Gobernabilidad y anticorrupción: lugar de la empresa en el debate

Este artículo sostiene que la corrupción no es un problema, sino un fenómeno extremadamente complejo. Tanto las instituciones públicas como el sector privado han mostrado una capacidad muy limitada para manejar esa complejidad, produciendo estrategias escasamente eficientes. Desde esa perspectiva, pretendemos aclarar algunos aspectos del papel desempeñado por las corporaciones en el fenómeno de la corrupción, catalogadas por algunos como agentes criminales y como víctimas por otros. Este artículo sostiene que lo opuesto a la corrupción no es la transparencia y el gobierno eficiente sino la integridad, que incluye las dos anteriores pero las supera. Desde ese convencimiento, finalmente trataremos de incitar a las empresas a involucrarse en estrategias anticorrupción eficiente

Las pensiones de jubilación en España: el debate que no llega

Las perspectivas financieras de las pensiones españolas no son halagüeñas. La recesión ha provocado una fuerte caída del número de cotizantes. Viviremos, además, un intenso envejecimiento de la población, que elevará las tasas de dependencia en los próximos cuarenta o cincuenta años. Ambos son retos de envergadura para la sostenibilidad financiera del actual modelo de pensiones. En este artículo se abordan las distintas opciones con que hacer frente a dichos desafíos y se defiende la urgente necesidad de un debate público sobre la cuestión. Un debate riguroso que, con el pretexto de evitar la politización de un asunto tan sensible, ha sido sistemáticamente negado a la sociedad española por la opacidad política del Pacto de Toledo, provocando entre los españoles confusión y complacencia acerca de la viabilidad del sistema de pensiones.-----The financial perspectives for the future of the pensions’ system in Spain are not very hopeful. Economic recession has caused a substantial decrease in Social Security affiliation. We also expect the intensification of the Spanish aging population and, consequently, higher dependence rates. All these problems pose great challenges for the financial sustainability of the pensions' system. In this paper we address the different possible options to face those challenges and point to the urgent debate this question asks for. Unfortunately, this debate has been systematically neglected. Precisely trying to avoid partisan discussions, the debate has been left to the Pacto de Toledo, which has political opacity as one of its main characteristics. This situation leads to social ignorance and indulgence with respect to the sustainability of the pensions system

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639