3 research outputs found
์์ฒด ์๋ฃ์ฉ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ํ๋ฉด์ฒ๋ฆฌ: ์ด์ ๋ถํด๊ฑฐ๋๊ณผ ์์ฒด๋ฐ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2016. 8. ๊นํ์ด.Magnesium (Mg) have received great attention as a suitable material for biomedical application in accordance with the increasing demand for biodegradable materials in recent years. No toxicity, similar mechanical properties to those of natural bone and biodegradability, which enables complete dissolution after the damaged tissue heals, are the most attractive characteristics of Mg. Despite these favorable features, high corrosion rate in physiological conditions restricts its practical use in clinical field. Numerous studies have been conducted to regulate corrosion resistance of Mg, mainly categorized as alloying and surface modification. In this study, surface modification was vigorously explored because it can effectively modulate corrosion resistance, also can give an additional function to Mg such as improved bioactivity. Coating of the materials having excellent biocompatibility, such as hydroxyapatite (HACa10(PO4)6(OH)2), could achieve both goals, corrosion protection and enhanced biological response.
The first study aimed at fabricating a biocompatible and corrosion protective coating for pure Mg substrate by introducing HA. HA was coated onto Mg in an aqueous solution containing calcium and phosphate sources to improve its in vitro and in vivo biocorrosion resistance, biocompatibility and bone response. A layer of needle-shaped HA crystals was created uniformly on the Mg substrate even when the Mg sample had a complex shape of a screw. This HA coating layer remarkably reduced the corrosion rate of the Mg tested in a simulated body fluid (SBF). Moreover, the biological responses, including cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation, of the HA coated samples were considerably enhanced compared to the samples without a coating layer. The preliminary in vivo experiments also showed that the biocorrosion of the Mg implant was significantly retarded by HA coating, which resulted in good mechanical stability. In addition, in the case of the HA coated implants, biodegradation was mitigated, particularly over the first 6 weeks of implantation. This considerably promoted bone growth at the interface between the implant and bone. These results confirmed that HA coated Mg is a promising material for biomedical implant applications.
In the second study, the attention was focused on producing the coating layer which is biocompatible, corrosion protective and strain-resistant at the same time by employing surface patterning. Micro-patterned HA and poly(L-lactic) acid (PLLA) coating has been introduced to pure Mg by the combination of photolithography and solution treatment, stated in above paragraph. Periodically arrayed HA rods with a diameter of 10 ยตm, were well fabricated on Mg with PLLA filling between the rods. In order to mimic real case and possible deformation during implantation, a 5% tensile strain was applied to the HA/PLLA patterned Mg. Compared with single HA coating and PLLA coating, HA/PLLA patterning showed good stability under strain and remarkably reduced the corrosion rate of Mg with no crack formation or delamination, resulting in negligible evolution of hydrogen gas in SBF. Moreover the biological response level of the patterned Mg, including cell attachment, proliferation, was stably maintained, while that of single HA coated and PLLA coated Mg dropped significantly under deformation. These results confirmed that HA/PLLA patterning on Mg has widened its feasibility to the real clinical operation.
In the third study, we explored the applicability of the HA pattern, produced through the second study, to other materials, such as PLLA. As HA dots array on PLLA surface periodically, better biocompatibility can be naturally achieved without altering polymers intrinsic flexibility. HA patterns were formed on silicon wafer as described in the second study and transferred to PLLA. HA patterned PLLA showed similar level of stiffness and tensile strength to those of pure PLLA, while the mechanical properties of HA powder mixed PLLA was significantly deteriorated, stiffer and weaker. Furthermore, HA pattern effectively increased biological responses of PLLA, including cell attachment and proliferation. Interestingly, biocompatibility of the samples varied depending on the pattern geometry. With the fixed HA content on the surface, better bioactivity was observed as the size of HA rod decreased. These results are suggesting that cellular responses of the materials, PLLA in this case, can be directly modulated by introducing different HA patterns on the surface.์ต๊ทผ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ์์ฒดํก์์ฑ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๋ํ ์๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ฒด์๋ฃ์ฉ ๋ถ์ผ์ ์ ํฉํ ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ๊ฐ๊ด๋ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์ธ์ฒด์ ๋ฌดํดํ๊ณ ๋ผ์ ์ ์ฌํ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ฅผ ์ง๋๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์์ฒด ๋ด์์ ๋ถํด๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ค๋ ์ ์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ค์ํ ํน์ง์ด๋ค. ํนํ ์์ฒ๋ฐ์ ํฐ์๊ฐ ํ๋ณต๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์์ ํ ๋ถํด๊ฐ ์ผ์ด๋ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ ๋ง ํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํน์ง์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ์์ฒด์ ์ ์ฌํ ํ๊ฒฝ์์์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ถ์์๋๋ ์์ ๋ถ์ผ๋ก์ ์ค์ ์ ์ธ ์์ฉ์ ์ ํํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ๋ถ์ ์ ํญ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์งํ๋์ด ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ค์ ํฌ๊ฒ ํฉ๊ธํ์ ํ๋ฉด์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ํ๋ฉด์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ๋ ์๊ฒ ๋ค๋ฃจ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ํ๋ฉด์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ด ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ๋ถ์์ ํญ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋๋ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ํฅ์๋ ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ ๋ฑ์ ๋ถ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ ์ ์๋ค๋ ์ฅ์ ์ด ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค. ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ ๋ฑ์ ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ์ด ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ฝํ
์ฌ๋ฃ๋ก ์ด์ฉํ๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ๋ฐฉ์ง์ ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ ํฅ์์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๋ชฉํ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ ์๋ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์ ํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ์์ ํญ์ฑ์ด ๋์ ์ฝํ
์ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๋ ์นผ์๊ณผ ์ธ์ฐ์ผ ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ฐ ํฌํจ๋ ์์ฉ์ก ๋ด์์์ ์์ถ๋ฒ์ ํตํด ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฝํ
๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ์์ฒด ๋ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ฒด ์ธ์ ๋ถ์์ ํญ์ฑ, ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ผ์์ ๋ฐ์์ฑ์ ๋์ด๋ ค๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ํํ์ ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ฝํ
์ธต์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์ ๊ธฐํ์ ์ ์์ญ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ฒ ํ์ฑ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋์ฌ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ณต์กํ ํ์์๋ ์ ์ ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ์ด ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ ์ฝํ
์ธต์ ์์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ฉ์ก ๋ด์์์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ๋ถ์์๋๋ฅผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฎ์ถ์๋ค. ๋ํ, ์ธํฌ ๋ถ์ฐฉ, ์ฆ์, ๋ถํ ๋ฑ์ ์์ฒด ๋ฐ์์ด ์ฝํ
์ ํ ์ํธ์์ ํจ์ฌ ํฅ์๋ ์์น๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋ด์๋ค. ์๋น ๋๋ฌผ์คํ์์๋ ์ญ์ ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ์ฝํ
ํ ์ํธ์์ ์์ฒด๋ถ์์๋๊ฐ ๋งค์ฐ ๋ฎ๊ฒ ์ ์ด๋์ด, ํฅ์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ์์ ์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๊ฐ ์ฝํ
๋ ์ํ๋ํธ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์์ฒด๋ถํด์๋๊ฐ ์ฒซ 6์ฃผ๊ฐ์ ์ํ๋ํธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ด๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์ํ๋ํธ์ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ผ ์ฌ์ด์์์ ์๋ก์ด ๋ผ ํ์ฑ์์ ํฌ๊ฒ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ํตํด, ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฝํ
ํ๋ฉด ์๋ฃ์ฉ ์ํ๋ํธ์ ์์ฉํ๊ธฐ์ ๋งค์ฐ ์ฉ์ดํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ํ๋ฉด ํจํฐ๋ ๊ณต๋ฒ์ ๋์
ํ์ฌ, ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ์ด ๋๊ณ ๋ถ์์ ๋ง์ ์ค ๋ฟ๋ง ์๋๋ผ ๋ณํ์๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒฌ๋๋ ์ฝํ
์ธต์ ํ์ฑํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ์๊ฐ๋์๋ ์์ฉ์ก ์์ถ๋ฒ๊ณผ ํฌํ ๋ฆฌ์๊ทธ๋ํผ ๊ณต์ ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋จ์๋ก ํจํดํ๋ ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋ ์ฝํ
์ธต์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ํ์ฑํ์๋ค. 10 ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก๋ฏธํฐ์ ์ง๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ ์ํ ํจํด์ด ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ ์ ๋ ฌ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ํ ํจํด ์ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋๊ฐ ์ฑ์ฐ๊ณ ์์๋ค. ์ค์ ์์๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๊ตฌํํ๊ธฐ ์ํ์ฌ, ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋๊ฐ ํจํดํ๋ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ 5%์ ์ธ์ฅ๋ณํ์ ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๋ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋๋ง ๋จ๋
์ผ๋ก ์ฝํ
ํ์์ ๋์ ๋นํด, ํจํดํ๋ ์ฝํ
์ธต์ ์ธ์ฅ๋ณํ ํ์์๋ ์ด๋ ํ ๊ท ์ด์ด๋ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํฅ์๋ ์ฝํ
์์ ์ฑ์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ๋ถ์์๋ ์ ์ด์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์ฌ ์์ฒด๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์ฉ์ก ๋ด์์ ๋ถ์์ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ์์๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ์ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ํ ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๋ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋์ ๋จ๋
์ฝํ
์ธต์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ธ์ฅ๋ณํ ํ์์ ์ธํฌ ๋ถ์ฐฉ์ด๋ ์ฆ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ธํฌ ๋ฐ์์ฑ์ด ํ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋จ์ด์ง ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํด ํจํดํ๋ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ๋งค์ฐ ์์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์ธํฌ ๋ฐ์์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ํตํด, ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ํจํด์ ๋ง๊ทธ๋ค์์ ์ ์ฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ค์ ์์๋ถ์ผ๋ก์ ์คํ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ ํจํด์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฌ๋ฃ, ์๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฉด ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋ ๋ฑ์ ์ ์ฉํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ๋ํด ๋ค๋ค๋ค. ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ ํจํด์ด ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋์ ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ท ์ผํ๊ฒ ์ ๋ ฌ๋จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ, ํฅ์๋ ์์ฑ์ ํฉ์ฑ์ ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ ์ป๊ฒ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด ๊ณผ์ ์์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ ๋ณธ์ฐ์ ์ ์ฐ์ฑ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฐ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ ํจํด์ ์ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ ๊ธฐํ ์์ ํ์ฑ ํ ๋ค, ์ด๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฎ๊ธฐ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ํจํด์ ํ์ฑํ์๋ค. ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ ๋ถ๋ง์ ์์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ๊ฐ์ฑ๋๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์ ์ฒด ๊ฐ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ํ๋ ๋ฑ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ๋ฌผ์ฑ์ด ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ฐํด, ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๊ฐ ํจํดํ๋ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋๋ ์์ ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋์ ๋น์ทํ ์์ค์ ๊ธฐ๊ณ์ ๋ฌผ์ฑ์ ์ ์งํ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ธํฌ ๋ถ์ฐฉ๊ณผ ์ฆ์ ๋ฑ์ ์ธํฌ ํน์ฑ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ํด๋ฆฌ๋ฝํฑ์์๋์ ๋นํด ์๋ฑํ ํฅ์๋์๋ค. ์ ๊ธฐํ ์ ์, ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ์ด ํจํด์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ์ ํ๋ฉด ๋
ธ์ถ ์์ ๊ณ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ด ํจํด์ ์ง๋ฆ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์์ ์ง๋ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ง ํจํด์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฅ์๋ ์์ฒด์ ํฉ์ฑ์ ๋ํ๋ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ํตํด, ํ์ด๋๋ก์์ํํ์ดํธ๋ฅผ ํ๋ฉด์ ํจํดํํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฌ๋ฃ์ ์ธํฌํน์ฑ์ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ์กฐ์ ํ ์ ์์์์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Using Mg as a biodegradable implant and the difficulties 2
1.2. Outline of the thesis 4
Chapter 2. Theoretical review 7
2.1. Currently used metallic implants 8
2.2. The potential of Mg as a biodegradable implant 10
2.3. Strategies to control corrosion rate of Mg 16
2.3.1. Alloying 16
2.3.2. Surface coating 19
Chapter 3. HA coating on Mg for orthopedic application 24
3.1. Introduction 25
3.2. Experimental procedure 28
3.3. Results 36
3.3.1. Microstructure and crystalline structure of HA coating layers 36
3.3.2. Adhesion strength 39
3.3.3. In vitro corrosion resistance 41
3.3.4. In vitro cell responses 48
3.3.5. In vivo biocorrosion and mechanical stability 54
3.3.6. In vivo biodegradation and bone response 60
3.4. Discussion 67
3.5. Conclusions 71
Chapter 4. Behavior of HA/PLLA patterned Mg under deformation 72
4.1. Introduction 73
4.2. Experimental procedure 76
4.3. Results 82
4.3.1. Microstructure and crystalline structure of HA/PLLA pattern 82
4.3.2. Microstructure after application of strain 87
4.3.3. In vitro corrosion test 89
4.3.4. In vitro cell responses 97
4.4. Discussion 107
4.5. Conclusions 110
Chapter 5. HA patterning on PLLA for modulating cellular response 111
5.1. Introduction 112
5.2. Experimental procedure 115
5.3. Results 122
5.3.1. Comparing HA powder mixed PLLA and HA patterned PLLA 122
5.3.2. Various HA patterns on PLLA 132
5.4. Discussion 139
5.5. Conclusions 142
Chapter 6. Conclusions 144
6.1. Conclusions 145
6.2. Future work 148
References 152
Abstract (In Korean) 163Docto