Craniosynostosis.

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    Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of calvarial sutures, resulting in deformed craniofacial appearance. Hence, for a long time, it has been considered an aesthetic disorder. Fused sutures restrict growth adjacent to the suture, but compensatory skull growth occurs to accommodate the growing brain. The primary goal for the management of this craniofacial deformity has been to release the constricted skull and reform the distorted shape of the skull vault. However, the intellectual and behavioral prognosis of affected children has also been taken into consideration since the beginning of the modern era of surgical management of craniosynostosis. A growing body of literature indicates that extensive surgery, such as the whole-vault cranioplasty approach, would result in better outcomes. In addition, the age at treatment is becoming a major concern for optimal outcome in terms of cosmetic results as well as neurodevelopment. This review will discuss major concerns regarding neurodevelopmental issues and related factors.ope
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