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    ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์šฐ๋ถ„์˜ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ์ž‘ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ชจ์‚ฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2023. 8. ๊น€์žฌ์˜.๊ฐ€์ถ•๋ถ„๋‡จ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ํ์ž์› ์ค‘ 80%(์Šต์œค์ค‘๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€)๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ถ•๋ถ„๋‡จ์˜ ์•ฝ 86%๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด๋น„ํ™”๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‡ด๋น„์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ง๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™”๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ, ์œ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ํ์ž์›์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์•„ ์™”๋‹ค. ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ถ•๋ถ„๋‡จ๋ฅผ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ํ™” ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ž ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์•ฝ 1.7 million TOE/year๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐ€์ถ•๋ถ„๋‡จ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™” ํšจ์œจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณต์ • ์šด์˜์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™” ํšจ์œจ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ถ„ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ถ„ ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„์™€ NaOH ์ฃผ์ž…์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์ž ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋…์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, melanoidin๊ณผ furfural)์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์ •์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์šฐ๋ถ„์˜ ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ NaOH ๋†๋„์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ ๋‚ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ๋‹Œ ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์šฉํ™”์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ถ„์„ 2% NaOH, 160๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ž ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด 227.0 ยฑ 11.0 mL-CH4/g-VS๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์šฐ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์ž ์žฌ๋Ÿ‰ (182.2 ยฑ 2.5 mL-CH4/g-VS) ๋Œ€๋น„ ์•ฝ 25% ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 180๋„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๋‚œ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ณผ furfural์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, NaOH ์ฃผ์ž…๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚œ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. THP ์ ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค‘ 6% NaOH, 180๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 278.2 ยฑ 43.9 MJ/tonne-CM์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‚œ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด NaOH ์ฃผ์ž…์„ ์ œํ•œํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์€ 160๋„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 161.4 ยฑ 39.3 MJ/tonne-CM์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์‹ ์™„์ „ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฐ˜์‘์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์˜จ์˜ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ 400์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ์šด์ „ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์šฐ๋ถ„ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ถ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” NaOH ์ฃผ์ž… ์—†์ด 160 โ„ƒ, 6.1 atm ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ 30๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 36.0์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ 21.8, 13.2, 8.0์ผ๋กœ ์ ์ฐจ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ 1.4๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ์ˆ˜์œจ๊ณผ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 13.2์ผ์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ 36์ผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์šด์ „ํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์†Œํ™”์กฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ 36.0์ผ์—์„œ 13.2์ผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ์œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ 165 mg/L์—์„œ 613 mg/L๋กœ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์†Œํ™”์กฐ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ด ์†Œํ™”์กฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œํ™”์กฐ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” 13.2์ผ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์„ธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์šด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ™•์ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจํ˜•์ธ Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1(ADM1) ๋ชจํ˜•์ด ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์˜ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ™”ํ•™์  ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ™”ํ•™์  ์ƒ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜•ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ™”ํ•™์  ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ Dynamic ADM1 ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ถ„ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์˜ ์šด์ „ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ต์ •ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์šด์ „๋œ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์†Œํ™”์กฐ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ชจ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ(validation)์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ADM1 ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ Dynamic ADM1์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์šฐ๋ถ„ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ชจ์‚ฌ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ด๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜๊ธฐ์„ฑ ์†Œํ™”์กฐ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ADM1 ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ํ˜•๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅ˜์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ •ํ™•๋„๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์†Œํ™”์กฐ ์šด์ „ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ตœ์ ํ™”, ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„ , ์šด์˜๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Livestock manure accounts for 80% (wet weight) of the organic waste generated in Korea. While approximately 86% of this waste is treated through composting, it is expected that the demand for compost will decrease in the future. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a process that can treat organic waste and produce energy simultaneously and has received considerable attention as a method for treating organic waste in recent decades. Although the energy potential of livestock manure through AD is reported to be approximately 1.7 million tons of oil equivalent per year in Korea, the low anaerobic digestion efficiency of livestock manure limits the process performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP) on the AD of cattle manure (CM). The THP was applied to the CM samples under various temperatures and NaOH addition conditions, and biochemical methane potential (BMP) was measured. The generation of recalcitrant and toxic substances (e.g., melanoidins and furfural) that could occur during the THP was determined, and the energy balance of the process was calculated. The results showed that increasing the NaOH concentration decreased the lignin content in the fiber and increased the solubilization of CM. The highest BMP has observed in CM treated at 160 โ„ƒ with 2% NaOH addition, with a value of 227.0 ยฑ 11.0 mL-CH4/g-Volatile solid(VS), which was 25% higher than that of intact CM samples (182.2 ยฑ 2.5 mL-CH4/g-VS). The generation of recalcitrant substances and furfural was observed at temperatures above 180 โ„ƒ, and the production of recalcitrant substances was also promoted with increasing NaOH addition at temperatures below 180 โ„ƒ. Therefore, among the THP conditions without the generation of recalcitrant substances, the highest methane potential was observed in CM treated at 160 โ„ƒ without NaOH addition. When applying THP to the AD of CM, it is predicted that an additional 161.4 ยฑ 39.3 MJ/tonne-CM of energy can be produced. A lab-scale continuously stirred tank reactor was operated under mesophilic anaerobic conditions for approximately 400 d while gradually reducing the solid retention time (SRT). The THP was performed at 160 โ„ƒ and 6.1 atm for 30 min without the addition of NaOH. The results indicated that the THP-applied AD (THP AD) exhibited more than 1.4 times higher methane yield and VS removal efficiency than the control AD with the same SRT. Even under the SRT of 13.2 d, the THP AD showed higher performance than the control AD with a 36.0 d of SRT. However, the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) that could cause inhibition increased from 165 mg/L to 613 mg/L in THP AD as SRT reduced from 36.0 d to 13.2 d, and microbial community shifted towards an inefficient direction for the reactor performance. Thus, the stability of AD could decrease. Regardless of the application of THP, a rapid decrease in methane production was observed after 8.0 d of SRT for both THP AD and control AD. The stable operation was confirmed during the three periods of SRT at 13.2 d in this study, but stability confirmation for long-term operation is required. ADM1 was enhanced to incorporate changes in biochemical parameters resulting from variations in SRT. Linear regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between the SRT and biochemical parameters, which were then incorporated as variables into the Dynamic ADM1. The model was calibrated using experimental data from an AD of CM and validated by simulating methane production of other reactors operated under different conditions and comparing the results. The accuracy of Dynamic ADM1 was improved by comparing it with the conventional ADM1. The same process was applied to an AD of thermally hydrolyzed CM, and the validity of the model was confirmed. According to model simulations, the application of THP resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in average methane production under SRT conditions ranging from 6.6 to 36.0 d. This was due to an increase in biodegradable substrate and maximum growth rate of microorganisms. Furthermore, THP shortened the SRT condition which demonstrated the highest concentration of microorganisms. The Dynamic ADM1 enables more precise prediction of reactor behavior in response to changes in SRT, offering benefits in determining operational conditions, enhancing design, and reducing operating costs.ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives 4 1.3 Dissertation structure 5 References 7 Chapter 2. Literature Review 9 2.1 Occurrence and treatment of cattle manure 9 2.2 Anaerobic digestion of cattle manure 14 2.2.1 Principal of anaerobic digestion 14 2.2.2 Effect of solid retention time in anaerobic digestion 17 2.2.3 Characteristics of cattle manure 21 2.2.4 Pretreatment of cattle manure for anaerobic digestion 24 2.2.5 Thermal hydrolysis pretreatment of cattle manure 27 2.3 Modeling of anaerobic digestion 33 References 42 Chapter 3. Effects of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment on the formation of refractory compounds and energy balance 58 3.1 Introduction 58 3.2 Materials and Methods 63 3.2.1 Substrate and inoculum 63 3.2.2 Thermal hydrolysis pretreatment 65 3.2.3 Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test 67 3.2.4 Energy analysis 69 3.2.5 Analysis of melanoidins 72 3.2.6 Analytical methods 74 3.3 Results and discussion 75 3.3.1 Physicochemical properties of cattle manure 75 3.3.2 Biochemical methane potential of cattle manure 90 3.3.3 Energy balance analysis 94 3.4 Summary 100 References 101 Chapter 4. Performance and stability of continuous stirred-tank reactor under varied solid retention time 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Materials and methods 116 4.2.1 Substrate and inoculum 116 4.2.2 Reactor operation 118 4.2.3 Kinetic analysis 120 4.2.4 Analytical methods 122 4.3 Results and discussion 124 4.3.1 Reactor stability 124 4.3.2 Reactor performance 130 4.3.3 Microbial community 135 4.4 Summary 142 References 143 Chapter 5. Enhancement of ADM1 to incorporate changes in biochemical parameters resulting from variations in solid retention time 151 5.1 Introduction 151 5.2 Materials and methods 154 5.2.1 Model development 154 5.2.2 Sensitivity analysis 163 5.2.3 Parameter calibration and validation 165 5.2.4 Dynamic ADM1 168 5.2.5 Reactor operation 172 5.2.6 Analytical methods 173 5.3 Results and discussion 174 5.3.1 Sensitivity analysis 174 5.3.2 Parameter calibration 176 5.3.3 Development of Dynamic ADM1 187 5.3.4 Validation of Dynamic ADM1 190 5.3.5 Simulation of Dynamic ADM1 204 5.4 Summary 208 References 209 Chapter 6. Conclusion 214 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก(ABSTRCT IN KOREAN) 217๋ฐ•

    The Performance and Economic Evaluation for Fire and Seismic Resistant Steels

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    ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ™”์žฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ ฅ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ™”์žฌ์ถ”์ด์™€ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ˜•ํ™” ๋ฐ ์ดˆ๊ณ ์ธตํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ ๋™ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ง€์ง„, ๊ฐ•ํ’, ํญ์„ค ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฌํ•ด์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ H์‚ฌ๋Š” 355MPa๊ธ‰ ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„๊ฐ•์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„๊ฐ•์žฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จ ์‹œ์˜ ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„ ์œ ์ง€์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณต๋น„๋ฅผ ์–‘๋ฆฝ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ฐ•์žฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ฐ•์žฌ๋Š” ์ธ์žฅ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ถ€์žฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•๊ฐ•๋ฅ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค๋ฌผ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฑด์ถ• ์ฃผ์š”๋ถ€์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„๊ฐ•์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ€์žฌ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ดํ™”์‹œํ—˜์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ABAQUS์˜ ์—ด์‘๋ ฅํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์—ด์‘๋ ฅํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„๊ฐ• ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ต๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ฐ•์žฌ์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์ด 36๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋‚ดํ™”์‹œํ—˜๊ทœ๊ฒฉ(KS F 2257-1)์˜ ํ•˜์ค‘์ง€์ง€๋ ฅ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜จ๋„(538โ„ƒ)์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ด์‘๋ ฅํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„๊ฐ•์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ •๋œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋น„์žฌํ•˜๊ฐ€์—ด์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ”ผ๋ณต์žฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•์ข…๋ณ„ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์  ํ”ผ๋ณต๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.|Fire in the structure lowers the strength of the structural member and further causes collapse. Considering the recent trends in domestic fires and building trends that are becoming very large and very tall, it is expected to cause even greater damage in the future. With this background, H corporation developed fire and seismic resistant steels of 355MPa level to secure the structure stability against disaster such as earthquake, strong wind and heavy snow. Fire and seismic resistant steels are a high performance steel that combines the ability to maintain yield strength at high temperatures with low yield ratio. These developed steels have satisfied the material performance through tensile tests, and since the actual test has not been conducted for the shaped steels used as structural members, it is necessary to evaluate the fire resistance performance and economic feasibility to secure the feasibility of application as a major member and to commercialize them. In this study, the fire resistance performance of fire and seismic resistant steels was evaluated in member unit using the numerical method. ABAQUSโ€™s thermal stress analysis model was developed to implement fire resistance test to evaluate fire resistance performance, and the validity of the numerical analysis was secured through the verification of the existing study. Through the developed thermal stress analysis model, a total of 36 models using fire and seismic resistant steels and general carbon steels, which are comparative steels, were analyzed, and the fire resistance performance time was calculated under the load bearing performance of the domestic fire resistance test standard (KS F 2257-1). In addition, the critical temperature was calculated by measuring the cross-sectional temperature at the time of fire resistance time and compared with the existing critical temperature(538โ„ƒ) which is applied uniformly regardless of the function and material of the member. The fire resistance performance of the fire and seismic resistant steels was quantitatively evaluated through the fire resistance time and limit temperature calculated by thermal stress analysis. The calculated critical temperature was set as a criterion for evaluating the fire performance of the non-load heating test, and the fire performance of each steel type was evaluated by performing two-dimensional heat transfer analysis including fireproofing protection. And the optimum coating thickness which satisfy the same target fire resistance time.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ…ฐ List of Tables โ…ณ List of Figures โ…ต Abstract โ…ธ ์ดˆ ๋ก xi ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋™ํ–ฅ 6 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 9 ์ œ2์žฅ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜จ๋„๋ฒ• 2.1 Eurocode 3 11 2.2 ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋‚ดํ™”์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€ 16 2.3 ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 20 ์ œ3์žฅ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 3.1 ์—ดํ•ด์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 3.2 ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ์ด๋ก  24 3.2.1 ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 24 3.2.2 ๋น„์ •์ƒ ๊ณผ๋„์ƒํƒœ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 26 3.2.3 ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ 27 3.2.4 Eurocode 3์˜ ๋ฌดํ”ผ๋ณต ๋ฐ ํ”ผ๋ณต๊ฐ•์žฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์˜จ๋„๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณต์‹ 28 3.3 ํ•ด์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 30 3.4 ๊ฐ•์žฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ์—ด์  ํŠน์„ฑ 35 3.4.1 ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ• 35 3.4.1.1 ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ 35 3.4.1.2 ์—ด์  ํŠน์„ฑ 43 3.4.2 ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„๊ฐ• 46 3.4.2.1 ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ 46 3.4.2.2 ์—ด์  ํŠน์„ฑ 48 3.4.3 ๋น„์„ ํ˜• ์‘๋ ฅ-๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ •์˜ 49 3.5 ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๊ฒ€์ฆ 52 3.5.1 ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 52 3.5.2 ๋ณด๋ถ€์žฌ ์—ด์‘๋ ฅํ•ด์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 55 3.5.3 ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ๋ถ€์žฌ ์—ด์‘๋ ฅํ•ด์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ 57 3.5.4 ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 58 ์ œ4์žฅ ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„ํ˜•๊ฐ•์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ 4.1 ๊ธฐ๋‘ฅ๋ถ€์žฌ 60 4.1.1 ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ตฝํž˜(initial bow imperfection) 60 4.1.2 ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๊ตฝํž˜์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ขŒ๊ตดํ•˜์ค‘ ์‚ฐ์ • 61 4.1.3 ํ•ด์„์กฐ๊ฑด 65 4.1.4 ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 66 4.2 ๋ณด๋ถ€์žฌ 77 4.2.1 ํ•ด์„์กฐ๊ฑด 77 4.2.2 ํ•ด์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 79 4.3 ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„๊ฐ•์žฌ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ•์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์˜จ๋„ 90 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„ํ˜•๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€ 5.1 ๋‚ดํ™”ใ†๋‚ด์ง„ํ˜•๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 91 5.2 ๋‚ดํ™”ํ”ผ๋ณต์žฌ 94 5.2.1 ๋‚ดํ™” ๋ฟœ์น ํ”ผ๋ณต์žฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ 94 5.2.2 ๋‚ดํ™” ๋ฟœ์น ํ”ผ๋ณต์žฌ ์„ ์ • 95 5.2.3 CAFCO 300 ์—ด์ ํŠน์„ฑ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 95 5.3 ํ”ผ๋ณต์žฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ 2์ฐจ์› ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌํ•ด์„ 98 5.3.1 ๋™์ผ ํ”ผ๋ณต๋‘๊ป˜ ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์˜ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 98 5.3.2 ๋™์ผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‚ดํ™”์„ฑ๋Šฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ณต๋‘๊ป˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 101 5.4 ์ฒ ๊ณจ ๋‚ดํ™” ํ”ผ๋ณต๋ฟœ์น  ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋น„ ์‚ฐ์ • 103 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  6.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๋ก  107 6.2 ํ–ฅํ›„์—ฐ๊ตฌ 108 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 111Maste

    The clinical effectiveness of simulation based airway management education using the Korean emergency airway registry

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    Introduction. Simulation training with an integrated simulator is appropriate for achieving educational goals in airway management. Thus, we designed this study to evaluate the effectiveness of a simulation based emergency airway management pro-gram (SBEAMP) in actual practice. Method. This is a retrospective sub-group analysis of the Korean Emergency Air-way Management Registry from 2006 to 2010. We categorized all hospitals into two groups. Six hospitals that actively attended SBEAMP were defined as the โ€˜participant groupโ€™, and the others as the โ€˜non-partici-pant groupโ€™. The types of medicines admin-istered, the use of pre-oxygenation, and the rate of first pass success were compared. Result. The ratio of patients with no medi-cine received during intubation showed a decrease in both groups but was more rapid in the participant group (p<0.001). The ratio of intubation with sedatives alone was high in the non-participant group (P<0.001). The ratio of intubation with paralytics alone was high in the non-participant group (p<0.001). In the partici-pant group, a combination of both agents was used more frequently (P<0.001). Cases of intubation with both agents and preoxy-genation were more prevalent in the par-ticipant group (P<0.001). Conclusion. We concluded in this study that SBEAMP had a positive influence on actual clinical outcomes in emergency air-way management.ope

    Guidewire-Assisted Nasogastric Tube Insertion in Intubated Patients in an Emergency Center

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    Background: The purpose of this study is to identify the usefulness of guidewire-assisted nasogastric tube insertion in intubated patients with cervical spine immobilization or unstable vital signs in an emergency center. Methods: Thirty-four intubated patients in an emergency center were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to the control group or the guidewire group. All patient necks were kept in neutral position during the procedure. In the control group, the nasogastric tube was inserted with the conventional method. A guidewire-supporting nasogastric tube was used in the guidewire group. The success rates of the first attempts and overall were recorded along with complications. Results: The first attempt success rate was 88.2% in the guidewire group compared with 35.2% in the control group (p < 0.001). The overall success rate was 94.2% in the guidewire group and 52.9% in the control group (p = 0.017). Five cases of self-limiting nasal bleeding were reported in the guidewire group, and two cases occurred in the control group. No statistical differences were identified between groups. Conclusions: Guidewire-assisted nasogastric tube insertion is a simple and useful method in intubated patients with cervical spine immobilization or unstable vital signs.ope

    ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์˜ ๋™์—ญํ•™์  ๊ฑฐ๋™

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    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ,1995.Docto

    ์ค‘์ฆ ์™ธ์ƒ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ  ์‹œํ–‰ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ง ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ถ„์••์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ

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    ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™/์„์‚ฌ์ค‘์ฆ ์™ธ์ƒ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ ์ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ  ํ•„์š”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ง ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ถ„์••์˜ ์‘๊ธ‰์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ธ์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ „ํ–ฅ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ, ์ค‘์ฆ ์™ธ์ƒ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ง ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ถ„์••์„ ๋น„๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 24 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด ์‘๊ธ‰ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์กฐ์˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ ์˜ ์‹œํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1๋…„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ 93๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‘๊ธ‰ ์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์••, ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ง ์ด์‚ฐํ™˜ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ถ„์••, ์ –์‚ฐ, ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ pH, ๋™๋งฅํ˜ˆ ์ค‘ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ, ์—ผ๊ธฐ๊ณผ์ž‰, ISS, RTS ๋“ฑ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ถ„์••๊ณผ ISS๋งŒ์ด ์‘๊ธ‰ ์ค‘์žฌ์ˆ ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์— ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ƒ์กด ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ง ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ถ„์••์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ๊ธฐ์ž‘๋™ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๊ณก์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์  0.824(0.732-0.917)์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์ ˆํŽธ ๊ฐ’์€ 29 mmHg์˜€๋‹ค.ope
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