招聘广告中的性别歧视:来自中国的证据

据最近一次人口普查,女性中“白领“工作者的比例都低于男性。但是,“白领“工作者的平均受教育年限,女性高于男性。且女性在高工资行业就业的比例都低于男性。也就是说,与男性相比,女性要得到相同工资或进入相同行业,花费的成本要比男性多,或者说,在女性花费相同成本的情况下,企业会拒绝女性或给与女性较低的工资报酬

类风湿关节炎患者康复功能锻炼的研究进展

类风湿关节炎（Rheumatoid arthritis,RA）是以侵蚀性、对称性多关节炎为主要表现的慢性、全身性自身免疫性疾病, 最终发展为关节畸形和功能丧失, 并损害心、肺、肾、神经等器官[1]。我国RA的发病率为0.32%～0.36%。该病具有病程长、复发率高、致残率高等特点,在临床上又被称为\"不死癌症\"[2],严重危害患者健康。该病治疗的目的是缓解疼痛,提高关节活动度,阻止残疾的发生。康复功能锻炼是降低国家自然科学基金资助项目(编号:71403232

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN JOB ADS: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

We study explicit gender discrimination in a population of ads on a Chinese Internet job board. Gender-targeted job ads are common, favor women as often as men, and are much less common in jobs requiring higher levels of skill. Employers' relative preferences for female versus male workers, on the other hand, are more strongly related to the preferred age, height, and beauty of the worker than to job skill levels. Almost two thirds of the variation in advertised gender preferences occurs within firms, and one third occurs within firm*occupation cells. Overall, these patterns are not well explained by a firm-level animus model, by a glass-ceiling model, or by models in which broad occupational categories are consistently gendered across firms. Instead, the patterns suggest a model in which firms have idiosyncratic preferences for particular job-gender matches, which are overridden in skilled positions by factors such as thinner labor markets or a greater incentive to search broadly for the most qualified candidate

Economic reform, education expansion, and earnings inequality for urban males in China, 1988-2009

Meng, Xin, Shen, Kailing, and Xue, Sen-Economic reform, education expansion, and earnings inequality for urban males in China, 1988-2009 In the past 20 or so years the average real earnings of Chinese urban male workers have increased by 350%. Accompanying this unprecedented growth is a considerable increase in earnings inequality. Between 1988 and 2009 the variance of log earnings increased from 0.28 to 0.54, a 94% increase. Using a unique set of repeated cross-sectional data this paper examines the causes of this increase in earnings inequality. We find that the major changes occurred in the 1990s when the labor market moved from a centrally-planned system to a market-oriented system. The decomposition exercise conducted in the paper identifies the factor that drives the significant increase in the earnings variance in the 1990s to be an increase in the within-education-experience cell residual variances. Such an increase may be explained mainly by the increase in the price of unobserved skills. When an economy shifts from an administratively determined wage system to a market-oriented one, rewards to both observed and unobserved skills increase. The turn of the century saw a slowing down of the reward to both the observed and unobserved skills, due, to some extent, to the college expansion program that occurred at the end of the 1990s. Journal of Comparative Economics 41 (1) (2013) 227-244. Research School of Economics, ANU College of Business and Economics, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia; WISE, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China. (C) 2012 Association for Comparative Economic Studies Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved