51 research outputs found
A Study on the Prevention Method of Environmental Hazard Material from Ship : Focusing on the Non-Effected Marine Environmental Convention
The protection of marine environment has been one of concerns in the maritime community. This dissertation identifies shipborn substances which are harmful to the marine environment and relevant international conventions regulating the discharge of those substances. The requirements stipulated in related conventions and preventive methods against pollution caused by shipborn harmful substances are especially the main focus of this study.
International Maritime Organization(IMO) has developed Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973(MARPOL 73/78). The Annex VI on Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships, which was adopted in 1997, will enter into force on 19 May 2005. IMO has also adopted International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships, 2001 and International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004.
As per regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships, relevant governments and industries have been preparing for the implementation of its requirement since its adoption in 1997, by developing IMO compliant marine engines and low sulphur fuel oil. Hence, no problem is foreseen prior to the entry into force date of 19th May 2005.
However, the CO2 matter has emerged as an issue to be dealt with in IMO because the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has fulfilled the criteria for entry into force in November 2004. Therefore, it is envisaged that the regulation on CO2 emission from ships will be materialized in the near future as the IMO is discussing this matter at Marine Environment Protection Committee in order to come up with emission requirements. Therefore, there is a need to develop equipment to lower CO2 emission from ships by closely monitoring the global trend.
International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships was adopted on 5 October 2001. This convention will prohibit the use of harmful organotins in anti-fouling paints used on ships from 1 January 2003. Korea has analyzed the harmful environmental effects of organotin compounds on marine environment and has restricted the use of harmful anti-fouling system on board all Korean flagged ships since 16 September 2004. This new measures will help reduce pollution caused by organotin compounds used in the anti-fouling system in territorial waters of Korea.
Even though the TBT-free anti-fouling paint has already been on the market, it is widely recognized that the less effective anti-fouling capability reduces the speed of ship. This is the reason why there has been a delay in the entry into force of the Convention. In this respect, Korea should develop TBT-free anti-fouling paint with high anti-fouling capability not only to ensure cost-effective operation of ships but to export such paints to other countries.
IMO adopted International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments on 13 February 2004 to prevent potentially devastating effects of the spread of harmful aquatic organisms carried by ships' ballast water. Since this convention is expected to be entered into force in 2009, equipment and provisions for ballast water treatment on board ship need to be developed in advance. Furthermore, the government should take necessary steps such as the establishment of a national law and the designation of discharging area, etc.
It is generally agreed that full implementation of international convention on the protection of oil pollution and harmful substances pollution from ships have greatly contributed to protecting marine environment. It is therefore necessary to have good understanding on the recently adopted international convention such as regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships, Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems and Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments for the protection of pristine marine environment.κ·Έλ¦Όλͺ©μ°¨ β
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2.2.11 μ λ°μμ λ°μνλ νμ 12
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4.3.2 MARPOL 73/78 λΆμμ6μ λ°ν¨κ° κ΅λ΄μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯ 53
4.3.3 μ λ½κ³΅λ체(EU)μ μ λ°μμ λ°°μΆλλ SOx/NOx μ κ°λ°©μ 544
4.3.4 μ λ½κ³΅λ체(EU)μ ν΄μνν©μ μν SOx μ²λ¦¬ν¨κ³Ό 57
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(A) study for valuation of KT
Thesis(masters) --μμΈλνκ΅ κ²½μμ λ¬Έλνμ :κ²½μνκ³Ό(SNUGlobal MBAμ 곡),2010.8.Maste
ν©ν΄μμμ ν©νν©λ¬Όμ μμ‘ λ° λ³ν
Thesis (doctoral)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :λκΈ°κ³Όνκ³Ό,2001.Docto
λλ¬Όλͺ¨λΈμμ λ¨ν λ° λ°λ³΅ 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ μ±νκ°λ₯Ό ν΅ν μλ°°μ Chlorella vulgaris μ μμ μ± νκ°
Aims: Chlorella is a unicellular green algae that is mainly used as a dietary supplement or food. There are several species in the Chlorella genus, including Chlorella vulgaris. The study aimed to evaluate the safety of C. vulgaris cultivated under heterotrophic conditions as a food supplement. Methods: The chlorella sample (C. vulgaris) used in this study was obtained from Daesang Corp. (Seoul, Korea). It was cultured under heterotrophic conditions with glucose as a carbon source. A single oral dose toxicity test was conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of C. vulgaris in rodents and non-rodents. The subacute toxicity was examined by repeated oral dose toxicity test in rodents for 13 weeks. In a single oral dose toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley (SD) male (n=15) and female (n=15) rats, C. vulgaris was administered orally at 0, 5,000, and 10,000 mg/kg and then mortality rate, general symptoms, changes in body weight, and autopsy observation were observed for 2 weeks after treatment. For the single oral dose toxicity test in male (n=6) and female (n=6) beagle dogs, C. vulgaris was administered orally at 0, 2,000, and 5,000 mg/kg. In the repeated oral doses toxicity test, SD male (n=40) and female (n=40) rats were treated with C. vulgaris at doses of 0, 300, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg/day; moreover, mortality, general symptoms, body weight, food and water intake, and organ weight were measured. Eye test, urinalysis, hematological test, blood coagulation time test, blood biochemical test, autopsy observation, and histopathological test were conducted. Results: In a single oral dose toxicity test in SD rats, there were no animal deaths in all test groups. Although Polyuria was observed in all test groups and chlorella-colored feces was observed in the groups treated with 5,000 and 10,000 mg/kg of test substance. There were no significant changes in body weight and autopsy results. Thus, the minimum lethal dose (MLD) of C. vulgaris in rats was determined at more than 10,000 mg/kg. In beagle dogs, 5,000 mg/kg dose administration caused chlorella-colored feces and diarrhea. But there were no animal deaths and no abnormal observations in all test groups. Therefore, the MLD of C. vulgaris in dogs was more than 5,000 mg/kg. In the repeated oral doses toxicity test, there were no animal deaths and no significant changes caused by C. vulgaris. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level of C. vulgaris in rats was found to be more than 2,000 mg/kg/day, based on the highest dose. Conclusion: The safety tests results showed that C. vulgaris led to no animal deaths and no significant toxic effects in our tested conditions. Therefore, C. vulgaris might be considered safe as a food and dietary supplement under the present dosage conditions. In addition, to estimate the acceptable daily intake, further studies are needed to subacute toxicity test for excess amount of chlorella and chronic toxicity test.
λͺ©μ : ν΄λ‘λ λΌλ 2~10 ΞΌm ν¬κΈ°μ λ¨μΈν¬ λ
Ήμ‘°λ₯λ‘ Chlorella vulgaris λ₯Ό ν¬ν¨ν μ¬λ¬κ°μ§ μ’
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λ‘€ κ°μ , νΌλΆκ±΄κ° λ° νμ°ν κΈ°λ₯ λ± λ€μν 건κ°κΈ°λ₯μ±μ λνλ΄λ μνμλ£μ΄λ€. ν΄λ‘λ λΌλ κ΄λ°°μκ³Ό μλ°°μμ΄ κ°λ₯νλ©° λ°°μλ°©λ²μ΄λ μ’
μ λ°λΌμ μμμ±λΆμ λ³νκ° λνλ μ μλ€. λ°λΌμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μλ°°μμΌλ‘ λ°°μλ C. vulgaris κ° μνμΌλ‘μ μμ νμ§ νκ°νκ³ μ νλ€. λ°©λ²: λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ μ¬μ©λ ν΄λ‘λ λΌλ λμγμμ 곡κΈλ°μ κ²μΌλ‘, ν¬λλΉμ νμμμΌλ‘ 곡κΈν μλ°°μ 쑰건μμ λ°°μλ C. vulgaris 건쑰λΆλ§μ΄λ€. C. vulgaris μ λν κΈμ± λ
μ±μ°κ΅¬λ‘ μ€μΉλ₯ λ° λΉμ€μΉλ₯μ λν λ¨ν 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ°λ₯Ό μννμκ³ , μκΈμ± λ
μ±μ°κ΅¬λ‘ μ€μΉλ₯μ λν λ°λ³΅ 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ°λ₯Ό μ€μνμλ€. Sprague-Dawley (SD) λ«νΈλ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν μ€μΉλ₯ λ¨ν 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ°λ κ° κ΅°λ³λ‘ μμ κ° 5 λ§λ¦¬μ λν΄ C. vulgaris λΆλ§μ 0, 5,000 κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ 10,000 mg/kg μ© ν¬μ¬νκ³ μ¬λ§λ₯ , μΌλ°μ¦μ, 체μ€λ³ν λ° λΆκ²μ견μ κ΄μ°°νμλ€. λΉκΈ 견μ μ΄μ©ν λΉμ€μΉλ₯ λ¨ν 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ°μμλ C. vulgaris λΆλ§μ κ΅°λ³λ‘ μμ κ° 2 λ§λ¦¬μ 0, 2,000 λ° 5,000 mg/kg μ©λμΌλ‘ ν¬μ¬νκ³ μ¬λ§λ₯ , μΌλ°μ¦μ, 체μ€λ³νμ λΆκ²μ견μ κ΄μ°°νμλ€. λ°λ³΅ 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ°μμλ SD λ«νΈμ 13 μ£Όλμ C. vulgaris λ₯Ό 0, 300, 1,000 λ° 2,000 mg/kg/day λλλ‘ ν¬μ¬ν λ€, μ¬λ§λ₯ , μΌλ°μ¦μ, 체μ€λ³ν, μ¬λ£ λ° λ¬Ό μμ·¨λ, μκ²μ¬, μκ²μ¬, νμ‘ν λ° νΌμ‘μνν κ²μ¬, μ₯κΈ°μ€λ, λΆκ² λ° μ‘°μ§λ³λ¦¬νμ μ견μ κ΄μ°°νμλ€. κ²°κ³Ό: SD λ«νΈλ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν λ¨ν 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ° κ²°κ³Ό, λ¨νμ κ³Όλμ μνλ¬Όμ§μ΄ ν¬μ¬λμ΄ λ€λ¨μ ν΄λ‘λ λΌ μ λ³μ΄ κ΄μ°°λκΈ°λ νμμ§λ§ C. vulgaris μ λ
μ±μ μν κ²μ μλ κ²μΌλ‘ νλ¨λμμΌλ©°, λͺ¨λ νκ°κ΅°μμ μνλλ¬Όμ μ¬λ§λ μμλ€. λν 체μ€λ³ν λ° λΆκ²μ μμ΄μλ μ¬κ°ν λ³νλ λνλμ§ μμλ€. λ«νΈμ λν C. vulgaris μ μ΅μ μΉμ¬λ (minimum lethal dose, MLD)μ 10,000 mg/kg μ΄μμΌλ‘ νλ¨λλ€. λΉκΈ 견μ μ΄μ©ν λ¨ν 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ° κ²°κ³Ό, λ¨νμ λ€λμ ν΄λ‘λ λΌλ₯Ό ν¬μ¬ν¨μΌλ‘ μΈν΄ λνλ ν΄λ‘λ λΌμ λ³κ³Ό λ―Όκ°ν ν κ°μ²΄μ λΉκΈ 견μμ κ΄μ°°λ μ€μ¬κ° λνλκΈ°λ νμ§λ§ λͺ¨λ νκ°κ΅°μμ μΌλ°μ¦μ, 체μ€λ³ν λ° λΆκ²μ μμ΄ λΉμ μμ μΈ μ¦μμ λνλμ§ μμΌλ©°, μνλλ¬Όμ μ¬λ§λ μμλ€. μ΄λ² μ°κ΅¬ 쑰건μμ λΉκΈ 견μ λν C. vulgaris μ μ΅μ μΉμ¬λ (MLD)μ 5,000 mg/kg μ΄μμ΄λ€. λ°λ³΅ 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ° κ²°κ³Ό, C. vulgaris μ μν μ¬λ§μ΄λ κ΄μ°°ν λͺ¨λ μ§νμ μμ΄ μ μμ μΈ λ³νκ° μμλ€. μ΄ κ²°κ³Όλ‘ λ³Ό λ 무λ
μ±λ (no observed adverse effect level , NOAEL)μ ν¬μ¬λ μ€μμ κ°μ₯ λ§μ μμΈ 2,000 mg/kg/day λ‘ νλ¨λλ€. κ²°λ‘ : λ«νΈμ λΉκΈ 견μ μ΄μ©ν λ¨ν λ° λ°λ³΅ 경ꡬν¬μ¬ λ
μ±νκ°μμ C. vulgaris ν¬μ¬λ‘ μΈν μ¬λ§μ΄λ μ μμ μΈ λ
μ± λ³νλ₯Ό 보μ΄λ μ΄μμκ²¬μ΄ μμλ€. λ°λΌμ C. vulgaris λ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ‘°κ±΄μ λλμμλ μμ·¨νκΈ°μ μμ ν μλ£λ‘ νλ¨λλ, μΌμΌμμ·¨νμ©λ (acceptable daily intake, ADI)μ μ°μΆνκΈ° μν΄μλ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ‘°κ±΄ λ³΄λ€ λ§μ ν¬μ¬λμ λν μκΈμ± λ
μ±νκ° λ° λ§μ±λ
μ± μ°κ΅¬κ° νμνλ€.openλ°
Robust design optimization of 3-D wing considering operational uncertainty
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :κΈ°κ³ν곡곡νλΆ,2007.Maste
ν°μ₯ λμμ μΉΌμκ²°ν© λ¨λ°±μ§μ μ 경보νΈμμ©μ λν λ©΄μμ‘°μ§ννμ μ°κ΅¬
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνκ³Ό ν΄λΆνμ 곡,1998.Maste
Assessment of Long-term Strength Characteristics of Industrial Wastes (Ferrous slag, Waste concrete)
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : 건μ€ν경곡νλΆ, 2012. 2. λ°μ€λ².λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μ μ² κ³΅μ μ λΆμ°λ¬ΌμΈ μ κ°μ¬λκ·Έμ κ³ λ‘μ¬λκ·Έ, 건μ€νκΈ°λ¬ΌμΈ νμ½ν¬λ¦¬νΈμ μ₯κΈ°μ κ°λνΉμ±μ λν΄ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κΈ° μν΄ μνλμλ€. μλ£μ μμ΄μ§μ μ°μμ νλΆμ μ©μΆ μν(DIN 38414-S4)κ³Ό μΌμΈλ
ΈμΆ μνμ μ΄μ©νμλ€. μ°μμ νλΆμ μ©μΆμνμμλ 1:5μ κ³ μ‘λΉλ‘ 1μΌ, 2μΌ, 4μΌ, 7μΌ 14μΌ κ΅λ° μλ£μ λν΄ κ°λ νκ°κ° μνλμκ³ , μμ°λ
ΈμΆ μνμμλ 30μΌ, 90μΌ, 150μΌ μμ΄μ§ λ μλ£μ λν΄ κ°λνκ°κ° μνλμλ€. μμ΄μ§ λ μλ£μ λν΄ Harvard miniature λ€μ§μνμ ν΅ν΄ λ€μ§νΉμ±μ, μ§μ μ λ¨μν(KS F 2343)μ ν΅ν΄ μ λ¨νΉμ±μ μ΄ν΄λ³΄μλ€.
μ°μμ νλΆμ μ©μΆμνμΌλ‘ aging λ μλ£λ€μ λ€μ§μν κ²°κ³Ό λͺ¨λ μλ£μμ κ΅λ°μκ°μ΄ μ¦κ°ν μλ‘ μ΅λ건쑰λ¨μμ€λμ΄ μ½κ° κ°μνλ κ²½ν₯μ 보μμΌλ ν° μ°¨μ΄λ μκ³ μ΅μ ν¨μλΉλ μ½κ° μ¦κ°νλ κ²½ν₯μ 보μλ€. μ¦, 14μΌ κ΅λ°κΉμ§λ Ca2+μ΄μ¨μ μ©μΆμ λ°λ₯Έ λ€μ§νΉμ±μλ ν° λ³νκ° μμλ€. νμ§λ§ κ΅λ°μ‘μ pHκ° κ³μ λΉκ΅μ κ°ν μ카리μ±μ λνλ΄κ³ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ κ΅λ°μκ°μ΄ λ μ¦κ°νλ©΄ Ca2+ μ±λΆμ μ©μΆμ΄ κ³μ λ κ²μΌλ‘ νλ¨λλ©°, λ°λΌμ λ€μ§ νΉμ±μλ λ³νκ° μμ κ²μΌλ‘ μκ°λλ€. μ°μμ νλΆμ μ©μΆμνμΌλ‘ aging λ μλ£λ€μ κ΅λ°μκ°μ λ°λΌ λ΄λΆλ§μ°°κ°κ³Ό μ λ¨μλ ₯μ ν° λ³νλ₯Ό λνλ΄μ§ μμμ§λ§ μ μ°©λ ₯μ κ΅λ°μκ°μ λ°λΌ κ°μνλ κ²½ν₯μ λνλλ€.
μΌμΈλ
ΈμΆμ μν΄ aging λ μλ£λ€μ μ΅λ건쑰λ¨μμ€λμ μκ°μ κ²½κ³Όμ λ°λΌ μ½κ° κ°μνμμΌλ ν° μ°¨μ΄λ 보μ΄μ§ μμκ³ μ΅μ ν¨μλΉμ κ²½μ° μ κ°μ¬λκ·Έλ 5.49%, κ³ λ‘μ¬λκ·Έλ 7.7%, νμ½ν¬λ¦¬νΈλ 5.7%κ° μ¦κ°νμλ€. μΌμΈλ
ΈμΆμ μν΄ aging λ μλ£λ€μ λ΄λΆλ§μ°°κ°κ³Ό μ λ¨μλ ₯μ λ
ΈμΆ μκ°μ΄ κΈΈμ΄μ§μ λ°λΌ λ€μ μ¦κ°νλ κ²½ν₯μ 보μλ€. μ κ°μ¬λκ·Έμ λ΄λΆλ§μ°°κ°μ 32.87Β°, κ³ λ‘μ¬λκ·Έμ λ΄λΆλ§μ°°κ°μ 12.7Β°, νμ½ν¬λ¦¬νΈμ λ΄λΆλ§μ°°κ°μ 24.51Β°κ° μ¦κ°νμκ³ , μ λ¨μλ ₯μ80kPaμ μμ§μλ ₯ νμμ μ κ°μ¬λκ·Έλ μ½ 2λ°°, κ³ λ‘μ¬λκ·Έλ μ½ 1.5λ°°, νμ½ν¬λ¦¬νΈλ μ½ 1.9λ°°κ° μ¦κ°νμλ€.Ferrous slag (steel slag and blast furnace slag) is a by-product of steel making process while waste concrete is generated from construction activities. Large part of ferrous slag and waste concrete are recycled as geo-technical materials such as road base, fill and embankment aggregate. However leaching of Ca2+ from ferrous slag and waste concrete in the water-contact environment can cause a strength reduction of recycled materials. In this study, steel slag, blast furnace slag and waste concrete were aged by two methods; continuous batch leaching test (DIN 38414-S4) and outdoor exposure test. Continuous batch leaching test (Din 38414-S4) was conducted with 1:5 solid-water ratio and 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 days of mixture time for each sample. The periods of outdoor exposure test were 30days, 90days, and 150days.
Harvard miniature compaction test, and direct shear test (KS F 2343) were conducted with aged materials to investigate the change of compaction and shear strength characteristics of steel slag, blast furnace slag and waste concrete.
In continuous batch leaching test, no significant changes occurred on compaction properties though maximum dry unit weight decreased slightly while optimum moisture content slightly increased with time. Ca2+ leaching also does not have a major effect on internal friction angles while cohesion of steel slag decreased from 30kPa to 50kPa, from 23kPa to 6kPa at blast furnace slag and from 14kPa to 3kPa at waste concrete.
In outdoor exposure test, maximum dry unit weight was decreased slightly while optimum moisture content of all materials increased with aging period; from 11.15% to 16.64% of steel slag, from 13.8% to 21.5% of blast furnace slag, from 13.1% to 18.8% of waste concrete. Internal friction angle increased with aging period from 31.26Β° to 64.13Β° at steel slag, form 55.93Β° to 68.63Β° at blast furnace slag and from 37.28Β° to 61.79Β° at waste concrete. Shear stress of all materials also increased with aging period. Shear strength of aged materials at 80kPa of normal stress increased about twice at steel slag and waste concrete while one and a half times at blast furnace slag.Maste
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