117 research outputs found

    社会发展与中国人人格变迁——控制测验理论与工具的变异后不同时期的中国人人格差异研究

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    在非西方社会,在有关社会发展与人格变迁的研究将社会发展集中在经济发展和社会现代化上。本研究利用本土化的人格工具CPAI,对中国社会发展与中国人群体人格特征模式之间的关系进行了探讨,同时探讨了测量工具以及运用不同的测验理论与对测验结果的影响。 研究一探讨了中国社会发展时间进程和城市现代化水平差异与中国人群体人格特征模式之间的关系。但是,研究一是直接将不同时期的中国人的人格测验分数进行比较,并没有控制测验工具本身所带来的差异的对研究结果的影响,即没有考虑到测验工具对来自不同时期的被试的等值性。在研究二中我们探讨了CPAI对不同时期的被试进行测量时的等值性。我们利用经典测验理论与项目反应理论的方法分别对CPAI的项目功能差异(DIF)情况进行了探测,研究结果揭示,CPAI某些项目在对不同时期的中国人进行测量的不具等值性,即存在项目功能差异。在研究三中,为了确保测验工具对不同时期的中国人被试具有等值性,我们仅保留DIF效果值较小的项目,并且运用普遍认为能对人格特征进行更准确的估计的项目反应理论来估计被试的人格特质分数。进一步利用代群分析的方法分析了中国人人格变迁的模式。研究四的目的在于通过因素分析的方法探讨研究二探测出来的DIF项目所揭示的社会发展与人格变迁之间的关系。 总结上述四个研究的结果,我们可以得出如下结论:(1)CPAI所包含的人格特质可以分为两类,第一类人格特质不随社会发展的时间与空间分布以及年龄、代群发生明显的变化,这些人格特质包含:理智-情感、开拓性、责任感、自卑-自信、乐-悲观、面子、亲情、防御性(阿Q精神)、宽容-刻薄;第二类人格特质随着社会发展、年龄与代群三个纵向变量的发生一致性变化或者交互变化,这些人格特质包含:领导性、自我-社会取向、老实-圆滑、传统-现代性、和谐性、人情、严谨性、外向性、情绪性、务实性、外控性、节俭性、纪律性;同时,功能差异项目构成的问卷揭示出五个受社会环境影响很大的心理特征,它们分别是:犬儒-现实主义的生活态度、心理适应性、外圆内方的应对风格、自我效能感、个体主义的价值观。(2)总的来说,92年的中国人更多地体现出传统或计划经济体制下的行为模式,但经过中国社会10年快速的发展,中国人更多地摆脱了传统的一面,而展露出与市场经济相适应的个性张扬的一面。(3)项目反应理论与经典测验理论在探测项目功能差异与估计人格特质分数上的结果均具有可比性,但是一般认为,项目反应理论比经典测验理论的方法更有效、更准确地衡量出被试的心理特征水平。(4)通过项目功能差异的探测,证明CPAI具有较好的项目效度,同时,对有功能差异的项目的分析发现,在CPAI量表已有的题库中,开发一套测量生活态度、应对方式、价值观等心理特征的亚量表是可能的。 本研究依据人格特征的稳定与变化,将CPAI测得的心理特征和人格特质分成3类,并且进一步验证了中国人人格结构的六因素假设,具有一定的理论意义;同时,随着社会发展与人格变迁之间的关系的揭示,为中国人该以怎样的行为模式来应对中国社会的快速发展这一问题提供启示,具有重要的现实意义。在研究中,我们也提供了在CPAI量表已有的项目中开发一套亚人格量表的思路与可能性,具有一定的实践价值;此外,研究中不同测验理论以及代群分析的应用也体现了方法学上的创新性。In non-western society,researches on social development and personality change focused on economic development and social modernization. The present study is aimed at exploring the relationship between the social transformation and personality changes of Chinese people by using so-called indigenous personality measurement of CPAI (Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory). Meanwhile, the influence of CPAI measurement itself and measurement theory were also taken into consideration. In study 1, two sets of CPAI data collected in a 10 year interval were analyzed. At the same time, the CPAI-2 data was analyzed in terms of modernization level of various cities from which the data were collected. However, this study didn’t consider the importance of “equivalence” of the measurement, CPAI. In study 2, we detected DIF (Differential item functioning) across the different period groups to confirm if CPAI was equal to people in different period. In this process, both CTT and IRT method were used. The outcome reminded us that there were some DIF items. In study 3, to make sure that the personality measurement is fair to people in different period, we only saved those items whose DIF effect size lower than 0.01, and used IRT method to estimate test-taker’s personality. Then, cohort analysis was used to explore the pattern of personality change of Chinese people. In study 4, we factor-analyzed the DIF items to find the relation between social transformation and the latent personality variable which were composed of DIF items. From these 4 studies, we could got the following conclusions: (1) The CPAI 22 traits could be divided into two categories, with the changing of age, period and cohort, type I traits didn’t change, they were Logical vs Affective Orientation, Enterprise, Responsibility, Inferiority vs Self-Acceptance, Optimism vs Pessimism, Face, Family, Defensive, Graciousness vs Meanness; While with the changing of age, period and cohort, type II traits changed, they were Leadership, Self vs. Social Orientation, Veraciousness vs Slickness, Traditionalism vs Modernity, Harmony, Renqing, Meticulousness, Extraversion vs Introversion, Emotionality, Practical Mindedness, Internal vs External Locus of Control, Thrift vs Extravagance, Discipline. Meanwhile DIF items measured 5 psychologycial characteristics which changed greatly with the changing of age, period and cohort, they were Life attitude of Cynicism-realism, Psychological maladjustment, Coping style of Waiyuanneifang, Self-efficacy, the value of Individualism. (2) In sum, Chinese people in 1992 were more traditional than those in 2001, and with the 10-year of rapid development, according to the market economy’s needs, Chinese people became more individualism. (3) The DIF method of CTT and IRT were comparable. But, in generally, IRT method was more accurate and valid in detecting DIF as were as estimating personality. (4) The DIF outcomes showed that CPAI had good item validity. Meanwhile, it’s possible to develop a subscale by using CPAI items to assess some psychological characteristics. In this current study, according to their stability and variability, we could divided personality traits and psychological characteristics into 3 categories, and the outcome supported the hypothesis of “Six Factor Model”, these foundings were of some theoretic meanings. Meanwhile, as the relation between social development and personality change being explored, it certain help Chinese people cope with the rapid changing society. In this study, we also found that it’s possible to develop a subscale by using CPAI items to assess obverse personality traits and it had some practical use. Furthermore, the use of different measurement theory and cohort analysis embodied some innovation in methodology

    人格、团队内部的知识分享与职业倦怠的关系:个体与团队层面的研究

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    本研究利用IPO模型,将知识分享的影响因素之一- - 人格,以及缺少知识分享可能会产生的结果- - 职业倦怠与知识分享之间的关系进行研究。同时,将个体层面与团队层面同时纳入到研究的范畴,并且最终采用多层线性模型研究两个层面的变量之间的互动关系。从研究变量之间的关系上来看,由I到P再到O,能够比较完整的揭示知识分享行为的前因后果;从研究的流程来看,先研究3个变量在个体层面上的互动,然后研究3个变量在团队层面的互动,进而利用多层线性模型从个体与团队两个层面,进一步的揭示个体特征与组织特征的互动。并且在研究的过程中打破以往的研究将知识分享看作是某一个行动者的属性数据的传统,将"知识分享"还原为关系数据,利用社会网络分析(SNA)的方法研究个体与团队的知识分享特征。研究结果将既可以回答什么样的人是组织所需要的人,什么组织是健康的等问题,更可以回答组织和人的匹配问题,具有较大的现实意义和价值

    区域、个体人格特征与精细化城市治理

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    &nbsp;十九大报告中提出要&quot;加强社会心理服务体系建设&quot;.社会心理服务体系不仅是心理健康服务体系,更是一种社会治理体系.心理学研究成果既可以直接为民众提供心理服务,提高民众幸福感和积极心态,也可以为风险应对、公共突发事件防控提供有力的支持,辅助民众和政府部门做出更为理性的决策.新冠肺炎疫情给社会治理带来了新的挑战,也凸显了民众对心理学知识的需求与认同.随着社会心理服务体系的全面建设、新格局的显现,心理学各种功能将会充分展现于社会发展进程中.社会心理服务体系在后疫情时代将会整合资源发挥其完整功效,深度服务于国家治理体系和国家治理能力的现代化进程,为中国社会的进一步发展贡献更多的专业智慧.</p

    The relationship among personality ,job burnout and knowledge sharing behavior of the enterprise employees

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    目的了解企业员工人格及职业倦怠对知识分享行为的影响作用。方法采用44题大五人格量表(BFI)、职业倦怠量表和知识分享行为量表,对635名不同公司员工进行测评。结果(1)宜人性显著正向预测知识分享(&beta;=0.135,P〈0.01),主效应显著;(2)玩世不恭对知识分享(&beta;=-0.140,P〈0.01)、成就感低落对知识分享行为(&beta;=-0.125,P〈0.01)有显著的负向预测作用。(3)回归分析和进一步的Sobel Z检验显示,职业倦怠中玩世不恭和成就感低落部分中介了宜人性对知识分享的影响(P〈0.01)。结论企业员工的人格各维度对知识分享行为有不同程度的预测作用,职业倦怠在其中起着重要的中介作用。</p

    Volunteer s Psychological Capital and Altruistic Behaviors:The Mediating Effect of Volunteer Role Identity

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    运用心理资本量表、志愿者角色认同重要性问卷和利他行为量表,对231名志愿者进行调查,考察心理资本和利他行为之间的关系,以及志愿者角色认同在其中的中介作用。结果表明:(1)志愿者的心理资本显著正向预测志愿者角色认同和利他行为,志愿者角色认同显著正向预测利他行为;(2)志愿者角色认同在心理资本和利他行为之间起部分中介作用。因此,心理资本既能直接影响利他行为,也通过志愿者角色认同间接影响利他行为。</p

    Relationship Among Personality,Team Identification and Burnout of Enterprise Employees

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    目的:探究企业员工人格和团队认同对职业倦怠的影响。方法:采用大五人格量表、职业倦怠量表和团队认同量表,对635名来自不同公司的员工进行测评。结果:分层多元回归结果表明:①神经质维度可以显著预测情感衰竭和玩世不恭维度(P<0.001),责任感维度可以负向预测成就感低落维度(P<0.001),外向性可以显著预测玩世不恭维度(P<0.01);②团队认同对情感衰竭、玩世不恭和成就感低落三个维度都有显著的负向预测作用(P<0.001);③团队认同在外向性和情感衰竭及成就感低落的关系中起到中介作用(P<0.001)。结论:企业员工的人格各维度对职业倦怠有不同的预测作用,团队认同在其中起着重要的中介作用。Objective: To explore the relationship among personality,team identification and job burnout of the enterprise employees.Methods: The Chinese version of BFI-44,Burnout Inventory and Team Identification Inventory were administrated to 635 employees from various companies on line.Results: ①Neuroticism had a significant main effect on emotional exhaustion and cynicism(P0.001),responsibility had a significant main negative effect on reduced personal accomplishment,and extraversion had a significant main negative effect on cynicism;②Team identification had a significant effect on emotional exhaustion,cynicism and reduced personal accomplishment;③Team identification mediated the relationship between extraversion and emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment.Conclusion: Enterprise employees' personality has different predicting effect on burnout,and team identification is an important mediating role in the relationship between them

    Media Use and the Modernity of Rural Inhabitants in China

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    本研究围绕媒介使用与中国农村居民的现代性这一主题,探讨在大众媒介愈加发达,尤其是网络等新媒介形态逐渐步入农村居民工作、生活的今天,媒介使用与农村居民的现代性之间的关系。结果表明,大众传播媒介的使用对于中国农村居民的现代性有独立的预测作用; 特别是上网相比其他的媒介使用能更好的预测当前中国农村居民的现代性。这给“传播与人的现代化”命题增添了网络时代的新的注解,充分地说明了在我国农村大力推广和普及网络的重要意义

    Use of Qualitative Research in Clinical Psychology

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    在心理学研究方法中素来都有"质"与"量"的分歧。伴随着对定量的研究方法的反思,近年来,质的研究方法在临床心理学研究中呈上升趋势。本文在论证质的研究方法非常适合于临床心理学研究的同时介绍了四种经常被应用于临床心理学研究的具体方法,并且指出临床心理学工作者在进行质的研究的时候需要更多的反思,下结论的时候也需要更加慎重
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