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    ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๋‚จ๊ธฐํƒœ.์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž์œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํก์ˆ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งค๋…„ 4.2"ร—" 1017 kJ ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ์ง€์ƒ์—์„œ ํƒ„์†Œํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆœํ™˜์ด ๊ทธ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‚ฐ์—… ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ๊นจ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ณ ์ • ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์—ฐ์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค, ๋น› ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ํก์ˆ˜ / ์ „์ž ์ „๋‹ฌ / ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๊ณ ์ •, ์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๋””์ž์ธ๊ณผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ณต ์žฅ์น˜์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด ํ˜น์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์—”์ง„์„ ์ž‘๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๋žต์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์ธ๊ณต๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Chapter 2 ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์ธ ์ธ๊ณต ์ง‘๊ด‘๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ธ๊ณต ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ณ ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ๋ฐœํŒ ์‚ผ์•„ ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์€ ๊ด‘ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ ๊ด‘๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง‘๊ด‘๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ง‘๊ด‘๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘๋น›์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ๊ด‘ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฒด๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์ „์ฒด ์ง‘๊ด‘๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ด‘-ํก์ˆ˜, ๊ด‘-์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด‘๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๋ฅดํ”ผ๋ฆฐ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ์ง‘๊ด‘๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŽฉํ† ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€์ง€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฅดํ”ผ๋ฆฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 6 ร… ์—์„œ 12 ร… ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๊ด‘๊ณ„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์—์„œ ์—ฝ๋ก์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฒ”์œ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋ชฌ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ˜•๊ด‘์„ ์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒ‰์†Œ์˜ ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 20๋ฐฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ์จ ์ง‘๊ด‘๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ด‘ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋”์šฑ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•๊ด‘ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์ด ์–ป์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์ง‘๊ด‘๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋น› ํก์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ชจ์•„์ง„ ๊ด‘-์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ„๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ Z-์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ด‘๊ณ„II ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌผ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ด‘๊ณ„I ์—์„œ์˜ NADP ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์ „์ž ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฐํ™” ํ™˜์› ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„ -์ ์™ธ์„  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋งŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ Z-์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด‘ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ฒด์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™” ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ตœ์  ์ „์ž ์ „๋‹ฌ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ค€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ์ •๋˜๊ณ  ์ œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ณ„I ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ Z-์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘๊ณ„I๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์€ ๊ธˆ์† ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ํ•ฉ์ณ์ง„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ด‘์„  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๋น›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ๊ด‘๊ณ„I์„ ํ™”ํ•™ ํ™˜์›์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์žฅ์น˜์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ค€ ์ „์œ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™˜์›๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋˜๋Š” ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์‹คํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฌผ์— ์‚ฝ์ž… ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ณ ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ถˆํฌํ™” ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์‹คํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ™˜์›์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™”ํ•™ ํ™˜์›์ œ์ธ NADPH๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง์ ‘ ์ „๊ธฐ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํƒ€์ด๋ Œ, ๋‹ค์ด์—”, ์•ŒํŒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ ˆํ•€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถˆํฌํ™” ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ์›๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ณ ์ • ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์—ด์–ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ ์ˆœํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ „ํ™˜/์ „๋‹ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด ์œ ๊ธฐ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉํ•œ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊นŠ์ด ์ดํ•ดํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์•”๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.In nature, all free energy utilized by biological systems comes from solar energy that is trapped by photosynthesis. Annually, 4.2"ร—" 1017 kJ of solar energy is harvested by photosynthesis and used in the production of oxygen and glucose from water and carbon dioxide (CO2). This enables to fix atmospheric CO2 on the ground as a carbon building block of hydrocarbon and therefore, contributes to sustain the equilibrium of the global carbon cycle. However, since the industrial revolution era, imprudent use of fossil fuel and the resulted CO2 emission has destroyed the balance in global carbon cycle. To restore the natural energy circulation, new artificial energy storage pathway should be developed. In this thesis, designating natural photosynthesis as a model system, artificial energy harvesting/conversion systems are newly developed. Each system is inspired from the sequential energy conversion steps in photosynthesis: (1) light harvesting, (2) electron transfer and (3) carbon fixation. Although the biological system has elaborate design and superior functionality for energy harvesting, it should be reformed to be adopted in artificial devices. First, due to the delicate nature of biomaterials such as proteins, stable synthetic materials should additionally support or replace the biomaterials. Moreover, the final energy or fuel produced from the photosynthetic reaction should be aimed to operate engines rather than metabolize organisms. To build up new strategy for these issues, we have firstly studied previous research on the development of artificial photosynthesis. The representative examples of artificial photosynthesis systems are presented in Chapter 2 which includes the development of artificial light harvesting complexes, artificial electron transfer system and electrochemical CO2 fixation. After learning lessons from the previous studies, we have designed three novel energy conversion pathways inspired from photosynthesis for the production of valuable fuels. The respective systems are specifically presented in Chapter 3, Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. Photosynthesis initiates by light absorption at photosynthetic proteins, photosystem. The protein is comprised of light harvesting complex and reaction center where light harvesting complex absorbs solar light and transfer the photon energy to reaction center. Here, the effective construction of dye assembly in photosystem determines the overall light absorption property and photo-energy transfer efficiency. Inspired from the elaborate alignment of these dye assembly, we newly developed porphyrin-dye based light harvesting complex on the silica-coated gold nanoparticle templates. To precisely align dyes in atomic level, peptoid scaffolds were used which carry out a role of branch on the nanoparticle surface. The intermolecular distance between porphyrins were controlled from 6 ร… to 12 ร… which is in the range of chlorophyll distance in natural light harvesting complex. We also utilized surface plasmon effect of gold nanoparticle core to amplify the fluorescence of dye. As a result, the fluorescence could be enhanced up to ~20 times at the optimal condition which facilitated to analyze optical property of light harvesting complex more precisely. In detail, distinctive fluorescence spectra were observed from different porphyrin intermolecular alignments. This indicates the developed light harvesting complex can be used as platform for the investigation of intermolecular energy transfer in dye assemblies. Followed by light absorption, collected light energy is consumed in electron excitation at the reaction centers. The excited electrons are then transferred via Z-scheme which is composed of two photosystem proteins and participates in the water oxidation at photosystem II and NADP reduction at photosystem I. By using step-wise excitation of electrons, the overall redox process can be derived by low-energy light in visible-IR range. In artificial Z-scheme, semiconductors are used instead of photosystems which can replace the role of photocatalyst. The semiconductor materials are selected based on the energy level for the desired redox reaction and efficient electron transfer. In this thesis, newly developed hybrid Z-scheme of photosystem I and semiconductor is demonstrated. The hybrid Z-scheme was constructed in all-solid-system by using Au or Ag mediator to conjugate photosystem I and BiVO4. The system produced hydrogen from water under visible light. The hydrogen evolution activity and stability of the photocatalytic reaction was both enhanced significantly compared to the case of single excitation system of photosystem I using chemical reductant. We believed that our hybrid Z-scheme exhibited the high performance due to the stable hybrid structure between the inorganic template and protein. In photosynthesis, CO2 fixation for glucose synthesis occurs lastly by using electrochemical energy produced from light dependent reaction. In artificial electrochemical devices, CO2 can be directly reduced by applied potential. As a result, it can be directly converted into valuable fuels or inserted into hydrocarbon feedstocks by carboxylation to make value-added fuels. In this thesis, inspired from the carbon fixation in photosynthesis, new platform for the carboxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbon substrate using CO2 presented. Instead of using chemical reductant as natural system, electrochemical method was used for stable, fast and mass production of fuel. As a result, site-selective carboxylic acids were produced from the carboxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbons such as styrenes, dienes and ฮฑ-olefins by using CO2 and water as carbon and proton source. We envision that the electrochemical platform will aid to open new carbon fixation pathway by producing valuable hydrocarbon fuels from CO2 and water. In conclusion, hybrid energy pathway for sustainable carbon fuel cycle was developed in this thesis. The design and concept of system is based on natural photosynthesis, but the virtual construction was modified and upgraded by using hybrid materials from both biological and synthetic materials. Consequently, we could achieve synergetic effect from the hybrid system in the aspect of amplified activity and stability of the complex or device compared to the biological system. This study will aid understanding the underlying material science in photosynthesis and further exploit the desired fuel production reactions. We also envision that this study will be extended to excellent artificial photosynthesis where the light reaction and dark reaction are combined together.Chapter 1. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆ1 1.1 Global carbon cycleโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.1 1.2 Role of photosynthesis in sustainable energy storageโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ5 1.3 Light dependent reactionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ8 1.4 Dark reactionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ15 1.5 Scope of the thesisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ20 Chapter 2. Artificial photosynthesis mimetic systemโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.24 2.1 Introduction โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ24 2.2 Artificial antenna for light harvestingโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...26 2.2.1 Chromophore assemblyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ26 2.2.2 Antenna-reaction center hybridized light harvesting complex..31 2.3 Artificial electron transfer system for energy conversionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ34 2.3.1 Utilization of photosynthetic protein in hybrid systemโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.34 2.3.2 Photo-electrode for electrochemical reactionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ39 2.3.3 Z-schematic fuel production systemโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..42 2.4 Electrochemical carbon dioxide fixationโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ45 2.4.1 Direct electrochemical reduction reaction of carbon dioxideโ€ฆ45 2.4.2 Carboxylation reaction using carbon dioxideโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ50 Chapter 3. Porphyrin decorated gold nanoparticle antenna complexโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.65 3.1 Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ65 3.2 Experimental and analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ69 3.2.1 Materialsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ69 3.2.2 PPC synthesisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ69 3.2.3 Synthesis of silica nanoparticlesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ74 3.2.4 Synthesis of AuNPsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ74 3.2.5 Silica coating on AuNPsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ75 3.2.6 Carboxylation on silica surfaceโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ76 3.2.7 EDC/NHS couplingโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ76 3.2.8 Analytical methodsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ77 3.3 Results and discussionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ78 3.3.1 Silica nanoparticle linked PPCsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ78 3.3.2 Silica coated gold nanoparticle linked PPCsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ87 3.4 Conclusionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.104 Chapter 4. Hybrid Z-scheme of photosystem I and BiVO4 for hydrogen evolutionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.111 4.1 Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ111 4.2 Experimental and analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ117 4.2.1 Materialsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.117 4.2.2 Isolation of PSIโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ117 4.2.3 Characterization of PSIโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.118 4.2.4 Platinization of PSIโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.119 4.2.5 Synthesis of BiVO4โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.119 4.2.6 Photo-deposition of metal on BiVO4โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...120 4.2.7 EDC/Sulfo-NHS couplingโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..120 4.2.8 Analytical methodsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.121 4.3 Results and discussionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...123 4.3.1 Synthesis of Pt-PSIโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..123 4.3.2 Synthesis of metal deposited BiVO4โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ127 4.3.3 Optical property analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.132 4.3.4 Synthesis of hybrid Z-schemeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.134 4.3.5 Electron transfer study in the hybrid system by PL analysisโ€ฆ138 4.3.6 H2 evolution measurement by GC analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ141 4.4 Conclusionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.149 Chapter 5. Electrochemical carboxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbons using CO2โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ158 5.1 Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ158 5.2 Experimental and analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ162 5.2.1 Materialsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.162 5.2.2 Electrochemical analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.162 5.2.3 Analytical methodsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.163 5.3 Results and discussionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...165 5.3.1 Electrochemical carboxylation of styreneโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ165 5.3.2 Electrochemical carboxylation of aliphatic ฮฑ-olefinsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ202 5.4 Conclusionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ210 Chapter 6. Concluding remarksโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ219 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋กโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ223Docto

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    The mediating effect of spiritual well-being on marital conflict and adolescents' psychological adjustment

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ด ์ง€๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ์‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ 288๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์€ ๋ถ€์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ, ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ์‘์€ ์ •์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ, ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…• ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์˜์ ์•ˆ๋…•์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ์‘์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ง€๊ฐ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ์‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์„ ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ์‘๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…•์ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ์‘์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋‚ด ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ์‘(๋Œ€์ธ์˜ˆ๋ฏผ์„ฑ, ์šฐ์šธ, ์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ ๋“ฑ)์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ถ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ™๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์  ์•ˆ๋…• ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. This paper examines how parents marital conflict and the state of their adolescent childs spiritual well-being both influence their childs psychological adjustment. To this end, 288 high school students in Gyeonggi-do region were polled. Analysis of that poll data led to two of the following conclusions: first, parents marital conflict and their adolescent childs spiritual well-being exhibit an inversely proportional relationship whereas such childs spiritual well-being and his or her psychological adjustment show a proportional relationship. That is, an adolescent whose parents have more severe marital conflict experiences spiritual well-being that is less secure, while an adolescent who has more secure sense of spiritual well-being goes through his or her psychological adjustment with more ease. Second, partially-mediating scheme was selected in this study after probing the mediating effect of spiritual well-being on an adolescents psychological adjustment which was influenced by his or her parents marital conflict of which he or she was aware. In other words, spiritual well-being partially mediates marital conflict as well as psychological adjustment, and spiritual well-being arguably functions as a protecting factor that helps the psychological adjustment of an adolescent who is suffering stress caused by his or her parents marital conflict. Consequently, it is strongly recommended to develop a program where spiritual well-being is promoted for adolescents who are disturbed by family-induced psychological adjustment such as interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostility, or insecurity. Key words: marital conflict, spiritual well-being, psychological adjustment, adolescen
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