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    ํ์•”์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ(pemetrexed)์˜ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ „

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ์ด์ข…์„.์„œ๋ก : ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ๋Š” ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•”์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์ „์— ์ผ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์†Œ๊ด€ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ์‚ฌ 4 (EML4)-์—ญํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข… ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ (ALK) ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•”์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์šฐ์›”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•”์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์ธ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ํš๋“ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: EML4-ALK variant 1 ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ์„ ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ธ NCI-H3122 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ EML4-ALK variant 3 ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” NCI-H2228 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  EML4-ALK ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์ธ A549์™€ NCI-H460์ด ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ A549, NCI-H460 ๋ฐ NCI-H3122 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ-๋‚ด์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฆ์‹ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฝœ๋กœ๋‹ˆ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ํš๋“ ํ›„ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ํ‘œํ”ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR), ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ‘œํ”ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž (human epidermal growth factor receptor, HER) ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋ธ”๋กฏ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹  ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฐ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ ์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ํš๋“์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” EGFR ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ‘œํ”ผ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด 2 (HER2) ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๊ฒŒํ”ผํ‹ฐ๋‹™, ๋ผํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋‹™, ์•„ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋‹™, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์กฐํ‹ฐ๋‹™๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ EGFR-HER ๋ฐ ALK ์—ฐ๊ด€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ ํ•ญ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์žฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๊ทน๋ณต๊ธฐ์ „์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ›„์˜ AKT, MEK, ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ-์œ ๋„์„ฑ ์ธ์ž 1 ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋“ฑ ํ•˜์œ„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋ธ”๋กฏ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: EML4-ALK variant 1 ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” NCI-H3122๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์— ์ข€๋” ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ A549, NCI-H460, NCI-H2228 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ›„ S ๋ถ„ํš์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, NCI-H3122์—์„œ๋Š” sub-G1 ๋ถ„ํš์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด NCI-H3122์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋†๋„์—์„œ ์ข€๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์˜ ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ A549, NCI-H460, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  NCI-H3122์— 15๊ฐœ์›”๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ A549, NCI-H460, NCI-H3122 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฝœ๋กœ๋‹ˆ ์ƒ์„ฑ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹  ํ‚ค๋‚˜์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ NCI-H3122 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด EGFR ๋ฐ HER2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” EGFR ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ์˜ ๋†๋„์— ๋น„์˜์กด์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์  ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ A549, NCI-H460 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. EGFR ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ HER ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ ์•„ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋‹™์€ NCI-H3122 ๋ถ€๋ชจ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ NCI-H3122 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์•„ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋‹™์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ NCI-H3122 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ EGFR ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋‚ด์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ๋ฐ ์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ-์œ ๋„์„ฑ ์ธ์ž 1 ์•ŒํŒŒ์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ EGFR-HER ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•„ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋‹™์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ๋Š” EML4-ALK ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” NCI-H3122์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. NCI-H3122์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ EGFR-HER ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, EML4-ALK ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•”์—์„œ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ต์ œ๋œ ALK-์—ฐ๊ด€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ EGFR-HER์— ์˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ํš๋“์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ HER ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ ์•„ํŒŒํ‹ฐ๋‹™์„ ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ NCI-H3122์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ํŽ˜๋ฉ”ํŠธ๋ ‰์„ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Introduction : Pemetrexed is an important therapeutic agent in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Previous studies have shown that pemetrexed is more effective in cases of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) - anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer, though the mechanism remains unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the acquired resistance mechanisms of pemetrexed and to establish appropriate treatment strategies to overcome these resistance mechanisms. We compared the sensitivity and resistance patterns of pemetrexed in various lung cancer cell lines according to the genetic characteristics of the lung cancer. Materials and Methods : Non-small cell lung cancer cell lines A549, NCI-H460, NCI-H2228 harboring variant 3 type EML4-ALK rearrangement, and NCI-H3122 harboring variant 1 type EML4-ALK rearrangement were used in this experiment. Cell proliferation assay and cell cycle analysis were performed to compare the viability and the patterns of cell cycling of these cell lines after pemetrexed treatment. We established pemetrexed-resistant sublines in A549, NCI-H460, and NCI-H3122 cell lines through exposure to increasing concentrations of pemetrexed. Colony forming assay was used to compare the proliferation capacity of parental and pemetrexed-resistant cell lines. Western blot was performed to analyze the difference in protein expression between parental and pemetrexed-resistant cell lines. Receptor tyrosine kinase protein array and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were performed to confirm the changes of receptor tyrosine kinase pathway-related protein expression including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) in the cells after acquisition of pemetrexed-resistance. Based on the mechanism of pemetrexed-resistance acquisition associated with EGFR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the cells were treated with various small molecular inhibitors of this signaling pathway such as gefitinib, lapatinib, afatinib, and crizotinib and several cytotoxic agents and their survival curves were compared to find a way to overcome this resistance. Results : EML4-ALK variant type 1-rearranged NCI-H3122 was found to be more sensitive to pemetrexed than the other cells. Cell cycle analysis after pemetrexed treatment showed that the fraction of the S phase was increased in A549, NCI-H460 and NCI-H2228, whereas the portion of apoptotic sub-G1 increased in NCI-H3122. Subsequent experiments confirmed that pemetrexed induced apoptotic cell death early in NCI-H3122 compared to other cells. After exposure to each cell line for about 15 months with increasing concentrations of pemetrexed, pemetrexed-resistant cell lines of A549, NCI-H460, and NCI-H3122 were established. Pemetrexed-resistant cell lines were inferior in colony forming capacity as compared to the parental cell lines. When the expression levels of the receptor tyrosine kinase family -related protein in the parent and resistance cells were compared in each cell line, the pemetrexed-resistant NCI-H3122 cell line showed an increased expression of EGFR and HER2 compared to the parental cell line. Since this change was not dependent on the levels of EGFR ligands, it appears to be due to genetic changes in the cell. The pan-HER inhibitor, afatinib, inhibited this alternative signaling pathway, resulting in a superior cytotoxic effect in pemetrexed-resistant NCI-H3122 cell lines than in parental cells. Afatinib also suppressed expression levels of several proteins of the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in pemetrexed-resistant NCI-H3122 cells, suggesting the possibility as a means to overcome resistance to pemetrexed. Conclusion : The NCI-H3122 cell line harboring EML4-ALK variant type 1 rearrangement was more susceptible to pemetrexed-induced cell death than other cell lines. When NCI-H3122 cell lines acquire resistance to pemetrexed, the expression of EGFR and HER is increased compared to the parent cell line. These results suggest that the alternative activation of EGFR-HER signal pathways may contribute to the acquisition of resistance to pemetrexed by non-small-cell lung cancer cells that are EML4-ALK rearrangement. Inhibition of this alternative survival signaling pathway with afatinib overcame this resistance.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 3 1. Materials 3 2. Cell culture 4 3. Cell proliferation assay 6 4. Cell Cycle Analysis 6 5. Western Blot Analysis 6 6. Colony forming assay 7 7. Receptor tyrosine kinase protein array 7 8. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) 8 9. RNA interference 9 10. Statistical Analysis 9 Results 11 1. Effect of PEM on cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis-associated protein expression in lung cancer cell lines 11 2. Development of PEM-resistant lung cancer cell lines 15 3. Alternative activation of the RTK family as a major mechanism mediating PEM-acquired resistance 17 4. Effect of acquired PEM resistance on the RTK ligands in NCI-H3122 cells 21 5. Overcoming PEM resistance by using tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) 23 6. Effect of the TKIs on RTK downstream cascade and colony formation in NCI-H3122 R cells 32 Discussion 35 References 40 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 46Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ(์น˜๊ณผ์ƒ์ฒด์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์–‘ํ˜•์ฒ .1. ๋ชฉ ์  ์น˜๊ณผ์šฉ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์ œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ™œ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์„ธํฌ์— ์‚ฐํ™” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์น˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ง„๊ณ„ ์ƒ์•„์งˆ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ณต ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์œ ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ค‘ํ•ฉ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ๋Š” 3์ฐจ ์ƒ์•„์งˆ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋ฐ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ๋…์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ €ํ•ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์•„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ๋†๋„์™€ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž„์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์น˜์•„ ๋ฏธ๋ฐฑ์ œ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด ์ค‘์—์„œ ์œ ์ถœ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)์™€ triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA)์˜ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์ €ํ•ด ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถ„ํ™” ์ €ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ• ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋†๋„์˜ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์€ WST ๋ฒ• (modified MTT ๋ฒ•), ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ข…์€ 2`,7`-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์  ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ๋†๋„ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™œ์„ฑ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ hydroxyl radical์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ HEMA ๋ฐ TEGDMA์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋†๋„์—์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ํ™œ์„ฑ, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (ONV)์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์ €ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3. ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋†๋„์™€ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์„ธ์ฒ™์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์ˆ˜๋ก ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— 30๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ 5 mM์ดํ•˜, 60๋ถ„ ๋™์•ˆ 2.5 mM์ดํ•˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ฒ™์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ธ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์€ ๋†๋„์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์ธ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ hydroxyl radical์€ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋†๋„์™€ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Fenton reaction inhibitor๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ deferoxamine (DFO)๊ณผ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ hydroxyl radical์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ ํšŒ๋ณต์—๋Š” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. TEGDMA์™€ HEMA๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ๊ณผ ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ƒ์กด์œจ๊ณผ ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. TEGDMA๋Š” 1 mM, HEMA๋Š” 4 mM ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋†๋„์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋Š” TEGDMA 0.5 mM, HEMA 2 mM์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์ €ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋œ ํ›„์—๋„ 5์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ €ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด์˜ ๋†๋„ (TEGDMA 0.5 mM, HEMA 2 mM)๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž์ธ DSPP, OCN, OPN์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ €ํ•˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Western blot์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์ €ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ERK1/2, JNK, p38 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ p38์ด TEGDMA์™€ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ TEGDMA 0.5 mM, ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ 0.2 mM์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ p38 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด TEGDMA๊ฐ€ p38 ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1.1 ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 1.2 ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์น˜๊ณผ์šฉ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 2. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 3.1 ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ 3.2 ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ €ํ•˜๋œ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 3.3 ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๊ธฐ ์–‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 3.4 DFO์™€ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ ์ธก์ • 3.5 ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ 3.6 ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 3.7 ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ €ํ•ด๋œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ ALP ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 3.8 ๋ ˆ์ง„๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ˆ˜์„ธํฌ์˜ mRNA ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 3.9 ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด๊ฐ€ MAP-kinases ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 5. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—ŒMaste

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