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    ๋น„ํก์—ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๊น€ํ˜ธ.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ํ์•”์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ํ•œ ์•”์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํ”ํ•œ ์•”์ด๋‹ค. ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์™€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด์™”์œผ๋‚˜, ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ์•”์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹คํŒจ์ด์ž ์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋‹น์‹œ ์•” ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ „์ด ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์€ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ํ์•”์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํก์—ฐ์ด ๊ผฝํžˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ์•”์—์„œ ๋น„ํก์—ฐ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์€ ํ์•”์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „๋ฌดํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ํ์•” ์œ ๋ฐœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค ์•„๋ž˜, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๊ณผ ๋น„ํก์—ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2013๋…„ 2์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„ 1์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ํ์•” ์ง„๋‹จ ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋น„ํก์—ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ์•”ํ™˜์ž 132๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋‹น์‹œ ์•” ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ, ์•” ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๋ฆผํ”„์ ˆ ์ „์ด ์—ฌ๋ถ€, EGFR ๋ณ€์ด ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ํ์•” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ ฅ, ์ง„๋‹จ ๋‹น์‹œ ์•” ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฆ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์•• ๋ฐ ๋‹น๋‡จ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ„์ ‘ํก์—ฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ณ„ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ 3, 6, 12, 24, 36๊ฐœ์›” ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ฐ ํ‰๊ท  ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์€ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ž„์ƒ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ํ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: SO2 ํ‰๊ท  ๋†๋„์˜ 1 ppb ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ 24๊ฐœ์›” ๋ฐ 36๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ 1.73 (95% CI: 1.07-2.80)์™€ 2.14 (95% CI: 1.31-3.49)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. NO2์˜ 10 ppb ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„์™€ PM2.5์˜ 10ฮผg/m^3 ๋‹จ์œ„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ 36๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.02 (95% CI: 1.01-4.04) ๋ฐ 3.35 (1.02-10.99)๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. O3์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๊นŒ์ง€ 12๊ฐœ์›” ๋ฐ 36๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ 10 ppb ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น ํ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์˜ค์ฆˆ๋น„๋Š” 0.32 (0.11-0.94), 0.34 (0.12-0.98)๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‘ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ชจํ˜• (two-pollutant model)์—์„œ๋„ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์œ„๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ O3์™€ PM10์ด EGFR ๋ณ€์ด ๊ฐ„์— ๊ตํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„ํก์—ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ์•”์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ค์กด๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ„ ์Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ EGFR ๋ณ€์ด ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๊ณผ ํ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ์•” ์žฌ๋ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ค์กด์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋น„ํก์—ฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํ์•” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Background: Lung cancer is a common cancer all over the world, and it is the third most common cancer in Korea. While groundbreaking anticancer drugs and radiotherapy have been developed, surgery is still known as the most appropriate treatment in early-stage lung cancer. However, recurrence after surgery is the most common event of treatment failures among lung cancer patients, thereby shortening the survival period. Although stage at diagnosis and vascular lymphatic metastases have been estimated to be risk factors for recurrence, causes for recurrence are still unclear. Smoking is the highest risk factor for lung cancer, but never-smokers account for more than half among female lung cancer patients. Many studies have investigated air pollution as one of the risk factors in lung cancer incidence, but there is little research on the association between air pollution and lung cancer recurrence. Objectives: Under the hypothesis that air pollution will have an effect on the recurrence of lung cancer after surgery with a similar mechanism to the effect on lung cancer incidence, this study aims to investigate the association between air pollution and lung cancer recurrence after surgery in female never-smokers. Methods: This study selected 132 female never-smoker lung cancer patients who had surgery from February 2013 and January 2017 at Seoul National University Hospital and collected clinical information, including stage at diagnosis, primary tumor size, lymph node invasion, EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor) mutation, family history of lung cancer, symptoms related to lung cancer at diagnosis, history of hypertension, history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and secondhand smoking. The air pollution data were extracted according to each subjects residence and were merged after calculating the average concentrations at each time-interval (3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months intervals from surgery until recurrence). Statistical analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression models after adjusting for the aforementioned clinical variables. Results: Estimated odds ratios for the recurrence of lung cancer with increase of 1 ppb in SO2 was identified as 1.73 (95% CI: 1.07-2.80) and 2.14 (95% CI: 1.31-3.49) during 24 and 36 months from surgery until recurrence in fully adjusted models. Estimated odds ratios for the recurrence of lung cancer with increase of 10 ppb in NO2 and 10 ฮผg/m^3 in PM2.5 were respectively 2.02 (95% CI: 1.01-4.04) and 3.35 (1.02-10.99) during 36 months from surgery until recurrence. In the case of increase of 10 ppb in O3, adjusted odds ratios for the recurrence were 0.32 (0.11-0.94) and 0.34 (0.12-0.98) during 12 and 36 months from surgery until recurrence. These results were identically indicated in two-pollutant models. In subgroup analyses, only O3 and PM10 had interactions with EGFR mutation but the patterns of associations between each air pollutant and recurrence of lung cancer differed by the presence of EGFR mutation. Conclusion: This study identified that air pollution can be an associated risk factor for the recurrence of lung cancer in female never-smokers and the association was founded to be more relevant with longer exposure periods. However, this study showed that O3 was negatively associated with the recurrence of lung cancer. It was also shown that the association between air pollution and the recurrence of lung cancer was different according to the presence or absence of EGFR mutation. Subsequent studies should further investigate uncertain effect of ozone on lung cancer recurrence. The results of this study will serve as the base for further studies concerning risk factors of lung cancer recurrence in female never-smokers in the interest of public health.Abstract i Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Study background 1 1.2 Purpose of research 4 Chapter 2.Materials and methods 5 2.1 Data 5 2.1.1 Study design and participants 5 2.1.2 Assessment of outcome 7 2.1.3 Assessment of air pollution 7 2.1.4 Clinical covariates 8 2.2 Statistical analysis 9 Chapter 3. Results 11 3.1 General characteristics 11 3.2 Distribution of air pollution 15 3.3 Association between air pollution and recurrence of lung cancer after surgery 17 3.4 Sensitivity analysis 25 3.5 Subgroup analysis in interaction included models 33 Chapter 4.Discussion 35 Bibliography 46 Abstract in Korean 49Maste

    Activation of IL-6 ERK c-MYC signaling confers resistance to NVP-BKM120, a pan-PI3K inhibitor, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

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    ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™/์„์‚ฌAlthough, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling axis is the most frequentlyderegulated pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), therapeuticstrategies targeting this pathway have been underwhelming to date. The purpose of thisstudy is to elucidate potential mechanisms of resistance to PI3K inhibitor in HNSCC. Theinhibitory effect of NVP-BKM120, a pan PI3K inhibitor, on cellular growth in 10 humanHNSCC cell lines was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay and colony formation. Functional and mechanistic studies wereanalyzed by means of ELISA, RT-PCR, and western blot in CAL27 and SCC15 cells amongHNSCC cell lines. Treatment of NVP-BKM120 showed the limited anti-proliferative effect with IC50s in 0.5 to 1.5 micromole ranges against 10 HNSCC cell lines. In both CAL27 andSCC15 cells, the activation of PI3K downstream signaling pathways includingphosphorylated-AKT and S6K was initially blocked, but the phosphorylation of AKT andS6K was restored after 24h of NVP-BKM120 treatment. Moreover, NVP-BKM120significantly induced c-MYC expression, ERK activation, and IL-6 secretion. Theknockdown of c-MYC with siRNA transfection in two HNSCC cell lines led to theincreased sensitivity to NVP-BKM120. Furthermore, IL-6 receptor neutralizing antibodycompletely abolished NVP-BKM120-induced c-MYC expression by down-regulating ERKactivation, whereas inhibition of c-MYC and ERK failed to block the increased levels of IL-6 secretion. Collectively, these results suggest that IL-6/ERK/c-MYC axis contributing tointrinsic and adaptive resistance to NVP-BKM120 may ultimately limit its efficiency ofNVP-BKM120 in HNSCC cell lines. Our preclinical study provides a rationale forcombination therapy of IL-6/ERK/c-MYC inhibition and NVP-BKM120.ope

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ transforming growth factor alpha ์œ ์ „์ž๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ˆœ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ๋ฐฑ์Šนํ•™.๋ชฉ ์  : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ˆœ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ• : ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ 142๋ช…์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๋น„์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ˆœ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ชจ 218๋ช… (76 trios, 66 dyads) ๋ฐ 119๋ช…์˜ ์ •์ƒ์ธ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ง์ดˆํ˜ˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ DNA๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด 10๊ฐœ์˜ TGFA ๋‹จ์ผ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋‹คํ˜•์„ฑ (SNP) ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ SNP ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ minor allele frequency, heterozygosity ๋ฐ X2 test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) ์™€ conditional logistic regression models (CLRMs) ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ case-parent trios์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ SNP ๊ณผ 2๊ฐœ์—์„œ 5๊ฐœ์˜ SNP ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ haplotype ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ family- and haplotype-based association test program์˜ allelic and genotypic TDT ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Genotypic odds ratios (GORs) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” STATA software์˜ CLRMs ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ SNP ์˜ parent-of-origin effect๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด transmission asymmetry test (TAT), conditioning on parental genotypes (CPG) analysis, parent-of-origin likelihood ratio test (PO-LRT), conditioning on exchangeable parental genotypes (CPEG) analysis๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 218๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ 119๋ช…์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ€๊ณ„์™€ ๋ชจ๊ณ„์˜ odds ratio๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ : 1. ๋‹จ์ผ SNP ์™€ haplotype ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ family-based TDT ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 1๊ฐœ์˜ SNP (rs3771497)์—์„œ multiple comparison correction ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค (2 SNPs, rs3771497 and rs37553775 SNPs, rs3771497, rs3755377, rs3771485, rs11466212 and rs3771475all P < 0.05). 2. GORs ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” rs3771497์˜ G/G homozygote์—์„œ ๋น„์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ˆœ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๊ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค (GOR = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.11 - 0.80, P < 0.01). 3. Parent-of-origin effects test์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  SNP๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ๊ณ„์˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ๋งˆ์ปค ๋ถ„์„์‹œ rs3771497์—์„œ ๋น„์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ˆœ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด๊ณผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค (P < 0.001, recessive model). ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  : ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ ๋น„์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์ˆœ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด๊ณผ TGFA ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ TGFA ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์ˆœ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ TGFA ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์ˆœ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์—ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๊ณ„ ์œ ์ „์žํ˜•์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Objective: The purpose of the study was to identify the contribution of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) gene variants to the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NS-CLยฑP) in Korean families. Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 142 Korean NS-CLยฑP families and 119 control-parents having unaffected children. First, ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected by linkage disequilibrium (LD) TAG SNP selection. Minor allele frequency (MAF), heterozygosity, and X2 test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) were calculated at each ten selected SNP. Ten SNPs were used to examine the association with case-parent trios with transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and conditional logistic regression models (CLRMs). Both allelic and genotypic TDTs for individual SNPs and sliding windows of haplotypes consisting of two to five SNPs were tested using family- and haplotype-based association test programs. Genotypic odd ratios (GORs) were also obtained from CLRMs using STATA software. Finally, parent-of-origin effect was evaluated for all ten SNPs and comparison between 218 case-parents and 119 control-parents was performed to investigate paternal and maternal odds ratios. Results: The family-based TDT and haplotype analysis exhibited no statistical significance but a relatively meaningful association with rs3771497 (all P < 0.052 SNPs, rs3771497 and rs37553775 SNPs, rs3771497, rs3755377, rs3771485, rs11466212 and rs3771475). G/G homozygotes at rs3771497 have significant decreased risk of being NS-CLยฑP (GOR = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.11 - 0.80, P < 0.01). All SNPs did not show parent-of-origin effects. However in comparison between case-parents and control-parents, single marker analysis of maternal line showed significant association with NS-CLยฑP in rs3771497 (P < 0.001, recessive model). Conclusion: Association of TGFA gene with NS-CLยฑP in Korean populations is not clearly found. However, the results of this study suggest that the TGFA genotype have an impact on the risk of NS-CLยฑP in Korean families. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the influence of maternal genotype on the etiologic effect of TGFA gene on NS-CLยฑP patients.โ… . INTRODUCTION โ…ก. REVIEW OF LITERATURE โ…ข. MATERIALS AND METHODS โ…ฃ. RESULTS โ…ค. DISCUSSION โ…ฅ. CONCLUSION REFERENCESDocto

    ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™,2020. 2. ์ด๋™๊ทผ.The level of Particulate Matter Risk Perception (PMRP), which has recently been considered as a lifestyle health risk, is serious. The government's action guidelines for PM risk concentration are recommended, and as media reports accumulate, the anxiety associated with Outdoor Activities (OA) and its direct impact on health is increasing. Despite these PM issues, the public desire for OA, such as play, physical education, and outdoor recreations, is increasing. However, little research has been done to obtain a comprehensive perspective regarding the PMRP and the publics OA, thereby, adding to the confusion. This study examined the changing process of PMRP, reflecting social demands, formation of PMRP concerning the PM concentration, public opinion, and policy. It also studied the relationship between the PMRP and Outdoor Activity Satisfaction (OAS), and analyzed the difference in OAS between bikers and non-bikers. The scope of this study was to identify the changes in the PMRP and its effects on the OAS. To identify the change in PMRP, raw data were collected from a bicycle on-line community and were transformed through pre-processing and cleaning. Finally, Social Network Analysis (SNA) was applied. Additionally, the PM concentration, public opinion, and policies affecting the change of PMRP were identified, and their association with the PMRP was analyzed. The relationship between the PMRP and OAS was verified through the Structural Equations Model (SEM), and the differences in OAS were analyzed using the SEM and revised Importance-Satisfaction Analysis (ISA). The main results and discussions of this study are as follows. First, based on SNA, perceived PM in the bicycle community was found to change negatively. Besides, as the PMRP increased, OA was determined by PM concentration rather than by environmental factors (e.g. rain or cold). Because indoor cycling was more monotonous than outdoor cycling, some bikers turned to other indoor exercises(e.g. yoga or weight training). In this process, it was confirmed that the PMRP was influenced by inaccurate PM concentration, distrust in government policies, and unverified excessive information provided by the media. Second, based on the above results, the relationships among the changes in the PMRP, the changes in PM concentration, the number of media reports, and government policies were analyzed. As a result, people have felt PMRP in PM figures felt during OA, rather than the national -average or daily-average figures presented by the WHO. Longer the generation time of PM 2.5 and more PM that was visually and cognitively experienced, more the public's PMRP increased. The number of media reports related to PM was found to be similar to that of PM posts and influenced PMRP the most. Since controversies act as a trigger for PMRP, we suggested risk communication among the public and shareholders. The PM policies delivered by the government can be highly associated with the publics PMRP, depending on the information delivery process. This means that the spread of information or ripple effect can be very large because the information is transmitted through guidelines or regulations by the government. However, the government considered the process of forming PM policies only after the winter season because of severe PM concentration and negative feedback from the public. In the future, PM policies should establish policy goals in stages rather than as a vicious circle formed and extinguished by public controversy or media influence. Based on the social needs and scientific solutions, rational PM management policies and regulations among stakeholders should be discussed. Third, PMRP is higher when people have no interest or trust in Public Opinion and Policies (POP) related to PM; the health risk perception increased while OAS decreased. More the interest of people in forming the POP, higher is the OAS. In other words, lower the environmental impact, higher the persons interest level that positively affects the PM health risk perception, which consequently has a positive effect on OAS. Fourth, OAS had more negative effects on the non-bikers than the PM health risk perception of the entire sample. For non-bikers, the most enjoyable OA in the presence of the PM effect was found to be social satisfaction through social interaction with others. When the PM level was unsafe, they were meaningless to OA. Fifth, for the bikers, the PM health risk perception negatively affected the OAS; however, it was rejected because the level was not statistically significant. Although there was a PM effect, items in OAS of bikers were more varied than non-bikers. It is interpreted that it is insensitive to health risks due to various preexisting satisfactions and plays a role of self-defense for outdoor cycling, even though the PM level is unsafe. Considering the above, it is important to recognize the PM health risks experienced by the bikers with high outdoor satisfaction. Additionally, there must be a risk communication process or promotion process that helps recognize the PM; social consensus through step-by-step discussion is also required. To enhance the utilization of this study, research on OA type or various occupation groups exposed to PM should be conducted. Particularly, if continuous long-term studies through time-series data accumulation are combined, the changes in PMRP and OA can be studied more comprehensively.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ƒํ™œํ˜• ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜๋†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋™์ง€์นจ์ด ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ , ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋œ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ด์Šˆ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€์ด, ์ฒด์œก, ์•ผ์™ธ๊ต์œก ๋“ฑ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ฐˆ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜ผ๋ž€์ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„์ˆ˜์น˜, ์—ฌ๋ก , ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ„ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ์„ ์ œ์–ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์ด ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋‚ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๊ธ€์ธ ์นดํŽ˜๊ธ€๊ณผ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น…๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ „์ •์ œ์ž‘์—…์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ›„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„์ˆ˜์น˜, ์—ฌ๋ก , ์ •์ฑ… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ทœ๋ช…์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ฒด๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ธ์‹์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๊ธ€์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋น„๋‚˜ ์ถ”์œ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด๋‚˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํšŒ์›๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์•ผ์™ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์šด ์šด๋™ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์š”๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ํ—ฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์‹ค๋‚ด์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„๋„ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ถˆ์‹ , ๋ฏธ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„, ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋ณด๋„๊ฑด์ˆ˜, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ… ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตยท๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋†๋„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ยท์ธ์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒดํ—˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๊ด€๋ จ ์–ธ๋ก ๋ณด๋„๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ๊ธ€๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šน, ํ•˜๋ฝํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์˜ ๊ธฐํญ์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ํ™•์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์œ„ํ—˜ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ฒ ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ์งˆํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ธ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ ์ „๋žต์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋ฉธ์˜ ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ˜น์€ ์ง€์ž์ฒด์˜ ์ง€์นจ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ „๋‹ฌ์€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ธ‰๋ ฅ์ด ํด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์š”๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ•ด๋ฒ•์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด์ ธํ•จ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ „์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์€ ๋†’์•„์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์€ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ถ€์ (-) ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ์ •์ (+) ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์— ๊ธ์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋น„์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋•Œ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์— ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‘์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์ด ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋‚˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ ์ค‘์š”๋„ยท๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์ด ๋น„์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์ด ๋‘”๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋†’์ด์—์„œ ์ฒด๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ์ •๋ณด๋‚˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ต์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ฒด์ ยท์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ํ™๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ–‰๋œ ํ›„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ํ† ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐํ™œ๋™๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ ค๋˜๋Š” ์ง์—…๊ตฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์™„๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์  ์ž๋ฃŒ์ถ•์ฒ™์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋‚˜ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ • 4 1.2.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 1.2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ • 4 โ…ก. ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 2.1 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 2.1.1 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ์ •์˜ 6 2.1.2 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์†Œ 11 2.1.3 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 21 2.2 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 25 2.2.1 ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์ •์˜ 25 2.2.2 ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 2.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 34 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38 3.1 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” 38 3.1.1 ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38 3.1.2 ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 40 3.2 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 42 3.2.1 ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 42 3.2.2 ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 43 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 48 4.1 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” 48 4.1.1 SNA๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ 48 4.1.2 ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” 50 4.1.3 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 55 4.2 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ 63 4.2.1 ํ‘œ๋ณธํŠน์ง• 63 4.2.2 ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ SEM(์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•) ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 65 4.2.3 ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ SEM๊ณผ ISA ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 70 โ…ค. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 77 5.1 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 77 5.1.1 ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ์„ธ๋ถ€๋‚ด์šฉ 77 5.1.2 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ PM ๋†๋„, ์—ฌ๋ก , ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ 82 5.2 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 87 5.2.1 ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 87 5.2.2 ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ vs ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๋น„์ด์šฉ๊ฐ 89 5.2.3 ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ถŒ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ… ์ œ์–ธ 92 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  95 6.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 95 6.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 99 โ…ฆ. ์ธ์šฉ๋ฌธํ—Œ 101 โ…ง. ๋ถ€๋ก 114 Appendix 1. 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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 2. ์ •๊ทผ์‹.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด ์ง„์‹ค ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ œ๋„, ์‚ฌ์ƒ, ์‹ค์ฒœ, ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด๋‚˜, 1945๋…„ 8์›” ์ด์ „ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋งŒ์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ์‹๋ฏผ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์นจ๋ฌต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ ๋“ฑ์ง€์—์„œ ์œ ํ•™ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๋ฐฐ์›Œ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„, ๊ณ ํ™ฉ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ(1934)๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ง€์‹๋“ค์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ณต๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณดํ™œ๋™์„ ์ „๊ฐœํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ณผ(Intelligence and Information Section)๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฏผ์ ‘์ด‰๊ณ„(Civilian Contact Sub-Section)๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ ๊ณต๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€(Department of Public Information) ์‚ฐํ•˜์— ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ณผ(Opinion Sampling Section)๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์„ค๋˜์–ด ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณต๋ณด์—…๋ฌด ๊ฐ•ํ™” ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์ฃผํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ น๋ถ€ ์‚ฐํ•˜์— ๊ณต๋ณด์›(Office of Civil Information)์ด ์„ค์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ณด์›์€ ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณต๋ณด ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ณ„๋ฐ›์•„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฏผ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋„ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ณด์›์€ ์ด๋™๊ต์œก์—ด์ฐจ๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†์ดŒ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐฐํฌ์™€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€๋ถ€๋“ค์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์•™์˜ ๊ณต๋ณด์› ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์„๊ณ„๋กœ ์†ก๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„์  ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ด ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋„ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ, ์–ธ๋ก ๊ฐ€, ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง๋œ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •์น˜ ์ด๋…๋“ค์„ ํ‘œ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฒŒ์ธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฌ๋ก ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋Š” ๊น€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด์Šน๋งŒ ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์šฐ์ต ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์น˜์  ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •์น˜์ , ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ ๋ น์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ํ”ผ์ ๋ น์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—ฌ๋ก ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ(ๅ ด)์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐํ‘œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ ๋กœ ๋†’์•„์ง€๋˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋ฐœ ๋”›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€ ์ •์น˜๊ต์œก๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ๋“€์ด์‹์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒฝ์˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์ธ๋ฏผ์˜ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ • ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ •์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ ์ •๋ถ€๋กœ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ก  ๊ฐœ๋…์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ดํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฒฐ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์„ ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต์ค‘์„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธด์žฅ์ด ๋‚ด์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ • ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌํŒ€์€ ์„œ์šธ ์ด๋ถ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“  ๊ตฐ์ค‘๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์„ ์ „ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ฃผ ์–‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋†์ดŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ง์—…๊ตฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์‹  ์—ฌ๋ก ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„์  ์†์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‚จํ•œ ์ •์น˜๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ •ํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ถ”์ • ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ง€์—ญ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€์˜ ์–‘์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ณต๋ณด์›์€ ์ •์น˜์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ์žฌ๊ฑดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด๊ณผ, ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€, ๊ณต๋ณด์›์€ ๊ณต์ค‘์ด ์ •์น˜์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํ˜„์•ˆ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๊ตฐ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ-๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ, ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ํ† ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ, ๊ณต๋ณด ์ˆ˜๋‹จ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ๋˜์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ณต์  ํ† ๋ก ์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ • ๊ณต๋ณด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์  ๊ณต๋ก ์žฅ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •์น˜ ์‹œ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ์„ ์ „์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฐ์ • ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํšŒ๋žŒ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฌด์„ฑ์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋  ๋ฟ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณด๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•, ํ†ตํ–‰์ธ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ฌธ, ์ „๋‹จ, ๋ฒฝ๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณตํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ก ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‘์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ ยท๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์Ÿ์„ ์ ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐ€๋‘์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ตฐ์ • ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • ํ•˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ํ†ต์น˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ† ์ง€ ๊ฐœํ˜๊ณผ ๊ณต๋ณด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ณต๋ณด๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณต๋ณด์›์˜ ๊ณต์‹ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋งˆ์„ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์‹์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ ์งํ›„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ž‘์ „์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ์กฐ์ž‘ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ, ์—ฌ๋ก ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋†์ดŒ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ •์น˜์  ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋„ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์„ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ์˜ (ํ”ผ)์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋“๊ถŒ ํš๋“์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ธฐํ‘œ๋กœ, ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ธ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋ก ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ก ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • 3๋…„์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ†ต์น˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค.This study tried to reveal the historical context in which the public opinion started to be considered as a space of veridiction during the 3 years U.S. occupation in Korea. Public opinion survey and census are two major means for administering and governing the modern society via knowledge. Prior to August 1945, however, census was the only modern survey investigated for a governmental purpose in Korea. Japanese colonialists focused on censoring and silencing rather than gathering Koreans voices. Early sociologists had not applied their methodological and socio-political knowledge to empirical studies, except one survey by Dr. Koh (1934). USAMGIK(U.S. Army Military Government in Korea), which sought a democratic Korean government in near future, established an official organization for public information. Surveying publics opinion was one of their missions. During the early days of IIS(Intelligence and Information Section), Civil Contact Sub-Section took charge of public opinion sampling. After aligning the organ in 1946, Opinion Sampling Section was established under the DPI(Department of Public Information) and took a whole responsibility for opinion surveys. As the military government got Koreanized and so did DPI, OCI(Office of Civil Information) was newly established under the U.S. Amred Forces in Korea and took over most of the public information missions. OCI focused on provinces in particular, and opinion survey was not an exception. Firstly, it used education trains for distributing materials and surveying opinions in rural areas. Secondly, it established branch offices and institutionalized the reporting channel between the branches and the Research and Analysis Branch in OCI, Seoul. As USAMGIK introduced and conducted opinion polls, Korean organizations for public opinion and opinion research were set up: newspaper companies, journalists organizations and opinion research associations. They claimed conflicting political ideologies of that time. Consequently, their surveys often resulted in politically and methodologically controversial debates on each others works. Struggles for the sphere of public opinion both by the occupiers and the occupied were based on the emerging importance of democracy. Public opinion was one of the central concepts emphasizing the will of the people and democracy as a Deweyan self-management. Opinion surveys by USAMGIK were presented as an evidence identifying it as a democratic government. However, there were theoretical tensions between majoritarianism valuing aggregated-but-still-individual attitudes and elitism willing to conduct the public toward the right direction and manufacture united consent through propaganda. In spite of general explanations on the polls scientific rationality developed in the West, applied methods varied. Early surveys were more like travel records describing how the crowded answered to the questions and reacted to opinion sampling teams propagandizing attempts on the spot. DPI started to accumulate nation-wide quantitative survey results on a weekly basis. The meaning of the area had been reduced from a geopolitical factor to a job indicator such as rural peasants and urban laborers. Combining the two, OCI restored the status of region as a unit of political communication and of individual as a political subject. Questionnaires by the IIS, DPI and OCI aimed at measuring the public attitudes on political, economic and social conditions: on military government and U.S.-Korea relations, price levels and land reform, means of public information, and etc. Among all, however, it is noteworthy that DPI started to ask what the most publicly discussed topics were, which implies that it recognized the autonomic formation of the public sphere. Survey results were circulated within the USAMGIK and reported to the U.S. State Department, but rarely published as press news in Korea. Meanwhile, Korean civic organs used the most controversial but simple method: surveying passer-by on the streets without any sampling procedure. They also tried to publicize the results via newspapers, leaflets and posters. However, due to their political characteristics, their results were often debated though street survey was one of the most popular method of that time and commonly used by the military government. Public opinion surveys in occupied Korea produced 3 pillars of governmental effects. Firstly, their findings were reflected in public information and land reform policies in accordance with democratism. Secondly, knowledge on Korea and its people was formed based on them. Results were reported to and published in the U.S. and used for policies and military operations. Thirdly, they re-conceptualized and re-created the society. Public opinion and its scientific research became important sphere to be disputed. Population in rural areas and women appeared as recognized political subjects to be educated and surveyed. History of public opinion survey in Korea is not of linear development. However, the experience of opinion surveys under the USAMGIK succeeded in imprinting public opinion as a signifier needed to secure the political hegemony and public opinion survey as a scientific means of grasping public opinion, the social fact. Therefore, 3 years of U.S. occupation seen through the public opinion and public opinion survey is when a new governing art of society and power emerged.Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๋ฅ˜์ธ์ฒ .์ง€๋‚œ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ์น˜๊ณผ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์น˜์ฃผ์งˆํ™˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์น˜์ฃผ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ์ •์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ฐ ์ž”์กด ์ž์—ฐ์น˜์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์น˜์ฃผ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค 2012๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2014๋…„ 7์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž 4115๋ช…์˜ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž”์กด์น˜์•„์ˆ˜์™€ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ์‹๋ฆฝ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ์น˜์•„์ƒ์‹ค ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ์‹๋ฆฝ๋ถ€์œ„, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ํ‰๊ท  22.96๊ฐœ ์ž”์กด ์ž์—ฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  20๋Œ€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž”์กด ์ž์—ฐ์น˜๋Š” 27.41๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ‰๊ท  ์ž”์กด ์ž์—ฐ์น˜๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ 90๋Œ€์—์„œ 14.67๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— 20๋Œ€์—์„œ ํ‰๊ท  0.036๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ  ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์—ˆ๊ณ  70๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ  ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ 80๋Œ€์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1652๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์ž ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์ค‘ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ ์ž๋Š” 211๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” 2433๋ช…์ค‘ 261์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ  ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ 12.77%๋กœ ์—ฌ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝ 2% ์ •๋„ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท  ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ  ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ 0.32๊ฐœ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” 0.40๊ฐœ๋กœ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จ๋…€ ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ 20๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  80๋Œ€์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์ƒ์‹ค๋œ ์น˜์•„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์•…๊ถ ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ํ•˜์•…๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜๋กœ 22.65% ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ƒ์•… ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ 20.68%๋กœ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ์‹ค ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๋‚ด ์•…๊ถ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•˜์•… ๋Œ€๊ตฌ์น˜๊ฐ€ 34.73%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜์•… ์ „์น˜๊ฐ€ 5.45%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ์€ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 2.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3.1 ์ „์ฒด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์—ฐ๋ น ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ถ„ํฌ 3.2 ์—ฐ๋ น๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž”์กด ์น˜์•„ ์ˆ˜, ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ ์ž์ˆ˜, ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ์‹๋ฆฝ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ํ‰๊ท  ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ  ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ 3.3 ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ท  ์ž์—ฐ์น˜์ˆ˜, ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ํ‰๊ท  ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ณด์œ  ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ 3.4 ๋‚˜์ด, ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•…๊ถ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์ƒ์‹ค๋œ ์น˜์•„ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋น„์œจ 3.5 ๋‚˜์ด ์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์•…๊ถ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ณ„ ์‹๋ฆฝ ๋œ ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋น„์œจ 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 5. ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์˜๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋กMaste

    4(2) ร— 2 ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ „ ์ด์ค‘ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ฆํญ ํ›„ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ค‘๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„๋œ ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜์™€ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐ„์„ญ ์ œ๊ฑฐ

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    MasterWireless relay systems have potentials to increase the spectral efficiency and to extend the cell coverage in cellular networks. There are various schemes of relay systems depending on the number of antennas, signal processing, and duplex modes. Among them, a full duplex amplify-and-forward relay is one of the most promising relaying schemes because the full-duplex mode is more efficient than the other duplex modes and the amplify-and-forward scheme is the closest to practical implementation. However, the full-duplex relay system has a self-interference problem because it transmits and receives signals at the same time through the same frequency band. Hence, the full duplex relay system implementation needs a method to solve the self-interference problem. For this reason, in this thesis, a joint antenna and digital-level self interference cancellation method for suppressing the self-interference is proposed. This method takes into account potential problems at the RF chain of the relayโ€™s receiver but does not assume that the self interference channel state information is known. Hence the method is practical and facilitates the implementation of full-duplex relay systems. In proposed method, first, relayโ€™s transmit and receive antennas are placed to suppress the self-interference at the EM level. Then the residual self-interference is eliminated at the digital-level using the self-interference channel information that is estimated in real time. By these procedures, the self-interference could be suppressed very effectively. In addition, the proposed method is for 4(2) ร— 2 MIMO relay systems. Hence, transmit signals from the relay can be beamformed to be sent in a desired direction. The transmit beamforming makes the proposed relay system suitable for the coverage extension of indoor space

    A Study on Perception Change in Bicycle users Outdoor Activity by Particulate Matter: Based on the Social Network Analysis

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์˜ ๋…ผ๋ž€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ ค์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์นดํŽ˜๊ธ€๊ณผ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋งค ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ , ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ , ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์ธ์‹๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์€ ๋‚ ์”จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์‹ ๊ณผ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณตํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์•ผ์™ธ์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐํ™œ๋™ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์‹ค๋‚ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๋‚ ์”จ ๋“ฑ ์•ผ์™ธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ฆ๊ฒผ๋˜ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐํ™œ๋™์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹จ์กฐ๋กœ์šด ์‹ค๋‚ด ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ์šด๋™์€ ํ—ฌ์Šค, ์š”๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ค๋‚ด์šด๋™ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์•ผ์™ธ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ธ์‹๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋‚˜ ์ง€์ž์ฒด ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„์ˆ˜์น˜์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ํ–ฅ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ, ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ, ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋†๋„ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(์ˆซ์ž์ œ์‹œํ˜•, ์ ์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ณต) ๋“ฑ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ถˆ์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€์ฃผ๋„ํ˜• ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋†’์ด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์ฒด์ ยท์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š” ์ฒด๊ฐํ˜• ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์ด๋‚˜ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ํ™๋ณด๊ณผ์ •์ด ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ํ† ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•ฉ์˜์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์•ผ์™ธํ™œ๋™ ์œ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜์–ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์ง€์ž์ฒด, ์–ธ๋ก , ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ œ๊ณต๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.N
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