Ponowna likwidacja starych odwiertów eksploatacyjnych : potencjalne źródła zanieczyszczenia środowiska w nieczynnych złożach węglowodorów w Republice Czeskiej

This article deals with a significant issue of environmental protection of oil and gas deposits that have recently drawn a considerable attention. The presence of old insufficiently sealed or entirely unsealed wells, formerly serving a purpose of oil and natural gas extraction, pose a significant threat to the environment. In the South Moravia region of the Czech Republic (an area of hydrocarbon extraction both in historical and recent times), there is a significant amount (hundreds) of production wells. It is very difficult or often even impossible to find information in archival materials on the cease of extraction from these wells and on the system of abandonment procedures applied. During the recent surveying and re-abandonment works, it was found that many wells had been abandoned inadequately and unprofessionally, and numbers of wells still have not been abandoned at all. This poses a considerable risk to the South Moravian landscape, especially to the sources of drinking water and to agriculture (to the Protected Area of Natural Water Accumulation - CHOPAV, Morava River Quaternary). Furthermore, it is a significant threat to the areas where extremely valuable biotopes occur. This article discusses the possible disposal of these ecological hazards to the areas of hydrocarbon deposit occurrences through recycling of old drawing wells as potential pollution sources of soil and water. Similar problems have certainly appeared in the Polish territory, where intense extraction took place at a far greater number of deposits, and where the wells already operated in the 19th century, in days gone by when there was little knowledge of abandonment procedures and little awareness of proper old well sealing.W artykule omówiono ważny problem ochrony środowiska w rejonie złóż ropy i gazu, którym ostatnio poświęcano wiele uwagi. Obecność starych, niedostatecznie uszczelnionych lub całkowicie nieuszczelnionych otworów wiertniczych, wcześniej wykorzystywanych do eksploatacji ropy i gazu ziemnego, jest poważnym zagrożeniem. W Czechach, na Południowych Morawach (obszar eksploatacji węglowodorów zarówno w przeszłości jak i obecnie), istnieje bardzo wiele (setki) otworów eksploatacyjnych. W materiałach archiwalnych bardzo trudno (często wręcz niemożliwe) jest znaleźć informacje na temat zarówno sposobu zakończenia eksploatacji w tych otworach, jak i zastosowanych procedur ich likwidacji. W trakcie niedawno prowadzonych badań i prac nad ponowną likwidacją otworów stwierdzono, że wiele z nich było zlikwidowanych nieodpowiednio i nieprofesjonalnie, a niektóre nadal nie zostały zlikwidowane. Stwarza to znaczne zagrożenie dla obszaru Południowych Moraw, w szczególności dla źródeł wody pitnej oraz rolnictwa (Obszar Chroniony Naturalnej Akumulacji Wód- CHOPAV, Czwartorzęd Rzeki Morawy). Co więcej, jest to poważne zagrożenie dla obszaru występowania bardzo cennych biotopów. Artykuł omawia możliwości usunięcia tych ekologicznych zagrożeń na obszarach złóż węglowodorów poprzez recykling dawnych otworów eksploatacyjnych będących źródłem zanieczyszczenia gleb i wód. Podobne problemy z pewnością pojawiają się na obszarze Polski, gdzie intensywnie eksploatowano znacznie więcej złóż, a otwory istniały już w XIX w., w okresie kiedy zarówno wiedza o procedurach likwidacji otworów wiertniczych, jak i świadomość znaczenia właściwego uszczelnienia starych otworów były niewielkie

The "Born Globals" Phenomenon in Czech Republic

The aim of this article is to analyse the “born globals” phenomenon in Czech Republic from history until present and to critically evaluate available definitions and their comparison in worldwide con- text. The scientific aim of this paper focuses on finding out at which level is the general knowledge about the “born globals” topic amongst both younger generation of future entrepreneurs and already established SME companies in Czech Republic. This paper also aims to define foreign market entry barriers. This paper uses the analysis of both primary and secondary data, it focuses on questionnaire research and the results are then processed and evaluated by using descriptive statistics methods and relative frequency analysis. The result of this paper is to analyse the phenomenon of “born globals” in the Czech republic, evaluate the general knowledge about the “born globals” term, define foreign market entry barriers and propose solution on how to eliminate the barriers. This paper should help managers to understand current trends, identify foreign market entry barriers while starting “born globals” companies and support the processes of interna- tionalization and innovation in business

Marbles and carbonate rocks from central Morocco: a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical study

Petrographic, mineralogical, and stable isotopes (delta C-13, delta O-18 values) compositions were used to characterise marbles and sedimentary carbonate rocks from central Morocco, which are considered to be a likely source of ornamental and building material from Roman time to the present day. This new data set was used in the frame of an archaeometric provenance study on Roman artefacts from the town of Thamusida (Kenitra, north Morocco), to assess the potential employment of these rocks for the manufacture of the archaeological materials. A representative set of samples from marbles and other carbonate rocks (limestone, dolostone) were collected in several quarries and outcrops in the Moroccan Meseta, in a region extending from the Meknes-Khenifra alignment to the Atlantic Ocean. All the samples were studied using a petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical methods. The petrographic and minerological investigations (optical microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction) allowed to group the carbonate rocks in limestones, foliated limestone, diagenetic breccias and dolostone. The limestones could be further grouped as mudstones, wackestones-packstones, crinoid grainstones, oolitic grainstone and floatstones. Textural differences allowed to define marbles varieties. The stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition proved to be quite useful in the discrimination of marble sources, with apparently less discriminatory potential for carbonate rocks