104 research outputs found
μ€μ₯κΈ° λ―Όκ°ν¬μκ³ν μ립 μ°κ΅¬(Mid-and long-term plan for private investment in infrastructure)
λ
ΈνΈ : μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ³΄κ³ μμ λ΄μ©μ κ΅ν μ°κ΅¬μμ μ체 μ°κ΅¬λ¬Όλ‘μ μ λΆμ μ μ±
μ΄λ 견ν΄μλ μκ΄μμ΅λλ€
λ―Όκ°ν¬μμ¬μ μ ν¬μμ¬μ λ€μνλ°©μ μ°κ΅¬(A Study on diversification of financing method for PPI projects)
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ΈνΈ : μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ³΄κ³ μμ λ΄μ©μ κ΅ν μ°κ΅¬μμ μ체 μ°κ΅¬λ¬Όλ‘μ μ λΆμ μ μ±
μ΄λ 견ν΄μλ μκ΄μμ΅λλ€
Design and Implementation of CPW fed Wide-band Slot Antenna
Future antenna will be used to a growing extent for multipurpose applications and thus require operation over wide bandwidths. Especially, planar antennas have been studied to achieve wide bandwidth characteristic for many years.
In this paper, two novel designs for CPW fed wide band slot antennas are presented. In microwave and millimeter wave applications, aperture antennas fed by coplanar waveguide have several useful properties, such as wider bandwidth, better impedance matching, easier integration of solid state active devices and lower radiation losses. The impedance matching and the radiation characteristics of the antennas were studied by using method of moment technique.
One of the proposed slot antenna is consisted of two triangle slots. The triangle slot antenna has small metal inserts of the triangle type for impedance matching. Return loss and the radiation patterns are simulated. The measured 10 dB bandwidth is 2.76:1.
The other proposed slot antenna has new bow-tie slot which is combined with four /2 rectangular slot. The measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth is 1.91:1.Abstract
μ 1 μ₯ μ λ‘ 1
μ 2 μ₯ ννν μν
λ κ΄λμν 3
2.1 ννν μν
λ κ΄λμν λ°©λ² 3
2.2 μ§μ¬κ°ν CPW κΈμ μ¬λ‘―μν
λ κ°μ 5
2.3 보μ°-νμ΄ν CPW κΈμ μ¬λ‘―μν
λ κ°μ 10
2.4 CPW κΈμ μ¬λ‘―μν
λ κ΄λμν λ°©λ² 12
μ 3 μ₯ μ μλ μ§κ°μΌκ°ν CPW κΈμ κ΄λμ μ¬λ‘―μν
λ 14
3.1 μ§κ°μΌκ°ν CPW κΈμ κ΄λμ μ¬λ‘―μν
λ μ€κ³ 14
3.2 μ€ν κ²°κ³Ό λ° κ³ μ°° 17
μ 4 μ₯ μ μλ μ§μ¬κ°ν λ° λ³΄μ°-νμ΄ μ¬λ‘―μ κ²°ν©ν CPW κΈμ κ΄λμ μ¬λ‘―μν
λ 20
4.1 μ§μ¬κ°ν λ° λ³΄μ°-νμ΄ μ¬λ‘―μ κ²°ν©ν CPW κΈμ κ΄λμ μ¬λ‘―μν
λ μ€κ³ 20
4.2 μ€ν κ²°κ³Ό λ° κ³ μ°° 24
μ 5 μ₯ κ²° λ‘ 27
μ°Έ κ³ λ¬Έ ν 2
μΉ¨μλ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν ν¨μ μ μ΄κΈ° λ°°μΉ μ€κ³μ μ ν©μ± νκ° λ°©λ²
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :곡과λν μ‘°μ ν΄μ곡νκ³Ό,2019. 8. λ
Έλͺ
μΌ.The initial design of the ship follows several stages to meet the design requirements. Generally, it is based on the design requirements and the information of the buses, and it goes through the steps of selecting the main specifications, selecting the line, selecting the main engine, arranging the layout, calculating the ship, and analyzing the performance. The layout design in the above process depends on the information of the mother ship and the experience of the designer. Accordingly, arrangement design was performed according to qualitative evaluation rather than traditionally quantitative evaluation. Because a person manually manages the layout design and evaluates multiple plans, it takes a lot of time to design the layout. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to automate and optimize quantitative evaluation and review of several for the initial arrangement design of a naval ship.
In addition, after the arrangement design, ship calculation process can be done to ensure that the ship has adequate stability during operation. Ship stability is evaluated as intact stability and damage stability. Damage stability is traditionally evaluated considering only the final stage after damage, and there is a lack of evaluation of damage and progress of flooding. In addition, the stability calculation for various things must be carried out through the ship calculation program, which is a process in which many designers take a lot of work as the layout design. In order to overcome the limitations of the existing ship calculation, this study proposes a method to evaluate the stability of the ship by applying intermediate flood analysis as well as intact and damage stability evaluation and applying it to the arrangement design evaluation process.
In this study, we considered three aspects of stability, vulnerability, and operability for the initial arrangement design of naval ships. According to the requirements for the intact stability of naval ships, the intact stability was investigated. In addition, the damage stability evaluation was carried out considering the recovery of the damage in the general final condition and the intermediate flooding. Intermediate flooding uses PBD (Position Based Dynamics) to calculate the flow rate through the openings in the damaged part and trap, thereby updating the weight and center of gravity of the modified trap. Then, the changed information is substituted into the 6-DOF motion equation to track the behavior of the ship every time step. Through this, it is possible to evaluate the progress of the ship 's flooding through the damage and the damage stability in the process. In order to improve the intact stability and damage stability, GZ curve calculation is accompanied. In this study, trim is considered in addition to GZ value calculation considering existing heave motion.
The vulnerability assessment of the naval ship considers both the vulnerability of the bulkhead and the vulnerability of the rooms. Vulnerability of the bulkhead was considered as the sum of the bursting pressure on the bulkhead with various damage, and the vulnerability of the compartment was taken into account by multiplying the severity of the compartment with the probability that various damage would affect the compartment. In addition, for the two vulnerabilities, we considered the length, width, and height direction damage probability of the five types of damage (ASMs (Anti-Ship Missiles), torpedoes, mines, collisions, and grounding)
In order to quantitatively evaluate the operability of the naval ship, the movement of the crew and cargos between the compartments of the naval ship was considered. For this, the relation between the shortest distance between each rooms and the compartment was considered. The relationship between the compartments was considered through proximity considering both intimacy assessing the affinity of rooms to be close and antagonism between rooms to be far apart.
The three evaluations described above have been formulated as a problem for the initial layout design of a ship. The optimization problem design variables were set to the location of the bulkhead and deck, the location of the compartment and the location of the corridor, and the objective function was set to minimize the vulnerability of the naval ship and maximize operability. In order to improve stability, we considered maximizing initial GM as an objective function. In this process, constraints on the positions of the bulkheads and decks, the lengths required by the engine, and the constraints on the extent that each compartment has to be minimized are considered, and the location of the compartment is considered as a constraint in the optimization problem. The optimal design of the initial arrangement design of the naval ship was obtained through this, and it was evaluated whether the optimized arrangement design satisfies the damage stability including the intermediate flooding stage.
The initial arrangement design and the ship calculation process described above were developed as one program, and the applicability of this study was confirmed by applying it to the U.S. Navy Destroyer.ν¨μ μ μ΄κΈ° μ€κ³λ μ€κ³ μꡬ 쑰건μ λ§μ‘±νκΈ° μν΄ μ¬λ¬ λ¨κ³λ₯Ό κ±°μ³ μνλλ€. μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ μ€κ³ μꡬ 쑰건과 λͺ¨μ μ μ 보λ₯Ό ν λλ‘ μ£Όμ μ μ μ μ , μ ν μ€κ³, μ£ΌκΈ°κ΄ μ μ , λ°°μΉ μ€κ³, ꡬ쑰 μ€κ³ λ±μ λ¨κ³λ₯Ό κ±°μΉλ€. μμ κ³Όμ μ€ λ°°μΉ μ€κ³λ λͺ¨μ μ μ 보μ μ€κ³μμ κ²½νμ μμ‘΄μ μ΄λ€. μ΄μ λ°λΌ, μ ν΅μ μΌλ‘ μ λμ μΈ νκ°λ³΄λ€λ μ μ±μ μΈ νκ°μ λ°λΌ λ°°μΉ μ€κ³κ° μ§νλμλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ€κ³μκ° μμμ
μΌλ‘ λ°°μΉ μ€κ³λ₯Ό μ§ννκ³ μ¬λ¬ μμ νκ°νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ, λ°°μΉ μ€κ³λ₯Ό μν΄ μκ°μ΄ λ§μ΄ μλͺ¨λλ€. λ°λΌμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ ν¨μ μ μ΄κΈ° λ°°μΉ μ€κ³λ₯Ό μν΄, μ λμ μΈ νκ°μ μ¬λ¬ μμ λν κ²ν λ₯Ό μλν λ° μ΅μ ν νκ³ μ νμλ€.
λν, λ°°μΉ μ€κ³ λ¨κ³μμλ ν¨μ μ΄ μμ λμ€ μ μ ν 볡μμ±μ κ°μ§κ³ μλμ§ νμΈνκΈ° μν΄ μ λ° κ³μ°μ μ§ννλ€. μ λ° κ³μ°μ μ μ 볡μμ±κ³Ό μμ 볡μμ± λ κ°μ§λ‘ νκ°λλ€. μμ 볡μμ±μ μ ν΅μ μΌλ‘ μμ μ΄ν μ΅μ’
μμΈλ§μ κ³ λ €ν΄ νκ°λμ΄, μμλμ΄ μΉ¨μκ° μ§νλλ κ³Όμ μ λν νκ°κ° λΆμ‘±νλ€. λν, μ λ° κ³μ° νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ ν΅ν΄ μ¬λ¬ κ°μ§ μμ λν 볡μμ± νκ°κ° μ§νλμ΄μΌ νκΈ°μ λ°°μΉ μ€κ³μ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ‘ μ€κ³μμ 곡μκ° λ§μ΄ λ€μ΄κ°λ κ³Όμ μ΄λ€. λ°λΌμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ κΈ°μ‘΄ μ λ° κ³μ°μ νκ³μ μ 극볡νκΈ° μν΄, λΉ μμ, μμ 볡μμ± νκ°λΏλ§ μλλΌ μ€κ° λ¨κ³ μΉ¨μ ν΄μμ μ§ννκ³ , μ΄λ₯Ό λ°°μΉ μ€κ³ νκ° κ³Όμ μ μ μ©ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨, ν¨μ μ΄κΈ° λ°°μΉ μ€κ³ λ° μ λ° κ³μ°μ κ³ λν, μλν νκ³ μ νμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμ μ΄κΈ° ν¨μ λ°°μΉ μ€κ³λ₯Ό μν΄ λ³΅μμ±, μ·¨μ½μ±, μ΄μ©μ± μΈκ°μ§λ₯Ό κ³ λ €νλ€. 볡μμ± νκ°λ₯Ό μν΄ μ μ μ€ μνμμ μ μ 볡μμ±μ κ²ν νμλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μμ 볡μμ± νκ°λ μΌλ°μ μΈ μ΅μ’
μνμμμ μμ 볡μμ±κ³Ό λλΆμ΄ μ€κ° λ¨κ³ μΉ¨μλ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν΄ μ§νλμλ€. μ€κ° λ¨κ³ μΉ¨μλ PBD (Position Based Dynamics)λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μμλΆμ ν¨μ λ΄λΆμ κ°κ΅¬λΆλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νλ₯΄λ μ λμ κ³μ°νκ³ , μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ³κ²½λ ν¨μ μ 무κ²μ λ¬΄κ² μ€μ¬μ κ°±μ νλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ³κ²½λ μ 보λ₯Ό 6μμ λ μ΄λ λ°©μ μμ λμ
νμ¬ λ§€ μκ°λ§λ€ μ λ°μ κ±°λμ μΆμ νλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄, μμμ ν΅ν΄ μ λ°μ μΉ¨μκ° μ§νλλ κ³Όμ κ³Ό κ·Έ κ³Όμ μμμ μμ 볡μμ±μ νκ°ν μ μλ€. μ μ 볡μμ± λ° μμ 볡μμ±μ νκ°ν λ, GZ 곑μ κ³μ°μ λλ°νκ² λλλ°, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ΄λ₯Ό κ³ λν νκΈ° μν΄ κΈ°μ‘΄μ μν μ΄λλ§μ κ³ λ €ν GZ κ° κ³μ°μ λλΆμ΄ μ’
κ²½μ¬ (trim)μ κ³ λ €νμλ€.
ν¨μ μ μ·¨μ½μ± νκ°λ 격벽μ μ·¨μ½μ±κ³Ό 격μ€μ μ·¨μ½μ± λκ°μ§λ₯Ό κ³ λ €νμλ€. 격벽μ μ·¨μ½μ±μ λ€μν μμμ΄ κ²©λ²½μ λ―ΈμΉλ νλ° μλ ₯μ μ΄ν©μΌλ‘ κ³ λ €λμμΌλ©°, 격μ€μ μ·¨μ½μ±μ λ€μν μμμ΄ κ²©μ€μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ νλ₯ κ³Ό 격μ€μ μ€μλλ₯Ό κ³±ν κ°μ ν΅ν΄ κ³ λ €λμλ€. λν, λ κ°μ§ μ·¨μ½μ±μ μν΄ κ΄λ ¨ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ€μ― κ°μ§ μμ μ’
λ₯ (λν¨ λ―Έμ¬μΌ, μ΄λ’°, κΈ°λ’°, μΆ©λ, μ’μ΄)μ λν ν¨μ μ κΈΈμ΄, ν, λμ΄ λ°©ν₯ μμ νλ₯ μ κ³ λ €νμλ€.
ν¨μ μ μ΄μ©μ± νκ°λ₯Ό μ λμ μΌλ‘ μ§ννκΈ° μν΄, ν¨μ μ 격μ€κ° μ μκ³Ό μ¬νμ μ΄λμ κ³ λ €νμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μν΄ κ° κ²©μ€κ°μ μ΅λ¨ 거리μ 격μ€κ°μ κ΄κ³ κ³ λ €νμλ€. κ° κ²©μ€κ°μ κ΄κ³λ κ°κΉμ΄ μμΌλ©΄ μ’μ 격μ€κ°μ μ λλ₯Ό νκ°ν μΉλ°μ±κ³Ό, μλ‘ λ©λ¦¬ λ¨μ΄μ Έ μμ΄μΌ νλ 격μ€κ°μ μ λμ± λκ°μ§λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν μΈμ μ±μ ν΅ν΄ κ³ λ €λμλ€.
μμ μ€λͺ
ν μΈκ°μ§ νκ°λ₯Ό ν¨μ μ΄κΈ° λ°°μΉ μ€κ³λ₯Ό μν λ¬Έμ λ‘ μ μν νμλ€. μ΅μ ν λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό μ€κ³ λ³μλ 격벽과 κ°νμ μμΉ, 격μ€μ μμΉ λ° λ³΅λμ μμΉλ‘ μ€μ λμμΌλ©°, λͺ©μ ν¨μλ ν¨μ μ μ·¨μ½μ±μ μ΅μν νλκ²κ³Ό μ΄μ©μ±μ μ΅λν νλ κ²μΌλ‘ μ€μ λμλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ³΅μμ± ν₯μμ μν΄ μ΄κΈ° GMμ μ΅λν νλ κ²μ λͺ©μ ν¨μλ‘ κ³ λ €νμλ€. μ΄ κ³Όμ μμ κ° κ²©λ²½ λ° κ°νμ μμΉμ λν μ μ½κ³Ό κΈ°κ΄λΆκ° κ°μ ΈμΌ νλ κΈΈμ΄ λ° κ° κ²©μ€μ΄ μ΅μν κ°μ ΈμΌ νλ λμ΄μ λν μ μ½μ΄ κ³ λ €λμμΌλ©°, λν νΉμ 격μ€μ΄ κ°μ ΈμΌ νλ μμΉλ₯Ό μ΅μ ν λ¬Έμ μμ μ μ½ μ‘°κ±΄μΌλ‘ κ³ λ €νμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ ν¨μ μ΄κΈ° λ°°μΉ μ€κ³μ μ΅μ μμ λμΆνμμΌλ©°, λμΆλ μ΅μ μμ μ€κ° λ¨κ³ μΉ¨μλ₯Ό ν¬ν¨ν΄ μμ 볡μμ±μ λ§μ‘±νλμ§ νκ°λμλ€.
μμμ μ μλ ν¨μ μ΄κΈ° λ°°μΉ μ€κ³ λ° μ λ° κ³μ° κ³Όμ μ νλμ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μΌλ‘ κ°λ°νμμΌλ©°, μ΄λ₯Ό λ―Έ ν΄κ΅°μ ꡬμΆν¨μ μ μ©νμ¬ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ ν¨μ©μ±μ νμΈνμλ€.Nomenclature 1
1. Introduction 2
1.1. Research backgrounds 2
1.2. Related works 5
1.2.1. Related works for optimizing arrangement design of the naval ship 6
1.2.2. Related works for intermediate flooding analysis 10
1.3. Research objectives and work scope 13
2. Theoretical backgrounds 18
2.1. Configuration of a framework for evaluation of arrangement for naval ships 18
2.2. Template model for naval ship 21
2.3. Stability evaluation 23
2.3.1. Intact stability evaluation 24
2.3.2. Damage stability evaluation 28
2.3.3. GZ Curve calculation considering free trim 34
2.3.4. Intermediate flooding analysis 38
(1) Dynamic analysis for intermediate flooding 41
(2) Position Based Dynamics for flooding analysis 42
(3) Equation of motion in the time domain (Cummins equation) 57
2.4. Vulnerability evaluation 59
2.4.1. Bulkhead vulnerability 60
2.4.2. Room vulnerability 64
2.5. Operability evaluation 68
2.5.1. Adjacency index between rooms 69
2.5.2. Distance matrix between rooms 70
2.6. Optimal arrangement for naval ships 72
2.6.1. Input information 75
2.6.2. Design variables 77
2.6.3. Objective functions 80
2.6.4. Constraints 82
(1) Constraints related to the criteria for intact stability 82
(2) Constraints related to the required volumes for liquid tanks 82
(3) Constraints related to the required length for the engine rooms 83
(4) Constraints related to the required deck height 84
(5) Constraints related to the required area for rooms 84
(6) Constraints related to the required locations of the specific rooms 84
2.6.5. Optimization algorithm 85
3. Verifications 87
3.1. Verifications of intermediate flooding analysis 87
3.1.1. Verification of PBD 87
(1) Verification model 88
(2) Verification results 90
3.1.2. Verification of dynamic flooding analysis 94
(1) Verification model 95
(2) Verification results 96
3.1.3. Verification with the experiment by Ruponen [24] 97
(1) Verification model 97
(2) Verification results 99
3.1.4. Verification with the experiment by Hosseini et al. [32] 102
(1) Verification model 102
(2) Verification results 104
3.1.5. Verification with the experiment by Debra et al. [42] 106
(1) Verification model 107
3.2. Verifications of stability 109
3.2.1. Stability evaluation for barge type ship 110
3.2.2. Stability evaluation for Navy oiler 113
3.3. Verification of vulnerability 115
3.4. Verification of operability 118
4. Application 121
4.1. Overview of SyFAP and SyLOP 121
4.1.1. SyFAP (SyDLab. Flooding Analysis Program) 121
4.1.2. SyLOP (SyDLab. Layout Optimization Program) 123
4.2. Target for application 124
4.3. Optimization results and discussions 128
4.3.1. Damage stability evaluation for optimization results 133
4.3.2. Applying wave loads for optimization results 139
5. Conclusion and future works 144
5.1. Summary 144
5.2. Contributions 145
5.2.1. Theoretical contributions 145
5.2.2. Contributions for applications 150
5.2.3. Other contributions 150
5.3. Future works 151
References 152
APPENDICES 158
A. Quasi-static method for flooding analysis 159
A.1. Overall procedure of flooding analysis 160
A.2. Calculation of fluid flow using dynamic orifice equation 163
A.3. Calculation of air pressure for fully flooded compartments 165
A.4. Calculation of accurate fluid volume 168
A.5. Cargo load 170
A.5.1. Consideration of oil leakage 170
A.5.2. Consideration of solid cargo items 176
κ΅λ¬Έ μ΄λ‘ 177Docto
(A) study of atrioventricular conduction using his bundle electrogram
μνκ³Ό/μμ¬[νκΈ]
λ€κ·Ήλμλ₯Ό μ΄μ©νμ¬ His μμ λλ₯Ό μ©μ΄νκ² κΈ°λ‘νκ² λ μ΄λ μ¬μ λμμ P-R κ°κ²©μ
P-A, A-H, H-Vμ 3 κ°κ²©μΌλ‘ μΈλΆν μ μκ² λμμΌλ©° λ°λΌμ λΆμ λ§₯κ³Ό μ λμ₯μ μ μ°κ΅¬
μ νκΈ°μ μΈ λ°μ μ κ°μ Έμλ€.
μ μλ 35λͺ
μ νμλ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ μ μ λ°©μ€μ λλ₯Ό μΈ‘μ νμκ³ κ°μ’
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μλ€.
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μ μμμμ μ μ λ°©μ€μ λμκ°μ P-A, A-H, H-Vμ κ°κ²©μ λ²μκ° κ°κ° 25-45 msec,
50-100 msec, 30-45 msec μ΄μλ€.
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μ μ±μΈμμ μ μ λ°©μ€μ λμκ°μ κ°κ° 25-50 msec, 65-110 msec, 20-50 msecλ‘μ
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μ λμ₯μ μ λΆμ λ§₯μ κ°μ§ 16λͺ
μ νμμμ Hisμμ λλ₯Ό κΈ°λ‘νμλλ° 1λλ°©μ€μ°¨
λ¨μ΄ 4μ, 2λλ°©μ€μ°¨λ¨(Mobitz typeβ
) 1μ, 3λλ°©μ€μ°¨λ¨(supra-His block) 2μ, μ¬λ°©μΈ
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μ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κ²°μ μ±μ‘°μ¨ 1μμλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
Although considerable knowledge about cardiac conduction has been accumulated
through the study of external electrocardiogram, the most apparent limitation of
this method is that activity of the conductive system itself is not recorded.
Scherlag and coworkers introduced a simple technique for recording the electrical
activity of the His bundle in the human heart. With the development of a simple
catheter technique for recording of His bundle electrogram it has become possible
to subdivide the previously silent P-R interval into three subintervals, P-A, A-H,
and H-V intervals. The P-A, A-H, and H-V intervals are, respectively, measures of
intra-atrial (from high to low right atrium), atrioventricular nodal, and
intraventricular (distal His bundle and bundle branches) conduction. His bundle
recording contributes to understanding the electrophysiological mechanisms
underlying atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disturbances. The sites
of conduction delay or block are anatomically and electrophysiologically localized
as being proximal, in, or distal to the His bundle. this in turn may allow us
greater specificity in the selection of the proper therapy for the patient with
abnormalities of cardiac rhythm.
The purpose of this study was to analyze A-V conduction in patient with normal
P-R interval and to define more precisely the areas of delay or block in conduction
disturbances and various arrythmias by means of the technique of His bundle
recording. The His bundle electrograms were recorded with tripolar electrode
catheter in 35 patients in Cardiac. Laboratory in Severance Hospital from January
1975 to November 1975. This study consisted 19 patients with normal
atrioventricular conduction and 16 patients with various conduction disturbance and
arrythmias. All patients except two with normal heart had underlying congenital and
acquired heart diseases.
A) Normal A-V conduction time in children and adults.
In 8 children aged 5 to 15 years with a mean age of 10.2 years P-A interval
ranged from 25 to 45 msec with a mean SE of 32 Β± 3.1, A-H from 50 to 100 msec with
a mean of 68 Β± 6.1, and H-V from 30 to 45 msec with a mean of 36 Β± 1.9. In 11
adults aged 16 to 59 years with a mean age of 33.4 years P-A interval ranged from
25 to 50 msec with a mean of 36 Β± 3.0, A-H from 65 to 110 msec with a mean of 84
Β± 4.8, and H-V from 20 to 50 msec with a mean of 37 Β± 2.8. The P-A, A-H, and H-V
intervals did not differ statistically between children and adults.
B) Various conduction disturbances and arrythmias.
1) In 4 patients with first degree A-V block the P-A and H-V intervals were
normal but the prolonged H-V intervals were 140, 142, 170, and 175 msec,
respectively.
2) In a patient with second degree A-V block (Mobitz type β
) His bundle
electrograms showed progressive lengthening of A-H intervals with P waves blocked
proximal to the His bundle recording sits (not followed by H potentials).
3) In two patients with complete heart block His bundle recordings demonstrated P
waves not followed by H potentials while QRS complexes were preceded by H
potentials. The sites of block might be proximal to the His bundle.
4) His bundle recordings were obtained in five patients with atrial fibrillation.
In 4 patients a single His bundle potential preceded each QRS complex and H-V
interval were constant from beat to beat during atrial fibrillation.
In two patients right bundle potential(RB) was recorded. RB-V intervals were 20
and 15 msec. respectively, which were shorter than normal H-V interval.
5) His bundle electrograms were recorded in 2 patients of WPW syndrome with
paroxysmal atrial tachycardia(PAT) which were type A and type B, respectively. In
all 2 patients A-H intervals were same as A-8 intervals. When episodes of PAT
occurred delta waves (8) disappeared with prolongation of A-H intervals.
6) In one patient with junctional tachycardia His bundle recording did not
demonstrate A potential. When episodes of atrial tachycardia disappeared the A
potential appeared.
7) His bundle electrogram was recorded in a patient with junctional rhythm
(ventricular rate: 43/min.). The A potential was not demonstrated while QRS
complexes were preceded by H potentials.restrictio
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μ‘°μ λλ€. μμ₯ νλͺ¬μ€μλ secretinκ³Ό cholecystokinin(CCK)μ΄ κ°μ₯ μ€μν μν μ νλ©°
μ΄μΈμλ neurotensin, glucagon, gastrin, ADH, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
λ±μ΄ κ΄μ¬νλ€. μ΅κ·Ό λΆμ νΌμ§ νλͺ¬ λ° κ°μμ νλͺ¬μ΄ μ΄μμΈλΆλΉμ μ±μ₯ λ° κΈ°λ₯μ κ΄μ¬
νλ€λ λ³΄κ³ κ° μμ§λ§ μλ‘ μλ°λ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 보μ΄κ³ μμ΄ μ΄λ€ νλͺ¬μ΄ μ΄μμΈλΆλΉμ λ―ΈμΉλ
μ νν μν₯ λ° κΈ°μ μ μ΄ν΄νκΈ°μ λ§μ μ΄λ €μμ΄ μλ€. λ°λΌμ μ΄λ² μ°κ΅¬μμλ κ°μμ
νλͺ¬ λ° νκ°μμ μ λ₯Ό ν¬μ¬νμ¬ κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯μ λ³λμν¨ ν°μ₯λ₯Ό μ΄μ©νμ¬ κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯λ³
λμ λ°λ₯Έ μ΄μμΈλΆλΉ λ³λμ κ΄μ°°νκ³ CCK μκ·ΉλΆλΉμμ μ»μ΄μ§ μ΄μ ν¨μλ¨λ°±μ HPLCλ‘
λΆλ¦¬νμ¬ κ° ν¨μμ λΆλΉμμμ κ΄μ°°νμλ€. λν λΆμ νΌμ§ νλͺ¬κ³Όμ μνΈμμ©μ κ²μμ½
μ λΆμ μ μ μ μ μνν μ₯μμ κ°μ μ€νμ μννμ¬ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»μλ€.
1. ν°μ₯μ λͺΈλ¬΄κ²λ μ μ λμ‘°κ΅°κ³Ό λΆμ μ μ κ±°ν ν°μ₯μμ κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯μ΄ μ νλκ±°λ
νμ§λ κ²½μ° λͺ¨λ λͺΈλ¬΄κ²μ μ¦κ°κ° λνλμλ€.
2. ν°μ₯μ λͺΈλ¬΄κ²μ λν μ΄μλ¬΄κ² λΉμ¨μ λΆμ μ μ μ μ λ°μ λλ¬Όμ΄λ λ°μ§ μμ λλ¬Ό
λͺ¨λ κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯μ νμ μ΄μλ¬΄κ² λΉμ¨μ΄ κ°μνμκ³ , κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯νμ§μ μ΄μλ¬΄κ² λΉμ¨
μ΄ μ€κ°νμλ€.
3. μ΄μμ‘ λΆλΉλμ λΆμ μ μ μ κ³Ό μκ΄μμ΄ κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯μ νμ κ°μνμκ³ κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯
νμ§μ μ€κ°νμλλ°, μ΄λ νΉν μκ·ΉλΆλΉμ보λ€λ κΈ°μ΄λΆλΉμμ λμ± νμ νμμΌλ©°, λΆ
μ μ μ λ§μΌλ‘λ μ΄μμ‘ λΆλΉλμ΄ μ¦κ°νμλ€.
4. μ΄ λ¨λ°± λΆλΉλμ λΆμ μ μ μ μκ΄μμ΄ κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯μ νμ κ°μνμκ³ κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯
νμ§μ μ¦κ°νμμΌλ©° λΆμ μ μ λ§μΌλ‘λ μ μ λλ¬Όλ³΄λ€ νμ ν μ¦κ° νμλ€.
5. μ μ νμ₯μ μ΄μ ν¨μλ¨λ°±μ HPLCλ‘ λΆλ¦¬ν λ° lipase 2λΆν, trypsinogen 2λΆν,
procarboxypeptidase 2λΆνμ ν¬ν¨νμ¬ 6κ° ν¨μ 9κ° λμ’
ν¨μ λΆνμ λ³Ό μ μμμΌλ©° λ¨
μΌ λΆνμΌλ‘λ chymotrypsinogenμ΄ κ°μ₯ λ§μκ³ λμ’
ν¨μλ‘λ trypsinogens λΆνμ΄ μ΄ ν¨
μ λ¨λ°±λ μ€μμ κ°μ₯ λ§μλ€.
6. μ΄μ ν¨μλ¨λ°±μ HPLCλΆνμμμ κ° ν¨μλΆν λΉμ¨μ λ³λμ λΆμν κ²°κ³Ό, κ°μμ κΈ°
λ₯μ νμμλ νμ ν lipase λΆνμ κ°μμ proelastase λΆνμ μ¦κ°κ° κ΄μ°°λμκ³ , κ°μ
μ κΈ°λ₯νμ§μμλ proelastase λΆνμ΄ κ°μλμλ€.
μ΄μκ°μ κ²°κ³Όλ‘ λ³΄μ ν°μ₯μ μμ΄μ κ°μμ νλͺ¬μ λΆμ κΈ°λ₯κ³Όλ 무κ΄νκ² μ΄μμΈλΆλΉ
κΈ°λ₯μ μ¦κ°μν€λ©° κ°μμ κΈ°λ₯λ³λμ anticoordinate ν©μ± λλ λΉ ννμ ν¨μ λΆλΉλ₯Ό
μ λ°νλ€κ³ μκ°νλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
Exocrine pancreas synthesizes and secretes approximately 25 exportable proteins,
most of which are digestive enzymes. The exocrine functions of pancreas are
regulated by cholinergic nerve and a number of gastrointestinal hormones, notably
secretin and CCK. Recently thyroxine and corticosteroids has also been suggested to
act on exocrine pancreas, however, the results are controversial and their precise
mode of action has not been established. Present study, therefore, was aimed to
clarify the role of thyroid hormone and its interaction with corticosteroids, on
exocrine pancreatic function in the hyper- and hypothyroid rats induced by
thyroxine and PTU with or without adrenalectomy.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing ca. 200g normal and adrenalectomized, were
treated either with L-thyroxine (T4; 0.1mg/kg/day s.c.) or n-propylthiouracil(PTU;
0.01% in drinking water) for 2 weeks to induce hyper- or hypothyroidism. At the end
of 2 weeks, the rats were anesthetized(urethane 1.75g/kg,s.c.) and the pure
pancreatic juice was collected after ligation of proximal common bile duct in basal
condition and during stimulation by secretin with or without CCK. The secretin-CCK
stimulated pancreatic enzyme proteins were fractionated by HPLC using TSK pheny1
5PW hydrophobic interaction column.
The results are as follows;
1. The increase of body weight during 2 weeks in normal and adrenalectomized rats
was 72 Β± 5g and 37 Β± 6g, respectively, and the change of thyroid status to hypo-
or hyperfunction caused further decrease of the weight gain.
2. The pancreas weight (g/100g B.W) was decreased in hypothyroid and increased in
hyperthyroid ratsregardless of adrenalectomy.
3. The pancreatic juice flow was decreased in hypothyroid rats and increased in
hyperthyroid rats which is more prominent in basal secretion than in stimulated
secretion.
4. Total protein content in pancreatic juice was decreased in hypothyroid and
increased in hyperthyroid rats which is not related to adrenal status but
adrenalectomy itself caused increase of protein secretion.
5. The HPLC chromatogram revealed 9 isozyme fractions consisting of 2 lipases, 2
trtpsinogens, 2 procarboxypeptidases, proelastase, chymotrypsinogen and amylase.
Chymotrypsinogen was the highest fraction as a single enzyme but two trypsinogen
isozyme fractions occupied the highest proportion among the total enzyme protein.
6. The proportions of pancreatic enzyme fractions are modified by the changes of
thyroid status; those are, in hypothyroid rats, the lipase fractions were decreased
and proelastase was increased, however, in hyperthyroid rats, proelastase fraction
was decreased. Adrenalectomy itself did not cause any significant influence on the
ratio of all enzyme fractions.
These results suggest that thyroid hormone enhances exocrine function of pancreas
directly independent of adrenoeortical hormones, and the change of thyroid status
induces anticoordinate synthesis or non-paralle1 secretion.restrictio
Hepatic Abscess in Korea
μνκ³Ό/μμ¬[μλ¬Έ]
Professor Ludlow of Severance Union Medical College was the first to report (1923) the fact that hepatic abscess in a Korean patient produced clinical signs and symptoms which were somewhat different from those found among occidentals who stayed in the peninsula.
Following the advent and subsequent wide use of chemotherapeutic drugs and antibiotics, the incidence of hepatic abscess has decrease along with its mortality rate.
Event thought this condition is becoming rare, it is an insidious one. The alert clinician who considers the possibility of an hepatic abscess in his differential diagnosis, and who recognizes the condition in time to give adequate early treatment, can frequently prevent the patient's death. Too many patients are seen only after a long period of neglect, and at a time that adequate treatment is not effective.
During the last 10 years the incidence of hepatic abscess among Koreans and occidentals has been the same.
Every Korean surgeon will occasionally operate upon patients who have hepatic abscesses. However, as yet, there is no report of a systematic study of patients presenting this problem since Ludlow. The purpose of this study is to provide a statistical analysis of this problem and a knowledge of the clinical behaviour of hepatic abscess in Korea, there with providing material which can be used in comparing similar studies made in other countries.
MATERIALS
The case histories of 87 patients admitted to Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Medical Center from July 1, 1955 to June 30, 1965 were reviewed. Each patient had a diagnosis is hepatic abscess. 61 had surgery. 26 patients had their diagnosis confirmed by non-surgical measures such as X-Ray examination.
RESULTS
1. Among 61 cases coming to surgery 28 (46%) were due to pyogenic infection 33 (54%) were amoebic in origin.
2. In both types of abscesses males outnumbered females in a 4:1 ratio.
3. The peak age incidence for both types came in the 4th decade (30-40 years).
4. The right lobe was involved in 86% of the pyogenic and 97% of the amoebic abscesses. The left lobe was involved in 14% of the pyogenic and only 3% of the amoebic abscesses.
5. In direct smear and culture studies the pus was found to be sterile in 32% of the abscesses. 36% showed Gram-negative cocci (the commonest organism found), and 18% had coagulase-positive staphylococci.
6. Only 15% of the amoebic abscesses showed Endamoeba Histolytica in the abscess, and only 4% had amoeba in their stools.
7. 8% of the patients with pyogenic abscess showed abnormal liver function, but 89% of those with amoebic abscess were found to have hepatic dysfunction.
8. 78% of the patients with pyogenic abscess had positive X-Ray findings and in amoebic abscess positive signs were present in 82%.
9. Pyogenic hepatic abscess was treated with pre and post-operative antibiotics, while emetine hydrochloride and chloroquine were the drugs of choice for the amebic abscess. Surgical drainage was used for both types.
10. 7% of the pyogenic, and 24% of the amebic abscess patients developed complications.
11. 4.9% of the 61 patients having surgical exploration or treatment died. This is mortality of 3.6% for the pyogenic and 6% for the amoebic abscess patients.
CONCLUSION
With adequate surgical drainage and the use of chemotherapeutic drugs and antibiotics as indicated the prognosis for hepatic abscess patients is good. The physician must always consider the possibility of an hepatic abscess in making the differential diagnosis for any patient who has chills and fever of obscure origin.restrictio
The Effect of rutin on brain cell membrane function and lipid peroxidation during cerebral hypoxia in newborn piglet
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνκ³Ό μμκ³Όνμ 곡,1997.Docto
κ³ μ±λ₯ꡬ리배μ 곡μ μ μν μ λ’°μ±μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬ :
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Όλ¬Έ(λ°μ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μ¬λ£κ³΅νλΆ,2007.Docto
A Study on the Legal Principle of the Right of Fixed-term Employees to Expectation for Labor Contract Renewal
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