Cell Division, Cytotoxicity, and the Assays Used in the Detection of Cytotoxicity

Cell division is a phenomenon that is encountered in all cells in nature. While normal cell division results in proliferation in single-celled organisms, and development and repair in multicellular organisms, aberrant and untimely cell division results in tumor formation. Therefore, the understanding of the cell division is hidden in identifying the details of the molecular mechanisms that govern cellular division at the exact time and under right conditions. Sometimes these molecular mechanisms are distorted by both intrinsic and extracellular factors, and the division process halts or deviates to an abnormal pathway. At this point, it is essential that the abnormal cells are removed from the tissue by an appropriate mechanism. In this context, in this review, general and specific information about cell division and its molecular control mechanisms were discussed, and different types of cell death mechanisms were mentioned accordingly. In addition, chemical, biological, and physical cytotoxic agents that negatively affect cell division and their mechanisms of action are explained. Finally, a brief review of the principles of different cytotoxicity (cell viability and proliferation) test systems has been performed to provide a source of information for investigators who study cell viability, proliferation, or different types of cellular death pathways

The Mystery of Peroxisomes

According to the evolutionary perspective, an organism must manage and optimize organized complexity effectively to achieve a strong adaptation. Within the scope of sustainable homeostasis, the subcellular components of the organism must strictly comply with the principle of minimum error and maximum efficiency in coordination. Advanced defense systems are evolution’s greatest gift to the cell. One of the most important components of cellular defense systems is the antioxidant defense. When it comes to antioxidant defense, the first thing that comes to mind is the peroxisome organelle, because the peroxisome is a cytoplasmic organelle surrounded by a single membrane in which the very important enzyme, catalase, is localized. Furthermore, the role of this organelle in vital processes, such as lipid metabolism, antimicrobial defense, and intracellular signaling, is undeniable. In this chapter, attention has been tried on the mysteries related to peroxisome by performing a wide literature review. The chapter covers topics such as peroxisome production, targeted protein transport, roles in the oxidative mechanism, relationship with diseases, and mitochondria interaction. This chapter, which highlights the polygenic formation and pleiotropic features of peroxisome, will provide an important future projection for curious researchers and medical doctors seeking innovative treatment strategies

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes have been the main research object of the medic and toxicological sciences for the last six decades. In addition to important roles, they ply m the immune system, lymphocytes have been the primary test material often employed m pure research-focused studies that provide important contributions to our knowledge. of biochemistry, molecular biology and genomics. To give a prominent example, the majority of DNA used for sequencing of the human genome was isolated from lymphocytes of male donor blood. Today, the use of lymphocytes for research purposes is increasing, and the variety of tests performed on these cells is also diversifying each day. Lymphocyte activation assays, fluorescence-based assays for high-throughput screening of small molecules, cytotoxic T lymphocyte assays, cell proliferation assays, blastogenesis assays for T lymphocytes for identifying immunomodulatory drugs of lymphocyte extravasation and sequencing and genotoxicity assays are among the tests that lymphocytes are frequently used for. As can be readily understood, lymphocytes serve in different ways in terms of understanding the cell structure, unknown features of the immune system, genome and chromosomes

Spiramycin'in sıçankemik iliği hücrelerinde in vivo kromozom aberasyonu ve mikronukleus oluşumu üzerindeki etkileri

TEZ4263Tez (Doktora Tezi) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2002.Kaynakça (s. 53-61) var.vıı, 52 s. ;…Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje No:FBE99D

Rovamycine antibiyotiğinin etkin maddesi spiramycin'ın sıçan kemik iliği hücrelerinde vivo genotiksik etkileri

TEZ2617Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 1997.Kaynakça (s.51-59) var.ix, 59 s. ; rnk. res. ; 30 cm.

Rovamycine Antibiyotiği'nin Etkin Maddesi Spiramycin'in Sıçan Kemik İliği Hücrelerinde In Vivo Genotoksik Etkileri

Bu çalışmada Rovamycine antibiyotiğinin etkin maddesi olan Spiramycin'in sıçan (Rattus norvegicus var. albinos) kemik iliği hücrelerinde 100 mg/kg/gün konsantrasyonundaki Spiramycin ile 7 gün boyunca beslenen ve son dozdan 6 saat sonra öldürülen sıçanların kemik iliği hücrelerinde anormal hücre ve KA/hücre sayısının artmasına rağmen, diğer dozlarda (200 ve 400 mg/kg/gün) artmamış ve mitotik indeks de etkilenmemiştir

In vitro cytogenotoxic effect of eucalyptol

Eucalyptus also is known as cineol, is a colorless organic compound belongs to the terpene group. It is the main compound of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus plant. It is used as a wide range of processed food and some medicines due to certain preferred properties. In vitro genotoxic and cytotoxic effect of eucalyptol was investigated by using cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The various concentrations of eucalyptol (at very low doses) were tested some treatment periods. Eucalyptol did not affect sister-chromatid exchange frequency at any concentrations and treatment periods. Eucalyptol slightly increased chromosome aberration but this increase was not statistically significant. Alike, the test substance did not induce formation of micronuclei. Eucalyptol reduced the replication index significantly at the highest concentration when compared with control and solvent control. Higher concentrations (210 and 280nL/mL) of eucalyptol reduced the mitotic index (MI) significantly. The same concentrations of eucalyptol reduced the nuclear division index. NDI decreased at all concentrations (except the lowest). Eucalyptol did not affect total oxidant or total antioxidant values at all concentrations. As a result, there was not any significantchangesinoxidativestressindex. Eucalyptol showed cytotoxic effect in general but this effect is not caused by oxidative stress

Cytogenetic effects of endogenous sex hormones depending on smoking habits

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of periodical hormonal fluctuations related to the menstrual cycle on chromosome sensitivity and cytotoxicity. The study group consisted of 8 healthy donors (4 nonsmokers and 4 smokers). Cytogenetic tests were done in vitro (in test tubes), and the known mutagenic effect of mitomycin C was added to determine chromosome sensitivity. Blood was drawn from the donors at specified time intervals (follicular phase, ovulation phase, and luteal phase), and control groups and mitomycin C-treated groups were formed. In the controls, the highest sister chromatid exchange frequency was detected in the follicular phase and the lowest frequency was detected in the luteal phase of nonsmokers. In smokers, the highest sister chromatid exchange frequency was detected in the ovulation phase and the lowest frequency was detected in the luteal phase. In terms of chromosomal aberrations, the highest values were detected in the follicular phase and the lowest values were detected in the luteal phase in nonsmokers. On the contrary, the highest rate of anomaly was detected in the luteal phase and the lowest rate of anomaly was detected in the follicular phase in smokers. However, there was no statistically significant difference between these findings. The data of the MMC application were similar in both groups. In this study, both the follicular phase and the ovulation phase showed slightly higher chromosome sensitivity, while the chromosomes in the luteal phase were the most stable. These results are probably due to hormonal fluctuation.This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of periodical hormonal fluctuations related to the menstrual cycle on chromosome sensitivity and cytotoxicity. The study group consisted of 8 healthy donors (4 nonsmokers and 4 smokers). Cytogenetic tests were done in vitro (in test tubes), and the known mutagenic effect of mitomycin C was added to determine chromosome sensitivity. Blood was drawn from the donors at specified time intervals (follicular phase, ovulation phase, and luteal phase), and control groups and mitomycin C-treated groups were formed. In the controls, the highest sister chromatid exchange frequency was detected in the follicular phase and the lowest frequency was detected in the luteal phase of nonsmokers. In smokers, the highest sister chromatid exchange frequency was detected in the ovulation phase and the lowest frequency was detected in the luteal phase. In terms of chromosomal aberrations, the highest values were detected in the follicular phase and the lowest values were detected in the luteal phase in nonsmokers. On the contrary, the highest rate of anomaly was detected in the luteal phase and the lowest rate of anomaly was detected in the follicular phase in smokers. However, there was no statistically significant difference between these findings. The data of the MMC application were similar in both groups. In this study, both the follicular phase and the ovulation phase showed slightly higher chromosome sensitivity, while the chromosomes in the luteal phase were the most stable. These results are probably due to hormonal fluctuation

In vitro cytogenotoxic effect of eucalyptol

European Biotechnology Congress -- MAY 25-27, 2017 -- Dubrovnik, CROATIAWOS: 000413585400247