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    ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ—ค๋งˆํƒ€์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ผ๊ณผํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ์ด์ฐฝํ•˜.ํ—ค๋งˆํƒ€์ดํŠธ(ฮฑ-Fe2O3)๋Š” ์ผ๊ณผํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ(PMS)์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์œ ๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋งˆํƒ€์ดํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ์ผ๊ณผํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ์€ ํŽ˜๋†€๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋†€ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ pH, ์ด‰๋งค ์ฃผ์ž…๋Ÿ‰, ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ ๋†๋„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์„คํŽ˜์ดํŠธ ๋ผ๋””์นผ๊ณผ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค ๋ผ๋””์นผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ผ๋””์นผ ์ข…์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ๋””์นผ ์Šค์บ๋นˆ์ €, XTT, ์Œ์ด์˜จ, ์ „์ž์Šคํ•€ ๊ณต๋ช… ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์ด์ „์— ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ผ๋””์นผ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ์•„๋‹˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ค‘ํ•ญ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์Šค์บ๋นˆ์ € ์‹คํ—˜์€ ํŽ˜๋†€ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ „์ž์Šคํ•€ ๊ณต๋ช… ๋ถ„๊ด‘๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์ค‘์ˆ˜ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์ค‘ํ•ญ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ—ค๋งˆํƒ€์ดํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•œ PMS ๋ถ„ํ•ด์™€ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ „์ž์ „๋‹ฌ ๋งค๊ฒŒ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋กœ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ—ค๋งˆํƒ€์ดํŠธ/์ผ๊ณผํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์—ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ—ค๋งˆํƒ€์ดํŠธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ 4๊ฐ€์ฒ ์ด ์œ ๊ธฐ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์‚ฐํ™” ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.Hematite (ฮฑ-Fe2O3) was found to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for oxidizing organic compounds in aqueous environments. ฮฑ-Fe2O3 activated PMS can effectively degrade phenolic compounds (i.e., phenol, bisphenol A, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol). The effects of pH, catalyst dosage, and PMS concentration on phenol degradation were investigated. The observations obtained in this study provided evidence against the generation of reactive species such as sulfate radical, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, and singlet oxygen. Radical scavenger (i.e., tert-butanol, methanol, and p-benzoquinone) test, superoxide radical probe test, anion (i.e., H2PO4โˆ’, ClO4โˆ’, NO3โˆ’ and Clโˆ’) test, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy suggest that the oxidation mechanism does not likely involve the previously proposed radical mechanisms. Although singlet oxygen scavengers (i.e., furfuryl alcohol, azide ion, and L-histidine) could inhibit the phenol degradation, EPR spectroscopy and deuterium oxide test deny the responsible for singlet oxygen in ฮฑ-Fe2O3/PMS system. PMS decomposition by ฮฑ-Fe2O3 and electrochemical analysis rebuff the electron mediated reactive complex. Based on the observations from this study, it is suggested that a high-valent iron species (Fe(IV)) is the reactive species of the ฮฑ-Fe2O3/PMS system. FeIV=O generated on the surface of ฮฑ-Fe2O3 appears to be the responsible oxidant for the degradation of organic contaminants.CONTENTS Abstract i Contents iii List of Figures v List of Tables viii 1. Introduction 1 2. Materials and Methods 5 2.1. Reagents 5 2.2. EPR spectroscopy 6 2.3. Electrochemical analysis 6 2.4. PMS treatment of ฮฑ-Fe2O3 and the characterization 7 2.5. Experimental setup and procedure 7 2.6. Analytical methods 8 3. Results and Discussion 9 3.1. Degradation of organic compounds by ฮฑ-Fe2O3/PMS system 9 3.2. Effects of reaction parameters on phenol degradation 13 3.3. Mechanism of PMS activation by ฮฑ-Fe2O3 16 3.3.1. Effects of scavengers 16 3.3.2. Effects of anions 20 3.3.3. EPR analysis 22 3.3.4. Electron mediated reactive complex 24 3.3.5. PMS treatment of ฮฑ-Fe2O3 26 3.3.6. High-valent iron species (Fe(IV)) 30 Chapter 4. Conclusions 34 References 35 ์š”์•ฝ(๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก) 45 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 46Maste

    ํ™•์žฅ์นผ๋งŒํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌด์ธ์ž ์ˆ˜์ •์˜ ํ•ญ๋ฒ•์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Navigation technology is vital to determine where Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) is located. This is essential to complete missions, such as submarine resource development, marine geological survey, marine ecological survey and mine clearance, and make information gathered during the mission more accurate, reliable and valuable. Dead reckoning that commonly uses Inertia Measurement Unit (IMU), Doppler Velocity Logger (DVL) and magnetic compass has position errors due to integrating acceleration and velocity. Moreover, the heading error of magnetic compass based on geodetic north includes declination and sensor noise caused by local magnetic-field effect and characteristics of sensor. This could raise the position error in the North-East-Down (NED) coordinate system in the case of dead reckoning especially using magnetic compass, because it is based on not geodetic north, but magnetic north. This makes it difficult to implement an integrated navigation system or compare the performance of navigation algorithms, such as dead reckoning, satellite navigation using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and terrain-aided navigation using bathymetry maps. This thesis introduces a GPS-aided navigation algorithm to reduce errors accumulated while using dead reckoning navigation. This will help better estimate the position of UUVs while using dead reckoning in the NED coordinate system. For sensor fusion and measurement noise rejection, the navigation algorithm was designed to use an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which has much fewer calculations than an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and a Particle Filter (PF). This algorithm defined the heading bias error of a magnetic compass as the difference between the UUV heading angle based on geodetic north and a magnetic compassโ€™ heading measurement. The magnetic compassโ€™ heading bias error was asymptotically estimated by receiving GPS positional data when it surfaced. When the navigation algorithm estimated the magnetic compassโ€™ heading bias error, the UUVโ€™s position was displayed in the NED coordinate system, even when the UUV was submerged. While using Matlab Simulink, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) dynamic simulation program was built to check the performance of the proposed navigation algorithm. The simulation program consists of a dynamic model, a sensor model, a controller and the navigation algorithm. A Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) AUV called as ARIES was used as the dynamic model because of its detailed dimensions and its precedent research containing large amounts of hydrodynamic coefficients. Furthermore, the sensor modelโ€™s characteristics were decided on according specifications and test results of sensors currently in use. Considering the sensor characteristics, the measured values of GPS, magnetic compass, DVL, gyro and pressure sensor are artificially generated on the basis of the position, attitude and velocity of AUV in the simulation. After receiving the data, the navigation algorithm estimates the compassโ€™ heading bias error and the AUVโ€™s position allowing control of the AUV and the ability to perform way-points and heading control simulation. The simulation incorporates three different scenarios. Two of them determine and estimate the AUVโ€™s position and heading bias error after receiving(or not) the GPS positional data. The other uses trajectory and heading bias errors similar to those in the field test which allows comparisons of the field test results. The simulations will show that the navigation algorithm improves the accumulated positional errors of dead reckoning and the magnetic compassโ€™ heading bias errors. In the underwater driving scenario, it was confirmed that the AUVโ€™s position errors were improved. This was accomplished by the navigation algorithm examining the magnetic compassโ€™ heading bias error compared to the conventional dead reckoning method. The GPS-aided navigation algorithm was applied to navigation system of a hovering-type AUV in order to verify the performance of the algorithm through field test. The applied algorithm estimates the position and attitude of the AUV and the heading bias error of Tilt-compensated Compass Module (TCM) based on geodetic north, by receiving the measurements of GPS, DVL, TCM and Attitude & Heading Reference System (AHRS). The monitoring and control system based on LabVIEW was implemented to provide the operator with the information about the AUVโ€™s operation. Also, the AUV operating system includes the propulsion system to perform the heading control experiment or the way-point control experiment, which can be configured by the operator. Unlike the simulation, the application of GPS positional data and the estimation of TCM heading bias error depend on additional conditions for the efficient application of the navigation algorithm in the field test. In other words, the navigation algorithm utilizes GPS positional data to estimate the position and attitude of the AUV and the TCM heading bias error, so long as the positional information is judged to be efficient. Otherwise, the position and attitude of the AUV are estimated by dead reckoning considering the heading bias error of TCM obtained previously. As a result, the field test verified the performance of the navigation algorithm, by checking how precisely and accurately the TCM heading bias error was estimated and comparing the position error with the conventional dead reckoning, which was not considering the heading bias error. This thesis proposes the GPS-aided navigation algorithm for UUV. The algorithmโ€™s performance was verified by the simulation and field test. When there is no positional information provided by acoustic beacon and bathymetry map due to long-term and long-distance voyage, the navigation algorithm can be a crucial part of a UUVโ€™s navigation technology.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Objective of research 5 1.3 Organization of the thesis 9 CHAPTER 2 GPS-AIDED NAVIGATION ALGORITHM 2.1 Design of navigation algorithm 10 2.1.1 System model 10 2.1.2 Measurement model 11 2.1.3 Navigation algorithm using extended Kalman filter 12 CHAPTER 3 DYNAMIC SIMULATION 3.1 Dynamic simulation program 15 3.1.1 Block diagram of dynamic simulation 16 3.2 Dynamic model 17 3.2.1 Coordinate system 17 3.2.2 Kinematics 19 3.2.3 Kinetics 21 3.2.3.1 Rigid body dynamics 22 3.2.3.2 Restoring forces and moments 25 3.2.3.3 Equations of motion 27 3.2.3.4 Ocean currents 34 3.3 Sensor model 35 3.4 Controller 36 3.5 Scenarios 38 3.6 Simulation results 41 CHAPTER 4 FIELD TEST 4.1 Hovering-type AUV platform 62 4.1.1 Dimensions and specifications 62 4.1.2 Boards 64 4.1.3 Sensors 66 4.1.4 Thrusters 72 4.2 Operating system 73 4.3 Experimental overview 76 4.4 Field test results 76 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 84 References 86 Acknowledgement 90Maste

    ๋…น์ฐจ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€ ์œ„์•” ์œ„ํ—˜ : ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ถ„์„

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    Dept. of Epidemiology and Biostatistics/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋…น์ฐจ๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์‹ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์˜ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์ด ์œ„์•”์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋…น์ฐจ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€ ์œ„์•” ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์ถœํŒ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…น์ฐจ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€ ์œ„์•” ์œ„ํ—˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.MEDLINE, THE COCHRANE LIBRARY, ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ •๋ณด์› ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์™€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฐพ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์—ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿ ํŽธ์˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋…น์ฐจ์˜ ์ตœ๋‹ค ์„ญ์ทจ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ตœ์ € ์„ญ์ทจ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์Šน์‚ฐ๋น„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์œ„ํ—˜๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ ์ • ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜• ํ˜น์€ ํ™•๋ฅ  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ธตํ™” ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™•๊ณ ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ํ†ตํ•ฉ์Šน์‚ฐ๋น„๋Š” 0.86, 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์€ 0.74-1.00์œผ๋กœ ๋…น์ฐจ ์„ญ์ทจ์™€ ์œ„์•” ์œ„ํ—˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…น์ฐจ์˜ ์œ„์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์—ด ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™˜์ž-๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (ํ†ตํ•ฉ์Šน์‚ฐ๋น„ 0.74, 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 0.63-0.86) ์™€ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (ํ†ตํ•ฉ์Šน์‚ฐ๋น„ 0.61, 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 0.47-0.81) ์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ตœ๋‹ค ๋…น์ฐจ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ตœ์ € ๋…น์ฐจ ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 5 ์ž” ์ด์ƒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (ํ†ตํ•ฉ์Šน์‚ฐ๋น„ 0.68, 95% ์‹ ๋ขฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ 0.53-0.87)๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…น์ฐจ๋Š” ์œ„์•”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋…น์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋” ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์ถœํŒ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Green tea has been suggested to have a chemopreventive effect against various cancers including stomach cancer. No attempt has been made, however, to quantitatively summarize the results of epidemiological researches on green tea consumption and stomach cancer risk so far. The aim of this study is to elucidate the relationship between green tea consumption and stomach cancer risk by meta-analysis of previously published data.Eighteen observational studies were identified using MEDLINE, THE COCHRANE LIBRARY, RISS, and a manual search. Summary odds ratios (ORs) for the highest versus non/lowest green tea consumption levels were calculated based on fixed and random effect models. The meta-regression analysis and stratified analyses were usedto examine heterogeneity across the studies. Influence analysis was done to test robustness of the analysis.The combined result indicates a reduced risk of stomach cancer with intake of green tea (summary OR=0.86, 95% confidence interval(CI)=0.74-1.00). The protective effect was mainly found among twelve case-control studies (summary OR=0.74, 95% CI=0.63-0.86) and among five Chinese studies (summary OR=0.61, 95% CI=0.47-0.81). Notably, subgroup analysis with six studies which reported differences between the highest and lowest consumption levels equal to or greater than 5 cups/day revealed a statistically significant protective effect (summary OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.53-0.87).Green tea appears to play a protective role in the development of stomach cancer. The result also implies that a higher level of green tea consumption might be needed for a clear preventive effect to appear. This conclusion, however, should be interpreted with caution because various biases can affect the result of a meta-analysis of observational studies.ope

    In Search of the Possibility of Qualitative Approach in the Extracurriculum Research

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    ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๋ชฌ์ˆœ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ชจ์˜์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์ง€๋ฉด ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํ† ์–‘ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„-๊ฐ•์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ

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    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ง€๊ตฌํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2003.Docto

    Mutual Information-based Multi-output Tree Learning Algorithm

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    Doctor์ตœ๊ทผ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋น„์•ฝํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ฐ ์ œ์กฐ์—…์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ์Šค์ฝ”๋„ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ํŒฉํ† ๋ฆฌ(Smart Factory)๋ผ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ถ„ํ•˜์— ์ œ์ฒ ์†Œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์ •์— ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ์—…์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ•ด์„์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ œ์กฐ์—…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์€ Big-data์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ƒ๊ธฐ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งŒ์กฑ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ (Tree) ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ์กฐ ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜, ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ถœ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์ด ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•  ๋•Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ 2ํŒŒํŠธ(๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ, ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ตœ์ ํ™”)๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ „์ฒด ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์ •๋ณด(Mutual information)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๋Š” k-means/k-modes ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ k-means ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜(k=2)์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‘๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์–‘ ๋๋‹จ๊ฐ’ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ์ตœ์  ๋ถ„์ง€๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ 2ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. Proposed1: ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ(์ž…๋ ฅ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”), ์„ ํƒ๋œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์™„์ „ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์„ ํƒ Proposed2: ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ํƒ(์ž…๋ ฅ, ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”), k-means ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜(k=2)๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ถ„์ง€ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์…‹์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ CART(Classification And Regression Tree)๋Œ€๋น„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ธ์Šคํ„ด์Šค, ์ž…๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ์ถœ๋ ฅ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฐจ์›์ด ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ํฌ์Šค์ฝ” ์••์—ฐ๊ธฐ ์…‹์—…(Mill setup) ๋ชจ๋ธ์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ข…์ „์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋Œ€๋น„ 1/10์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•™์Šต์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ , RRMSE๋„ ํ†ต๊ฒŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•™์Šต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์••์—ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์–ด์ ธ์„œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ํ•™์Šต๋„ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค ์ฝ”์ผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋œ ํ•™์Šต ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์…‹์—…์ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์—…์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ์ค„์–ด ๋“ค๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค. ์••์—ฐ๊ธฐ ์…‹์—…์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์••์—ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ , ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.A tree model with low time complexity can support the application of artificial intelligence to industrial systems. Variable selection based tree learning algorithms are more time efficient than existing Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithms. However, variable selection algorithms cannot handle categorical variables and are not suitable to large datasets. In this paper, we propose a mutual information-based multi-output tree learning algorithm that consists of variable selection and split optimization. The proposed method discretizes each variable based on k-means into 2โ€“4 clusters and selects the variable for splitting based on the discretized variables using mutual information. This variable selection component has relatively low time complexity and can be applied regardless of output dimension and types. The proposed split optimization component is more efficient than an exhaustive search method because it finds the split based on a k-means algorithm. The performance of the proposed tree learning algorithm is similar to or better than that of a multi-output version of CART algorithm on a specific dataset. In addition, with a large dataset, the time complexity of the proposed algorithm is significantly reduced compared to a CART algorithm. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, we applied them to the set-up of the rolling reduction rate of a tandem cold mill for stainless steel in POSCO. In a tandem cold mill for stainless steel, an optimum reduction rate is necessary for each stand. A conventional mill set-up uses a lookup-table to optimize the rolling schedule. However, reflecting all input conditions and manual interventions on a model is difficult. In this thesis, we propose a mill set-up model that can efficiently predict the reduction rate for each stand by considering various input conditions. The newly proposed reduction rate learning model can give rise to multi-output regression problems. According to the experiment results, the proposed algorithm exhibits a higher level of RRMSE and time efficiency compared with the existing neural network model. As a result, it is considered that on-line learning can be implemented by applying the proposed algorithm in the set-up problem of the rolling. Also, the proposed model is easy to interpret, so it will be highly useful in the actual practice
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