54 research outputs found
์ง์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ์ด์ฐํํ์ ์ํ์ ์ํ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ์์คํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2019. 2. ๋จ๊ธฐํ.์์ฐ๊ณ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์์ ์๋์ง๋ค์ ํ์์๋์ง๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ป์ด์ง๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์ ํตํด ํก์๋๋ค. ๋งค๋
4.2"ร" 1017 kJ ์ ์๋์ง๊ฐ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์ ํตํด ํก์๋๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ฅผ ์ฐ์์ ํฌ๋๋น์ผ๋ก ์ ํํ๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด ๋๊ธฐ์ค์ ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ ์ง์์์ ํ์ํํฉ๋ฌผ์ ํ์ฑํ๋ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ์์๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ์ง๊ตฌ์์ ํ์ ์ํ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ท ํ์ ์ ์งํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ธ๋ฅ์ ์ฐ์
์๋ ์ดํ ๋ฌด๋ถ๋ณํ ํ์ ์ฐ๋ฃ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๋๊ธฐ ์ค์ผ๋ก ๊ณผ๋์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถ์์ผฐ์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ์ง๊ตฌ ํ์ ์ํ์ ๊นจ๋จ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ผ๊ธฐํ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ํด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํ์ ๊ณ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์ฐ๊ณ์ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ํ ์ธ๊ณต ์๋์ง ์ ํ ์์คํ
์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์์คํ
์ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์์ ์ฐ์์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์ด๋๋ ์๋์ง ์ ํ ๊ณผ์ ๋ค, ๋น ์๋์ง์ ํก์ / ์ ์ ์ ๋ฌ / ํ์์ ๊ณ ์ , ์ ๋ชจ์ฌํ์๋ค.
์์ฐ๊ณ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ ๊ตํ ๋์์ธ๊ณผ ํ๋ฅญํ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๋ค์ ๋ณด์ ํ๊ณ ์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ณต ์ฅ์น์ ์ ์ฉํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค. ๋จผ์ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์์ ์ฑ์ด ๋จ์ด์ง๋ ์์ฒด ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ค์ ๋ณด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์์ ํ ํฉ์ฑ ๋ฌผ์ง๋ค์ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ง์ง์ฒด ํน์ ๋์ฒด์ ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ํ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ ๋ฐ์์ ์ํด ์์ฑ๋ ์๋์ง ํน์ ์ฐ๋ฃ๋ ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ ์ ์ง๋์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ์์ง์ ์๋์ํค๋๋ฐ ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์ด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ด๋ค์ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋ก์ด ์ ๋ต์ ์ธ์ฐ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋จผ์ ์ธ๊ณต๊ดํฉ์ฑ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค์ ์กฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. Chapter 2 ์์๋ ์ง๊ธ๊น์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์๋ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ ์์คํ
๋ค์ธ ์ธ๊ณต ์ง๊ด๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์ธ๊ณต ์ ์์ ๋ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฐ, ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ์ด์ฐํํ์ ๊ณ ์ ์ ๋ํด ๋ค๋ฃจ์๋ค. ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ค๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ป์ ๊ตํ์ ๋ฐํ ์ผ์ ๋ณธ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ ์ฉํ ์ฐ๋ฃ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ ์ํ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง์ ์๋์ง ์ ํ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค.
๊ดํฉ์ฑ์ ๊ดํ์ฑ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ธ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ํ์๋น์ ํก์ํ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ์์ด ๊ฐ์๋๋ค. ๊ด๊ณ๋ ์ง๊ด๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ๋ฐ์์ค์ฌ์ฒด๋ก ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ฉฐ, ์ง๊ด๋ณตํฉ์ฒด๋ ํ์๋น์ ํก์ํ๊ณ ํก์๋ ๊ด ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์์ค์ฌ์ฒด๋ก ์ ๋ฌํ๋ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํ๋ค. ์ด๋, ์์ ๋ถ์๋ค์ ํจ์จ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์ด์ด ์ ์ฒด ์ง๊ด๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ๊ด-ํก์, ๊ด-์๋์ง ์ ๋ฌ ํน์ฑ์ ์ข์ฐํ๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ๋ณธ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ด๊ณ ๋ด์ ์ ๊ตํ ์์ ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฐ์ด์ ๋ชจ์ฌํ์ฌ ํฌ๋ฅดํผ๋ฆฐ ์์ ๋ถ์๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ณ ๊ธ ๋๋
ธ์
์๋ฅผ ์ง์ง์ฒด๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ธ๊ณต ์ง๊ด๋ณตํฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ ๋ถ์๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฐ์ด์ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ํฉํ ์ด๋๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋๋
ธ ์
์์ ๊ฐ์ง ์ง์ง์ฒด๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ์๋ค. ํฌ๋ฅดํผ๋ฆฐ ๋ถ์๋ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ 6 ร
์์ 12 ร
์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ์ค์ ๊ด๊ณ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์์ ์ฝ๋ก์ ๋ถ์๋ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์ด๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฒ์์ด๋ค. ๋๋ถ์ด ๊ธ ๋๋
ธ์
์์ ํ๋ผ์ฆ๋ชฌ ํจ๊ณผ๋ก ์ธํด ์์ ๋ถ์์ ํ๊ด์ ์ฆํญ์ํฌ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์์์ ํ๊ด ์ ํธ๊ฐ ์ต๋ 20๋ฐฐ๊น์ง ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ก์จ ์ง๊ด๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ๊ดํน์ฑ์ ๋์ฑ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ถ์ํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก, ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์์ ๋ถ์์ ๋ฐฐ์ด๋ก๋ถํฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๋ ํ๊ด ์คํํธ๋ผ์ด ์ป์ด์ก๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ์ง๊ด๋ณตํฉ์ฒด๊ฐ ์์ ์งํฉ์ฒด์ ๋ถ์๊ฐ ์๋์ง ์ ๋ฌ ํน์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ ํ๋ซํผ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
๋น ํก์์ ์ํด ๋ชจ์์ง ๊ด-์๋์ง๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ค์ฌ์ฒด์์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ์ฌ๊ธฐ์ํค๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ ์ ์๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง Z-์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ ์์ ๋ฌ๊ณ๋ก ์ ๋ฌ๋์ด ๊ด๊ณII ์์์ ๋ฌผ ์ฐํ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณI ์์์ NADP ํ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ฐธ์ฌํ๋ค. ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์ฐ์์ ์ธ ์ ์ ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ ์ฒด ์ฐํ ํ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฐ์๊ด์ -์ ์ธ์ ์์ญ์ ์์ ์๋์ง๋ง์ ์ด์ฉํด ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ Z-์ฒด๊ณ์์๋ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋์ ํ์ฌ ๊ดํ์ฑ ๋ฐ์์ฒด์ ์ญํ ์ ๋์ฒดํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๊ตฌํํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ์ฐํ ํ์ ๋ฐ์๊ณผ ์ต์ ์ ์ ์ ๋ฌ ํจ์จ์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ ์ ์๋ ์๋์ง ์ค์๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์ ์๋๋ค. ๋ณธ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ด๊ณI ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๋ฌผ์ง์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ ์๋ก์ด ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ Z-์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์์คํ
์์๋ ๊ด๊ณI๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ธ ๋๋ ์ ๊ธ์ ์ค๊ฐ์ฒด ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ์ง์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ํฉ์ณ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ์๊ด์ ์์ญ์ ๋น์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฌผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ ์์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ์์ ํจ์จ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ด๊ณI์ ํํ ํ์์ ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์์๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋นํ์ฌ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ํ์ฑ์ ์์ ํ ๋ฐ๋์ฒด ๋ฌผ์ง๊ณผ ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์์ ๊ธฐ์ธํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ฌ์ง๋ค.
์์ฐ๊ณ์ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์์๋ ๊ด๋ฐ์์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ฐ๋ ์ ๊ธฐํํ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ต์ข
์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ก๋ถํฐ ํฌ๋๋น์ ํฉ์ฑํ๋ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ ๊ธฐํํ ์ฅ์น์์ ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ ๊ฐํด์ค ์ ์์ ์ํด ํ์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ก ์ธํด, ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ ๊ณ ๋ถ๊ฐ๊ฐ์น์ ์ฐ๋ฃ๋ก ์ง์ ์ ํ๋ ์ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋๋ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์คํ ๋ฐ์์ ํตํด ํํ์์ ๋ฐ์๋ฌผ์ ์ฝ์
๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์์ฐ๊ณ์ ํ์ ๊ณ ์ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ์ ๋ถํฌํ ๊ฒฐํฉ์ด ์๋ ํํ์์๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ด์ฐํํ์๋ฅผ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์คํ ์ํค๋ ์ ๊ธฐํํ์ ํ๋ซํผ์ ์๋กญ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ํ๋ซํผ์์๋ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์์ ํ์์ ์ํด ํํ ํ์์ ์ธ NADPH๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋์ฒดํ์ฌ ์ง์ ์ ๊ธฐ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ๊ฐํด ํ์ ๋ฐ์์ ์งํ์ํค๊ณ ์ ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋๋์ ์ฐ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ์คํ์ด๋ , ๋ค์ด์, ์ํ ์ฌ๋ ํ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถํฌํ ํํ์์ ์๋ฃ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์ด์ฐํํ์์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์ค์ฐ ์ฐ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์์ฐํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๊ธฐํํ ํ๋ซํผ์ ํตํด ์ ์ฉํ ํํ์์ ์ฐ๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฐํํ์์ ๋ฌผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ์์ฐํ๋ ์๋ก์ด ํ์ ๊ณ ์ ๊ฒฝ๋ก๋ฅผ ์ด์ด์ค ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋๋๋ค.
๋ณธ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ง์๊ฐ๋ฅํ ํ์ ์ํ์ ์ํด ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ํํ์ ์๋์ง ์ ํ/์ ๋ฌ ์์คํ
์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ์์คํ
์ ๋์์ธ์ ์์ฐ๊ณ์ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐํ์์ผ๋, ์ค์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ ์์ฒด ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ํฉ์ฑ ์ฌ๋ฃ๋ค์ ์ ์ ํ ๋ฐฐํฉํ ํ์ด๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ํํ๋ก ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์์ฐ๊ณ์ ๋นํด ํฅ์๋ ํน์ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ์๋์ง ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ์ธํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์ ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณผํ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๊น์ด ์ดํดํ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ ์ฐ๋ฃ ์์ฐ ๊ณผ์ ์ ์ ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ ๋ฐฉํฅ์ ์ ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ผ๋ก ๊ด๋ฐ์๊ณผ ์๋ฐ์์ ๊ฒฐํฉํ ์ง์ ํ ์ธ๊ณต ๊ดํฉ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ ์ ์์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ํ๋ค.In nature, all free energy utilized by biological systems comes from solar energy that is trapped by photosynthesis. Annually, 4.2"ร" 1017 kJ of solar energy is harvested by photosynthesis and used in the production of oxygen and glucose from water and carbon dioxide (CO2). This enables to fix atmospheric CO2 on the ground as a carbon building block of hydrocarbon and therefore, contributes to sustain the equilibrium of the global carbon cycle. However, since the industrial revolution era, imprudent use of fossil fuel and the resulted CO2 emission has destroyed the balance in global carbon cycle. To restore the natural energy circulation, new artificial energy storage pathway should be developed. In this thesis, designating natural photosynthesis as a model system, artificial energy harvesting/conversion systems are newly developed. Each system is inspired from the sequential energy conversion steps in photosynthesis: (1) light harvesting, (2) electron transfer and (3) carbon fixation.
Although the biological system has elaborate design and superior functionality for energy harvesting, it should be reformed to be adopted in artificial devices. First, due to the delicate nature of biomaterials such as proteins, stable synthetic materials should additionally support or replace the biomaterials. Moreover, the final energy or fuel produced from the photosynthetic reaction should be aimed to operate engines rather than metabolize organisms. To build up new strategy for these issues, we have firstly studied previous research on the development of artificial photosynthesis. The representative examples of artificial photosynthesis systems are presented in Chapter 2 which includes the development of artificial light harvesting complexes, artificial electron transfer system and electrochemical CO2 fixation. After learning lessons from the previous studies, we have designed three novel energy conversion pathways inspired from photosynthesis for the production of valuable fuels. The respective systems are specifically presented in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 and Chapter 5.
Photosynthesis initiates by light absorption at photosynthetic proteins, photosystem. The protein is comprised of light harvesting complex and reaction center where light harvesting complex absorbs solar light and transfer the photon energy to reaction center. Here, the effective construction of dye assembly in photosystem determines the overall light absorption property and photo-energy transfer efficiency. Inspired from the elaborate alignment of these dye assembly, we newly developed porphyrin-dye based light harvesting complex on the silica-coated gold nanoparticle templates. To precisely align dyes in atomic level, peptoid scaffolds were used which carry out a role of branch on the nanoparticle surface. The intermolecular distance between porphyrins were controlled from 6 ร
to 12 ร
which is in the range of chlorophyll distance in natural light harvesting complex. We also utilized surface plasmon effect of gold nanoparticle core to amplify the fluorescence of dye. As a result, the fluorescence could be enhanced up to ~20 times at the optimal condition which facilitated to analyze optical property of light harvesting complex more precisely. In detail, distinctive fluorescence spectra were observed from different porphyrin intermolecular alignments. This indicates the developed light harvesting complex can be used as platform for the investigation of intermolecular energy transfer in dye assemblies.
Followed by light absorption, collected light energy is consumed in electron excitation at the reaction centers. The excited electrons are then transferred via Z-scheme which is composed of two photosystem proteins and participates in the water oxidation at photosystem II and NADP reduction at photosystem I. By using step-wise excitation of electrons, the overall redox process can be derived by low-energy light in visible-IR range. In artificial Z-scheme, semiconductors are used instead of photosystems which can replace the role of photocatalyst. The semiconductor materials are selected based on the energy level for the desired redox reaction and efficient electron transfer. In this thesis, newly developed hybrid Z-scheme of photosystem I and semiconductor is demonstrated. The hybrid Z-scheme was constructed in all-solid-system by using Au or Ag mediator to conjugate photosystem I and BiVO4. The system produced hydrogen from water under visible light. The hydrogen evolution activity and stability of the photocatalytic reaction was both enhanced significantly compared to the case of single excitation system of photosystem I using chemical reductant. We believed that our hybrid Z-scheme exhibited the high performance due to the stable hybrid structure between the inorganic template and protein.
In photosynthesis, CO2 fixation for glucose synthesis occurs lastly by using electrochemical energy produced from light dependent reaction. In artificial electrochemical devices, CO2 can be directly reduced by applied potential. As a result, it can be directly converted into valuable fuels or inserted into hydrocarbon feedstocks by carboxylation to make value-added fuels. In this thesis, inspired from the carbon fixation in photosynthesis, new platform for the carboxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbon substrate using CO2 presented. Instead of using chemical reductant as natural system, electrochemical method was used for stable, fast and mass production of fuel. As a result, site-selective carboxylic acids were produced from the carboxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbons such as styrenes, dienes and ฮฑ-olefins by using CO2 and water as carbon and proton source. We envision that the electrochemical platform will aid to open new carbon fixation pathway by producing valuable hydrocarbon fuels from CO2 and water.
In conclusion, hybrid energy pathway for sustainable carbon fuel cycle was developed in this thesis. The design and concept of system is based on natural photosynthesis, but the virtual construction was modified and upgraded by using hybrid materials from both biological and synthetic materials. Consequently, we could achieve synergetic effect from the hybrid system in the aspect of amplified activity and stability of the complex or device compared to the biological system. This study will aid understanding the underlying material science in photosynthesis and further exploit the desired fuel production reactions. We also envision that this study will be extended to excellent artificial photosynthesis where the light reaction and dark reaction are combined together.Chapter 1. Introductionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆ1
1.1 Global carbon cycleโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.1
1.2 Role of photosynthesis in sustainable energy storageโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ5
1.3 Light dependent reactionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ8
1.4 Dark reactionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ15
1.5 Scope of the thesisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ20
Chapter 2. Artificial photosynthesis mimetic systemโฆโฆโฆ.24
2.1 Introduction โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ24
2.2 Artificial antenna for light harvestingโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...26
2.2.1 Chromophore assemblyโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ26
2.2.2 Antenna-reaction center hybridized light harvesting complex..31
2.3 Artificial electron transfer system for energy conversionโฆโฆโฆโฆ34
2.3.1 Utilization of photosynthetic protein in hybrid systemโฆโฆโฆ.34
2.3.2 Photo-electrode for electrochemical reactionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ39
2.3.3 Z-schematic fuel production systemโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..42
2.4 Electrochemical carbon dioxide fixationโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ45
2.4.1 Direct electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxideโฆ45
2.4.2 Carboxylation reaction using carbon dioxideโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ50
Chapter 3. Porphyrin decorated gold nanoparticle antenna complexโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.65
3.1 Introductionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ65
3.2 Experimental and analysisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ69
3.2.1 Materialsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ69
3.2.2 PPC synthesisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ69
3.2.3 Synthesis of silica nanoparticlesโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ74
3.2.4 Synthesis of AuNPsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ74
3.2.5 Silica coating on AuNPsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ75
3.2.6 Carboxylation on silica surfaceโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ76
3.2.7 EDC/NHS couplingโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ76
3.2.8 Analytical methodsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ77
3.3 Results and discussionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ78
3.3.1 Silica nanoparticle linked PPCsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ78
3.3.2 Silica coated gold nanoparticle linked PPCsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ87
3.4 Conclusionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.104
Chapter 4. Hybrid Z-scheme of photosystem I and BiVO4 for hydrogen evolutionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.111
4.1 Introductionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ111
4.2 Experimental and analysisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ117
4.2.1 Materialsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.117
4.2.2 Isolation of PSIโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ117
4.2.3 Characterization of PSIโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.118
4.2.4 Platinization of PSIโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.119
4.2.5 Synthesis of BiVO4โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.119
4.2.6 Photo-deposition of metal on BiVO4โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...120
4.2.7 EDC/Sulfo-NHS couplingโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..120
4.2.8 Analytical methodsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.121
4.3 Results and discussionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...123
4.3.1 Synthesis of Pt-PSIโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ..123
4.3.2 Synthesis of metal deposited BiVO4โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ127
4.3.3 Optical property analysisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.132
4.3.4 Synthesis of hybrid Z-schemeโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.134
4.3.5 Electron transfer study in the hybrid system by PL analysisโฆ138
4.3.6 H2 evolution measurement by GC analysisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ141
4.4 Conclusionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.149
Chapter 5. Electrochemical carboxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbons using CO2โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ158
5.1 Introductionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ158
5.2 Experimental and analysisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ162
5.2.1 Materialsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.162
5.2.2 Electrochemical analysisโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.162
5.2.3 Analytical methodsโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.163
5.3 Results and discussionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ...165
5.3.1 Electrochemical carboxylation of styreneโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ165
5.3.2 Electrochemical carboxylation of aliphatic ฮฑ-olefinsโฆโฆโฆ202
5.4 Conclusionโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ210
Chapter 6. Concluding remarksโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ.โฆโฆโฆโฆ219
๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ด๋กโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆโฆ223Docto
๊น๋ช ํ ์ ์ ๊ต๋ฌด์ฒ์ฅ ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ
์ง๋ 9์ 22์ผ ์์์ผ ์คํ 3์ ๋ํ๋ณธ๋ถ 3์ธต์ ์์นํ ๊ต๋ฌด์ฒ์ฅ์ค์์ ์ ์ ๊ต๋ฌด์ฒ์ฅ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ ์์ธ๋๊ฐ ๋น๋ฉดํ ์์ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ถ ์ค๋น์ CTL ์ด์์ ๋ํ ๋๋ด์ ๋๋ด๋ค
The mediating effect of spiritual well-being on marital conflict and adolescents' psychological adjustment
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ฒญ์๋
์ด ์ง๊ฐํ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ์๋
์ด ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ์์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ ์ง์ญ ๊ณ ๋ฑํ์ 288๋ช
์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊ณผ ์์ ์๋
์ ๋ถ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ, ์์ ์๋
๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์์ ์ ์ ์๊ด๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ, ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ๋์์๋ก ์์ ์๋
์์ค์ ๋ฎ์์ง๊ณ ์์ ์๋
์ด ๋์์๋ก ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์์ด ๋์์ง๋ ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ๋ํ๋๋ค. ๋์งธ, ์ง๊ฐ๋ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์ ์์ ์๋
์ ๋งค๊ฐํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฆํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ถ๋ถ๋งค๊ฐ ๋ชจํ์ด ์ ํ๋์๋ค. ์ฆ ์์ ์๋
์ ๋ถ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊ณผ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ด๊ณ์์ ๋ถ๋ถ ๋งค๊ฐํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋์ผ๋ก์จ ๋ถ๋ชจ๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํํ๋ ์ฒญ์๋
๋ค์๊ฒ ์์ ์๋
์ด ๋ณดํธ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์์ฉํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์์ ๋์์ ์ค๋ค๊ณ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ์กฑ ๋ด ๊ฐ๋ฑ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ ์(๋์ธ์๋ฏผ์ฑ, ์ฐ์ธ, ์ ๋๊ฐ, ๋ถ์ ๋ฑ)์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ๊ฒช๊ณ ์๋ ์ฒญ์๋
๋ค์๊ฒ ์ถ์ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ํ ์๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋์ธ ์ ์๋ ์์ ์๋
ํ๋ก๊ทธ๋จ์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ์ด ํ์ํ๋ค.
This paper examines how parents marital conflict and the state of their adolescent childs spiritual well-being both influence their childs psychological adjustment. To this end, 288 high school students in Gyeonggi-do region were polled. Analysis of that poll data led to two of the following conclusions: first, parents marital conflict and their adolescent childs spiritual well-being exhibit an inversely proportional relationship whereas such childs spiritual well-being and his or her psychological adjustment show a proportional relationship. That is, an adolescent whose parents have more severe marital conflict experiences spiritual well-being that is less secure, while an adolescent who has more secure sense of spiritual well-being goes through his or her psychological adjustment with more ease. Second, partially-mediating scheme was selected in this study after probing the mediating effect of spiritual well-being on an adolescents psychological adjustment which was influenced by his or her parents marital conflict of which he or she was aware. In other words, spiritual well-being partially mediates marital conflict as well as psychological adjustment, and spiritual well-being arguably functions as a protecting factor that helps the psychological adjustment of an adolescent who is suffering stress caused by his or her parents marital conflict. Consequently, it is strongly recommended to develop a program where spiritual well-being is promoted for adolescents who are disturbed by family-induced psychological adjustment such as interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, or insecurity. Key words: marital conflict, spiritual well-being, psychological adjustment, adolescen
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