87 research outputs found

    Age-related changes to macrophage phenotype expression during bone wound healing in a mouse model of critical sized calvarial defect

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    Bone diseases or defects present major clinical problems especially in the elderly despite its capacity of regeneration. Given that macrophages play critical roles in wound healing, we investigated the age-related changes to macrophage phenotypes during an early period of bone healing in a mouse model of critical sized cranial bone defect. In this model, micro CT imaging at 2-week intervals showed less amounts of bone formation in the aged (15~18-month old) than in the young (10-week old). Confirmed by RT-qPCR and RNA sequencing, the aged highly expressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ฮฒ, IL-6, and TNF) at all the time points checked in this study, compared to the young mice. Also, the levels of arginase1 in the aged were sustained much higher for up to 7 days. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the dynamic regulation along wound healing processes tended blunt in the aged than in the young, especially for the expression of M2 signature genes. Furthermore, the aged increased to express the gene sets of secretory factors but decreased the Reactomes of innate immune system and interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 signaling, suggesting that the aged highly expressed secretory factors yet executed with lesser efficiency than the young did. Taken together, findings in this study indicates that the healing process in the aged is of stagnated features while the young progressed in a dynamic manner and suggest that macrophage phenotype switching during bone wound healing would be dysregulated. Based on these features, new strategies of therapeutics could be developed for the aged.์ฆ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ผˆ ์กฐ์ง ์†์ƒ ์น˜์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ด€ ์†์ƒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ผˆ์กฐ์ง ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ น์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 10์ฃผ๋ น ๋ฐ 15~18 ์›”๋ น C57BL/6 ์ˆ˜์ปท ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ์— ์™ธ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๊ณ„ํฌ๊ธฐ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ, ๋ผˆ์กฐ์ง ์†์ƒ ํ›„ 1~7์ผ ํ›„ ์ฐฝ์ƒ๋ถ€์œ„ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ total RNAs๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์”จํ‹ฐ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ด๋“  (15~18 ๊ฐœ์›”) ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ Š์€ (10 ์ฃผ๋ น) ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ๋œ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RT-qPCR ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ Š์€ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์ „์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ IL-1ฮฒ, IL-6, TNF๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, arginase 1์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ M2 ๋งˆ์ปค ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์œ ์ง€๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ Š์€ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์น˜์œ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ น ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋…ธ๋ น ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” โ€˜gene sets of secretory factorโ€™๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€๋งŒ ์„ ์ฒœ ๋ฉด์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ interleukin์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ผˆ์กฐ์ง ์†์ƒ ์น˜์œ  ์ค‘ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ M2 ํ‘œํ˜„ํ˜• ์ „ํ™˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋น„์ธ์ž๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ น ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋ผˆ์กฐ์ง ์žฌ์ƒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 2. Materials & Methods 3 3. Results 5 4. Discussion 16 5. Summary 18 6. References 19 7. Table 23 8. Abstract in Korean 24์„

    A Study on the Effects of the Customer Response on Choosing Ship Management Company

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    Abstract A Study on the Effects of the Customer Response on Choosing Ship Management Company Jai-Hyong Kim Department of Port Logistics Graduate School of Marine Finance & Logistics Korea Maritime And Ocean University Korea ship management industry originated from overseas seamen employment business since the 1960's and registered as an independent Ship Management Company since the 1980's till early 2000's only concentrated on managing and providing well-trained crews authorized by overseas shipping management instead of building a form of business that manages all operations including shipping service, repair, insurance, etc. This is partly because of the policies of large marine companies which prefer to manage their ship directly by their inhouse company and partly because of the lack of entrepreneurship of the ship management company which was born as the manning company. The purpose of this study is to investigate the most important fact choosing ship management company under circumstances of ship owner's determination factor on choosing ship management in changes of environments that gives great influences on customer response and the study has ship owner's determinant on choosing ship management company based on the formal study of determination factors, customer satisfaction and customer confidence reviewed in conservative market. This study provides logical reasons to solve the problems of this research by combining and analyzing previous studies and forged framework through empirical study into ship owner's determination factors on choosing ship management company and its customer response. As a result, the research shows the most important facts of owner's determination as a "service quality" that is likely to impact on customer response (customer satisfaction and customer confidence) the most. To compete with Ship Management Company in the world, organized strategy for marketing should be developed and government's support will be needed to cultivate rich human resources. A study for improvement directions of providing same quality service not to remain the facts the domestic ship managing goes to foreign company will be the next research that shall be how customer satisfaction and customer confidence effect on business and its difference between Domestic Ship Management Company and Top-10 Foreign Ship Management Company. And its service opportunity will be a range of options to future seamen and employee who are arranged to be trained. Abstract i ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—… 7 1. ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—…์˜ ์ •์˜ 8 2. ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 11 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—… ์„ ํƒ์š”์ธ 18 1. ์„ ํƒ์š”์ธ 18 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐ˜์‘ 21 1. ๊ณ ๊ฐ์‹ ๋ขฐ 24 2. ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ 39 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ค์ • 48 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 48 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 52 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 55 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 55 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ฒ€์ • 64 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  69 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  69 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 70 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  70 2. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 71 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 73 73 75 77 ๋ถ€๋ก : ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 7

    IMF ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณ€ํ™”

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€ 2013๋…„ 9์›” 27์ผ IMF ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต ์ดํ›„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ตœํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๊ธ€์„ ์ˆ˜์ •โ€ค๋ณด์™„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„On December 3, 1997, the Republic of Korea (hereinafter Korea) decided to receive an IMF bailout to avoid a national default crisis caused by foreign currency downturn. In return for the bailout, Korea was forced to enact new laws and amend existing ones including laws affecting civil affairs. Soon after receiving the bailout, the Interest Limitation Act was abolished; the Corporate Reorganization Act, Settlement Act and Bankruptcy Act (the 3 Insolvency Laws) were amended; and the Act on Asset Securitization was enacted. The financial crisis brought about a new era of financially driven legislation. In this paper, I review the enactment of major civil legislations after December 1997, in particular the abolishment of the Interest Limitation Act, amendment to the 3 Insolvency Laws and the introduction of the Act on Asset Securitization. Then I briefly explain how these laws changed over time and then analyze the impact of these laws. In particular, I focus on the following three perspectives and review their importance: the legislation after the IMF bailout is of significance in terms of the relationship between law and economy, fairness and efficiency and a new trend of adopting other legal systems. From the perspective of law and economics, post IMF legislation clearly shows economic considerations dominating legal concerns. Between fairness and efficiency, efficiency prevails. Furthermore, the adoption of the U.S. law during the period has important meaning from a legal history perspective. Legislation following the IMF bailout could be characterized as a type of emergency legislation or crisis management legislation to address an imminent financial crisis. Yet, the laws established then still convey a significant meaning today. To further benefit from this important experience of surviving an economic crisis, we need to augment the positive aspects of the experience while minimizing the any negative aspects.1997๋…„ 12์›” 3์ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์™ธํ™˜์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ถ€๋„์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ IMF๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. IMF์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์งํ›„ ์ด์ž์ œํ•œ๋ฒ•์„ ํ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•โ€คํ™”์˜๋ฒ•โ€คํŒŒ์‚ฐ๋ฒ•(์ดํ•˜ ๋„์‚ฐ 3๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค)์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‚ฐ์œ ๋™ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ž…๋ฒ•์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ IMF ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์— ํœฉ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 1997๋…„ 12์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ ์ž…๋ฒ•, ํŠนํžˆ ์ด์ž์ œํ•œ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ์ง€, ๋„์‚ฐ 3๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •, ์ž์‚ฐ์œ ๋™ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ํ›„ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์œ„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ž…๋ฒ•์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ IMF์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต ์งํ›„์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ณต์ •๊ณผ ํšจ์œจ, ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด ์„ธ ๊ด€์ ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ƒˆ๊ฒจ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” IMF ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ ์ž…๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ • ๋Œ€ ํšจ์œจ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ ˆ์ฐจ์˜ ์‹ ์†ํ•œ ์ง„ํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. IMF์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์€ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์ƒ์ž…๋ฒ• ๋˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‘์ž…๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์œ„๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋“ค์€ ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฒ•์— ๋ฐœ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์—†์• ๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์˜ 2012๋…„๋„ ํ•™์ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜

    Retinoic Acid-induced Differentiation of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells into ฮฒ-Cell Lineage

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    Backgrounds: Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease, is associated with insulin deficiency due to the death of ฮฒ-cells. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are capable of tissue repair and thus are a promising source of ฮฒ-cell surrogates. Methods: In this study, the therapeutic potential of BM-MSCs as ฮฒ-cell replacements was analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. First, we used retinoic acid (RA) to induce rat BM-MSCs to differentiate into cells of endodermal/pancreatic lineage. Then, differentiated rat BM-MSCs were syngeneically injected under the renal capsule of rats. Results: Analysis of gene expression revealed that rat BM-MSCs showed signs of early pancreatic development, and differentiated cells were qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed to produce insulin in vitro. In vivo study was performed for short-term (3 weeks) and long-term (8 weeks) period of time. Rats that were injected with differentiated MSCs exhibited a reduction in blood glucose levels throughout 8 weeks, and grafted cells survived in vivo for at least 3 weeks. Conclusions: These findings show that RA can induce differentiation of MSCs into the ฮฒ-cell lineage and demonstrate the potential of BM-MSCs to serve as therapeutic tools for T1DM.ope

    Diversifying the Remedies under Korean Civil Law: Proposed Amendment concerning Right to Enforce Performance, Right to Cure, and Right to Injunction

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    ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์  ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ์ดํ–‰๊ณผ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ํ•ด์ œโ‹…ํ•ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ€๋‹น์ด๋“๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ธฐํ•œ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ์ด์ต์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฒ•๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ •์œ„์›ํšŒ(์ดํ•˜ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค)๋Š” 2009๋…„ 2์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„ 2์›” 17์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 5๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์žฌ์‚ฐํŽธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ(์ดํ•˜ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์ด๋ผ ์•ฝ์นญํ•œ๋‹ค)์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋“ค์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š” ์ดํ–‰์ฒญ๊ตฌ, ์ถ”์™„์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ, ๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์‹ ์„คํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์€ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ๋ช…๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์ด ํ†ต๊ณผ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ์ด์™ธ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์— ๋ช…๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ •์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ™•์ •๋œ ใ€Œ์ดํ–‰์ฒญ๊ตฌ, ์ถ”์™„์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ, ๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆใ€์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์—๋„ ํ•ด์„๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์„ธ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ช…๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ธ‰์  ์ข์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ํ•™์„ค๊ณผ ํŒ๋ก€์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์Šน์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตฌ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. The Korean Civil Code (hereinafter KCC) sets out diverse remedies. When a property right is endangered, the owner or possessor can assert a claim arising from such right. A creditor can resort to judicial enforcement or a claim for damages with or without terminating the contract for default. The victim of a tort has a claim for damages; anyone disadvantaged from an act of unjust enrichment has the right to restitution. The Ministry of Justice set up a Committee for the KCC Amendment in February 2009 (hereinafter Committee). The Committee attempted at a comprehensive amendment of the KCC, except family and succession law, and produced a definitive amendment bill (hereinafter Bill) on February 17, 2014. The Bill contains provisions on newly introduced remedies including right to enforce performance, right to cure, and right to injunction (hereinafter New Remedies). If affirmed by the legislature, the Bill is expected to broaden the range of remedies under KCC. This article introduces the Bill in the context of the New Remedies. In the process, the similarities and differences between the New Remedies are discussed, which helps one understand the Bill and its implications more in depth. In effect, the New Remedies may be recognized even in the absence of any express statutory provision. However, without the benefits of such provision, the courts tend not to recognize a new breed of remedies to a full extent. Against this backdrop, the Bill, once passed into law, will lay out an express legal basis for affirming the judicial precedents and academic discourse hitherto on the New Remedies. As a result of the Bill, the range of remedies under KCC will diversify, which in turn may help the system of civil remedies function more effectively. Of course, controversies may well arise with regard to the requirements of each New Remedy or to the interplay between the newly introduced provisions and other remedy-related provisions in the context of KCC. I believe such controversies will foster the studies of civil law in general and contribute to future legislative efforts

    Proposed Reform of the Korean Electronic Transaction Act -focusing upon its private law aspects-

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    The recent explosion of Internet technology has helped propel the growth of electronic commerce or electronic transactions. It is expected that electronic transactions will quickly replace the various existing forms and methods of transactions. Against this backdrop the Korean Electronic Transaction Act (KETA) was enacted on February 8th, 1999 and is being enforced since July 1st 1999, with a view to promote electronic transactions and to clarify the legal relations of electronic transactions. The provisions set out in the KETA are based largely on the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. The main contents of the Act include 1) legal effect, validity or enforceability of electronic data messages(the term eletronic documents as used in the Act) and digital signatures, 2) dispatch and receipt of electronic data messages, 3) protection of personal information and 4) consumer protection. While Korea is relatively ahead of other countries in terms of the early legislation of the Electronic Transaction Act, the Act itself is left with many shortfalls. Enacted without sufficient review of its relevant provisions, in particular those related to the private law, the KETA lends itself to a whole variety of different interpretations. In recognition of such problems, active efforts have been made in the year 2001 to revise the KETA and the Korean Digital Signature Act for the purpose of building a legal system more conducive to the growth of Information and Technology industry.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” 2001๋…„ 8์›” Microsoft ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์ธ ้Ÿ“ๅœ‹์—์„œ์˜ ๆณ•์˜ ๆ”ฏ้…(Rule of Law in Korea)์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ

    ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘์ฆ์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ฅ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋‡Œ์ž๊ทน์ˆ ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ

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    Dept. of Medical Science/๋ฐ•์‚ฌNeuropathic pain induced by peripheral nerve injury is clinically very common. High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for chronic neuropathic pain, but the mechanisms underlying its analgesic effects are not precisely known. I investigated the mechanism of high-frequency DBS-related analgesia on neuropathic symptoms using male Sprague-Dawley rats with peripheral nerve injuries to induce neuropathic pain. Rats were divided into four groups, naive, naive + VPL-DBS, neuropathic pain, and neuropathic pain + VPL-DBS. Before and after VPL-DBS, c-fos and GAD65 in the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and spinal dorsal horn were measured by western blot. In the neuropathic pain + VPL-DBS group, an analgesic effect was observed compared to the neuropathic pain group, and significant c-fos expressions was seen after VPL-DBS in the prefrontal cortex and thalamus. Also, the expressions of GAD65 in the neuropathic pain + VPL-DBS group was slightly higher in the spinal dorsal horn than in the neuropathic pain group, while c-fos expression was decreased. These results suggested that VPL-DBS exerts an effect at both the brain and spinal cord level. High-frequency DBS suppressed the hyper-excited neuronal activities, especially in the prefrontal cortex and thalamus area, and modulate the pain threshold by upregulation of GAD65 expression in spinal dorsal horn.ope

    Diagnostic performance of conventional radiography for detecting pathologic bony changes of condylar head in patients and its correlation with cone beam computed tomography

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ธก๋‘ํ•˜์•…๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ๊ณจ์งˆํ™˜์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ์ฝ˜๋น” ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž„์ƒ์  ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.2009๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ธก๋‘ํ•˜์•…๊ด€์ ˆ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ์ œํ•œ, ๋™ํ†ต ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ดฌ์˜, ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ดฌ์˜, ์ฝ˜๋น” ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ 96๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํ•˜์•…๊ณผ๋‘์˜ ํŽธํ‰ํ™”(flattening), ๋ฏธ๋ž€(erosion), ๊ณจ๊ฒฝํ™”(sclerosis), ๊ณจ์ฆ์‹์ฒด(osteophyte) ํ˜•์„ฑ, ๊ฐ•์ง(ankylosis)์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฝ˜๋น” ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์˜์ƒ์€ 2๋ช…์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ, ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ์˜์ƒ์€ 3๋ช…์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 1, ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” 0์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Cohenโ€™s kappa value๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฝ˜๋น” ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์˜์ƒ, ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ์˜์ƒ, ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ์˜์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋‚ด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ฝ˜๋น” ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์˜์ƒ์˜ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„(sensitivity)์™€ ํŠน์ด๋„(specificity)๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ดฌ์˜์˜ ์ธก๋‘ํ•˜์•…๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.1. ์ฝ˜๋น” ์ „์‚ฐํ™”๋‹จ์ธต์˜์ƒ์—์„œ Cohenโ€™s kappa value๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋‘ 0.8 ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋‚ด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ์ผ์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค.2. ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋‚ด Cohenโ€™s kappa value๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž3์˜ ํŽธํ‰ํ™” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ๋งŒ 0.795๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ 0.8 ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๋‚ด ์ผ์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋Š” ํŽธํ‰ํ™”(flattening) ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ Cohenโ€™s kappa value๊ฐ€ 0.6-0.8 ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋น„๊ต์  ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ผ์น˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ์น˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.3. ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์ธก๋‘ํ•˜์•…๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜์ƒ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŠน์ด๋„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ค‘ ํŽธํ‰ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.4. ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜์ƒ์˜ ์ธก๋‘ํ•˜์•…๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ํŠน์ด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์˜์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠน์ด๋„๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ฐ„์— ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณจ์ฆ์‹์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜์ƒ์ด ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์˜์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋†’์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ์˜์ƒ์€ ์ธก๋‘ํ•˜์•…๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’์€ ํŠน์ด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋‘๊ฐœ ์˜์ƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธก๋‘ํ•˜์•…๊ด€์ ˆ์˜ ๊ณจ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.ope
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