Effects of Input Frequency Distribution Manipulation through Input-driven Instruction on Korean Students English Argument Structure Construction Learning and Passage-level Reading Comprehension

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 사범대학 외국어교육과(영어전공), 2017. 8. 양현권.Assuming the usage-based and constructionists approach to language learning as its theoretical background, this study explored effects of input frequency distribution manipulation on learning of English argument structure constructions (EASC) by Korean secondary school learners of English and their passage-level reading comprehension based on input-driven learning approach. 92 Korean secondary school students were divided into three groups: skewed input distribution group (SID), balanced input distribution group (BID) and control group (CONT). Three target EASCs―caused-motion construction (CMC), double object construction (DOC) and transitive resultative construction (TRC)―and six target verbs for each construction were chosen to be used during 12 input-driven learning sessions. In the SID, the most prototypical verb for each construction was presented 8 times while, in the BID, all six verbs were equally distributed. All target stimuli were included in passage-level readings with a couple of comprehension checkup questions and no explicit instructions about target constructions were provided throughout the input sessions. Finally, all groups took three tests―two tests for measuring construction knowledge and one for checking reading comprehension performance―in the pretest and posttest. The results showed that there were no significantly advantageous effects of the skewed input frequency distribution over the balanced input distribution. However, in the translation test, the SID showed greater improvement with the TRC than the BID. With regard to the effects of input-driven learning, both the SID and the BID showed the greatest improvement with the DOC and the least with the CMC. Although most participants gained the high scores with the TRC in the English-to-Korean translation test, which ran counter to expectation, the results should be further explored in that Korean resultative constructions have differing properties from English in terms of syntactic and semantic properties. In terms of students reading performance, the results indicated that there were moderate correlations between EASC knowledge and reading comprehension as a whole. All in all, the study showed that, for Korean secondary learners of English, there were no notable differences in the effectiveness of skewed and balanced input at learning EASC. However, it revealed the effects of input-driven learning in learning EASC, which in turn is closely related to their English reading performance.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Purpose of the Study 1 1.2. Research Questions 4 1.3. Organization of the Thesis 5 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 6 2.1. Construction Grammar as a Theoretical Framework 6 2.2. English Argument Structure Constructions 7 2.2.1. Target Argument Struccture Constructions 10 2.2.2. Networking of Argument Structure Constructions 15 2.3. Input Frequency Effects in Learning Constructions 17 2.4. Input Enhancement and Grammar Learning 22 2.5. Grammatical Knowledge and Reading Comprehension 24 2.6. Summary 26 CHAPTER 3. METHODS 28 3.1. Participants 28 3.2. Target Structures and Input Frequency Distribution 29 3.3. Instrument and Procudures 32 3.3.1. Instrument 32 3.3.1.1. English-to-Korean Translation Test 32 3.3.1.2. Construction-based Sorting Test 33 3.3.1.3. Multiple-choice Reading Comprehension Test 35 3.3.1.4. Input-driven Instruction Materials 37 3.3.2. Procudures. 38 3.3.2.1. Pretest and Posttest 39 3.3.2.2. Treatment: Input-driven Learning 40 3.4. Data Coding and Analysis 41 3.4.1. Data Coding 41 3.4.1.1. English-to-Korean Translation Test 41 3.4.1.2. Construction-based Sorting Test 42 3.4.1.3. Multiple-choice Reading Comprehension Test 43 3.4.2. Data Analysis 43 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 45 4.1. Results 45 4.1.1. Effects of Input-driven Instruction on ASC Learning 45 4.1.1.1. Results from EKT Test 45 4.1.1.2. Results from CBS TEST 48 4.1.2. Effects of Input Frequency Distribution Manipulation on ASC Learning 56 4.1.2.1. Results from EKT Test 56 4.1.2.2. Results from CBS TEST 61 4.1.3. Strength of Association between Argument Structure Construction Knowledge and Passage-level Reading Performance 61 4.2. Discussions 64 4.2.1. Effects of Input-driven Instruction by Construction Types 64 4.2.1.1. Effects of Input-driven Learning on DOC 64 4.2.1.2. Effects of Input-driven Learning on CMC 68 4.2.1.3. Effects of Input-driven Learning on TRC 71 4.2.2. Effects of Input Frequency Distribution Manipulation on Construction Learning 72 4.2.3. Argument Structure Construction Knowledge and Passage-level Reading Comprehension Ability 75 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 78 5.1. Major Findings 78 5.2. Implications for Pedagogical Practices 80 5.3. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research 82 REFERENCES 84 APPENDICES 94 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 133Maste

Significance of Brain Protection and Neurophysiological Monitoring in Carotid Endarterectomy

We present our results of carotid endarterectomy performed in 12 patients(bilateral in 2 patients) under prospective brain protection-monitoring protocol during the past two years. The protocol consists of induced hypertension, mild hypothermia, and pentothal burst suppression under bipolar two-channel compressed spectral array(CSA) monitoring. Eleven of the 12 patients recovered without any new deficit from the surgery, and this result was expected as their CSA monitoring showed no significant changes. One patient had multiple untreated aneurysms, and therefore, hypertension was not applied. This patient developed significant postoperative neurological deficits correlated well with the CSA changes. One of the major advantages of CSA monitoring is that dosage of thiopental sodium for burst suppression, that varied greatly from 1,016mg to 3,220mg, could be titrated on each patient based upon the CSA findings. Another important benefit of our brain protection-monitoring protocol is that unnecessary shunting procedure could be avoided. In conclusion, brain protection under CSA monitoring could prevent dangerous ischemic insults from circulatory disruption on already vulnerable ischemic hemisphere in patients requiring carotid endarterectomy.ope

Angioleiomyoma in the Orbital Apex: A Case Report

A 56-year woman presented eyeball pain and blurred vision. MRI revealed a small well-delineated solid tumor in the apex of right orbit with optic nerve compression. Intraoperatively, the tumor was found very fibrous, hypervascular and adhesive to surrounding structures. The tumor was completely removed with the combination of endoscopic and microscopic technique. Patient experienced transient oculomotor nerve palsy, which completely recovered 3 months after surgery. Herein we report a rare case of angioleiomyoma in the orbital apex.ope

김포-제주 노선 항공기 운항을 중심으로

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 환경대학원 환경계획학과, 2021. 2. 홍종호.극한기상현상으로 인한 항공기 지연 및 결항은 정확한 예측이 불가능하여 승객들의 시간적 및 경제적인 피해를 야기 시킨다. 특히 김포-제주 항공노선은 세계에서 가장 붐비는 국내선 노선으로 약 8분의 한 대꼴로 제주공항을 이착륙하는 것으로 나타났기 때문에, 기후변화로 인한 극한기상현상의 강도와 빈도 증가로 피해가 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 실제로 2016년과 2018년에는 전례 없는 폭설로 인하여 제주공항은 대규모 결항 사태를 겪었다. 따라서 본 연구는 2007년부터 2020년까지의 항공기 운항스케줄과 기상데이터를 활용하여 극한기상현상(폭염, 한파, 호우, 강풍, 대설)이 발생할 경우, 극한기상현상에 따른 항공기 지연시간(분 단위)과 결항확률(%단위)을 실증분석을 통하여 추정하였다. 패널 고정효과 모형과 프로빗 모형을 사용하여 추정한 결과, 김포공항은 극한기상현상이 발생했을 때, "강풍(125분)-대설(33분)-호우(11분)-한파(7분)-폭염(2분)"순으로 항공기 이륙이 지연되었고, 제주공항은 "대설(61분)-강풍(26분)-한파(11분)-호우(10분)"순으로 항공기 이륙이 지연되는 것으로 추정되었다. 결항확률 역시 김포공항은 강풍발생시 71%, 제주공항은 대설이 발생할 경우 73%로 추정되었다. 본 연구에서 추정된 지연시간과 결항확률 결과는 향후 공항 및 항공사 입장에서 구체적인 기후변화 적응대책을 수립하는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.Aircraft delays and cancellations due to extreme weather events, which are impossible to predict accurately, can cause time and economic damage to passengers. In particular, the Gimpo-Jeju air route is the world's busiest domestic route, so it is expected to increase the damage due to increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events caused by climate change. In 2016 and 2018, unprecedented heavy snowfall made Jeju Airport almost shut down by causing a massive cancellation. Therefore, this study estimates the aircraft latency and the probability of cancellation in case of extreme weather events (heat, cold wave, heavy rain, heavy snow), using the aircraft operating schedule and weather data from 2007 to 2020. The results, using the panel fixed effect model and probit model, showed that Gimpo Airport has long aircraft delays in the order of "strong winds (125 minutes) - heavy snow (33 minutes) - heavy rain (11 minutes) - heat wave (2 minutes)", and Jeju Airport also has "strong winds (66 minutes) - cold rain (10 minutes)". The probability of cancellation is estimated to be 71% at Gimpo Airport in the event of strong winds. The same goes on 73% at Jeju Airport in the event of heavy snow. The results of estimated latency and flight probability in this study are expected to help establish specific climate change adaptation measures for airports and airlines in the future.목 차 제 Ⅰ 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구 배경 및 목적 1 제 2 절 연구 내용과 구성 3 제 Ⅱ 장 논의 배경과 선행연구 고찰 4 제 1 절 극한기상현상과 기후변화 4 제 2 절 항공기 운항 현황 및 특성 6 제 3 절 극한기상현상으로 인한 항공기 지연에 대한 선행연구 12 제 Ⅲ 장 연구방법 16 제 1 절 연구 가설 16 제 2 절 연구대상과 분석변수 16 제 3 절 분석방법 및 실증모형 20 제 Ⅳ 장 연구 결과 23 제 1 절 기초통계분석 23 제 2 절 극한기상현상별 빈도분포도 24 제 3 절 극한기상현상 연도별 발생빈도 추이 28 제 4 절 극한기상현상이 항공기 지연 및 결항에 미치는 영향 분석 결과 34 제 Ⅴ 장 결론 44 제 1 절 연구결과의 요약 및 시사점 44 제 2 절 연구의 한계 및 향후 발전 방향 45 참 고 문 헌 47 Abstract 52Maste

Multiple Carotid Artery Occlusive Diseases Treated with Staged Subclavian-carotid Artery bypass and Carotid Endarterectomy: Case Report

Approximately 2% of patients who are evaluated for symptomatic carotid artery disease have complete occlusion of a common carotid artery. Surgical management for the symptomatic carotid occlusion has various options. Surgical treatment for these patients should be decided according to the patient's condition causes of the obstruction and collateral circulations. We report our experience of surgical management for symptomatic carotid occlusion with contralateral carotid stenosis which were successfully treated with subclavian-carotid artery bypass and carotid endarterectomy.ope

Comparison of 3D Volumetric Subtraction Technique and 2D Dynamic Contrast Enhancement Technique in the Evaluation of Contrast Enhancement for Diagnosing Cushing's Disease

Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the T1 3D subtraction technique and the conventional 2D dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) technique in diagnosing Cushing's disease. Materials and Methods Twelve patients with clinically and biochemically proven Cushing's disease were included in the study. In addition, 23 patients with a Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) diagnosed on an MRI with normal pituitary hormone levels were included as a control, to prevent non-blinded positive results. Postcontrast T1 3D fast spin echo (FSE) images were acquired after DCE images in 3T MRI and image subtraction of pre- and postcontrast T1 3D FSE images were performed. Inter-observer agreement, interpretation time, multiobserver receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and net benefit analyses were performed to compare 2D DCE and T1 3D subtraction techniques. Results Inter-observer agreement for a visual scale of contrast enhancement was poor in DCE (κ = 0.57) and good in T1 3D subtraction images (κ = 0.75). The time taken for determining contrast-enhancement in pituitary lesions was significantly shorter in the T1 3D subtraction images compared to the DCE sequence (P < 0.05). ROC values demonstrated increased reader confidence range with T1 3D subtraction images (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94–1.00) compared with DCE (95% CI: 0.70–0.92) (P < 0.01). The net benefit effect of T1 3D subtraction images over DCE was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.12–0.56). For Cushing's disease, both reviewers misclassified one case as a nonenhancing lesion on the DCE images, while no cases were misclassified on T1 3D subtraction images. Conclusion The T1 3D subtraction technique shows superior performance for determining the presence of enhancement on pituitary lesions compared with conventional DCE techniques, which may aid in diagnosing Cushing's disease.ope

Novel somatic variants involved in biochemical activity of pure growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma without GNAS variant

We aimed to identify somatic genetic alterations in pure growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas without GNAS variants. Patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma who underwent transsphenoidal adenomectomy at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine were recruited. Somatic genetic alterations were profiled by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and targeted resequencing. WES was performed using DNA from nine GH-secreting pituitary tumors and corresponding blood samples. Absence of GNAS variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. For targeted resequencing of 140 fixed tissues, 48 WES-derived candidate genes and 7 GH-secreting pituitary adenoma-associated genes were included. Forty-eight genes with 59 somatic variants were identified by WES. In targeted resequencing, variants in 26 recurrent genes, including MAST4, PRIM2, TNN, STARD9, DNAH11, DOCK4, GPR98, BCHE, DARS, CUBN, NGDN, PLXND1, UNC5B, and COL22A1, were identified, but variants in previously reported genes were not detected. BCHE, DARS, NGDN, and UNC5B variants were associated with increased GH-secreting pituitary tumor biochemical activity, which was confirmed in vitro. Although recurrent point variants were rare, several somatic variants were identified in sporadic pure GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Several somatic variants may affect pathways involved in the tumorigenesis and biochemical activities of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas.ope

Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics and Treatment of Patients with Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

Background/Aims : Thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) is rare and represents 1~2% of all pituitaryadenomas. TSHoma should be distinguished from the thyroid hormone resistance syndrome. Patients with TSHoma may bemisdiagnosed with primary hyperthyroidism and often receive inappropriate thyroid gland treatment. Methods : We assessed the clinical characteristics of patients with TSHoma who presented to Severance Hospital at the YonseiUniversity College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea between 2005 and 2009. Results : Of 484 patients who underwent pituitary tumor resection, eight (1.65%; five women and three men) were found to haveTSHoma. The mean age was 40.6±8.9 years at diagnosis (range, 28~55 years). The median duration from onset of symptoms todiagnosis was 17 months (range, 4~60 months). Four patients had overt symptoms of hyperthyroidism and two had visual fielddefect. Six patients had elevated free thyroxine (FT4) levels with elevated or inappropriately normal TSH levels, and two patientshad symptoms associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The serum levels of free α-subunit measured in two patients were elevated.Six of the tumors were macroadenomas (>10 mm) and two were microadenomas. Complete tumor removal was achieved in allpatients. Five patients had preoperative anterior pituitary dysfunction; three patients recovered from this after surgery. Threepatients were lost to follow up and five patients showed no evidence of recurrence or hyperthyroidism in the follow-up period(mean, 30.8 months, range, 3~57). Conclusions : Early diagnosis and complete removal of the tumor mass may improve the neurological and endocrine deficits. (Korean J Med 2011;80:47-55)ope

Delayed Hyponatremia after Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas: A Single Institutional Experience

Background: Hyponatremia is a common complication after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for pituitary adenomas. This study retrospectively reviewed various clinical factors of pituitary adenoma patients who underwent TSS and aimed to identify possible risk factors of postoperative hyponatremia. Methods: Total 1,343 patients who underwent TSS for their pituitary adenomas in a single institution were enrolled to this study. We identified and analyzed 93 patients (6.9%) with postoperative hyponatremia and compared them with other 1,250 patients in a control group. Patients' age, sex, tumor extent based on the modified Hardy classification, tumor size and hormonal type of the tumors were analyzed in comparison between two groups. The results of pre- and post-operative combined pituitary function test and their comparison were analyzed to elucidate a possible association between postoperative hyponatremia and hypopituitarism. Results: The onset of postoperative hyponatremia was 7.8 days after surgery (range: postoperative day 3-13). The initial level of serum sodium (Na) level at the start of treatment was 123.5 mmol/L (range: 114-131 mmol/L) and the duration of treatment was 2.7 days (range: 1-9 days). Female predominance was evident in the hyponatremia group (77.4% vs. 61.4%, p=0.02). Preoperative hypopituitarism (58.5% vs. 71.5%, p=0.007) and postoperative hypocortisolism (33.7% vs. 23.4%, p=0.029) were related to postoperative hyponatremia. Other pre- and post-operative clinical factors were not associated with postoperative hyponatremia. Conclusion: Postoperative hyponatremia is a common complication after TSS and is potentially fatal. Female patients were more likely to develop delayed hyponatremia. We demonstrated possible associations of delayed postoperative hyponatremia with preoperative and postoperative pituitary functions, but the mechanism behind it should be further investigated.ope

The Effect of Bromocriptine Treatment for Invasive Prolactinoma

Objective：The prolactinoma is the most common pituitary tumor and sometimes shows severe invasiveness to the adjacent cavernous sinus, especially in the male patient. The dopamine agonist can be used as an alternative treatment modality to surgery. But, the transsphenoidal or transcranial approach for tumor removal has been more preferred treatment option of neurosurgeons in invasive prolactinoma. Especially rapid decompression of mass effect and resolution of the neurologic deficit is demanded. The prospective study is done in order to identify the therapeutic efficacy of bromocriptine as an initial treatment option for the invasive prolactionomas. Methods : Twenty patients with invasive prolactinoma were studied. Preoperative neurological and endocrinological evaluations were done, and size and invasiveness of the tumor was estimated on MRI. Bromocriptine was administrated by increasing dose planning reaching maximum dose at 1month of treatment, with close neurological and endocrinological monitoring. At 3months after treatment, MRI was taken and decision was made whether to continue bromocriptine or to have surgical intervention. Results : Thirteen patients showed excellent result with only bromocriptine treatment. These patients showed not only marked reduction of tumor volume and prolactin level, but also, improving clinical symptoms and other hormonal deficits. 13patients who had visual field defect and decreased visual acuity had all improved visual symptoms. But, the remaining 4patients required surgical treatment due to insufficient reduction of tumor size inspite of normalized prolactin level within 3months. Remaining 2patients had 20~30% of tumor size reduction, but prolactin level was not normalized. One patient required radiation therapy. Conclusion : Bromociptine can be used as initial treatment for the invasive prolactinomas with careful monitoring of the neurological and endocrinological status. It should be carefully followed up for tumor size reduction within 3 months after initiation of treatment.ope