KADAR RESIDU ENROFLOKSASIN YANG DIBERIKAN PER ORAL DAN INTRAMUSKULER PADA IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) YANG DIINFEKSI Aeromonas salmonicida

Use of enrofloxacin on livestock and aquaculture impact on the presence of residues in food and the formation of bacterial resistance to enrofloxacin in animals and humans. This study aims to determine the level of enrofloxacin residues which was given orally and intramuscularly in the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) meat infected by A. salmonicida at 1 week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks post medication. A total of 25 healthy tilapia fish are divided into 3 groups. Group 1 by 5 tails without treatment, while groups 2 and 3, each consisting of 10 fish were infected in 0.1 ml concentration 106 cells / ml of A. salmonicida subsp. smithia and A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes given intramuscularly. Six days after infection, treatment with Baytril® is administered orally to group 2 and intramuscularly to group 3 for 5 days with therapeutic doses of 10 mg / kg bw. Week 1, week 4 and week 8 post-treatment for each group taken each 3 fish for enrofloksasin residue analysis by diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) and quantitatively by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Enrofloxacin residue examination with diffusion test at 1 week and 4 weeks post-treatment showed formation of inhibition zone, whereas at 8 weeks post-treatment showed no inhibition zone. In the quantitative test results, infected tilapia by A. salmonicida subsp. smithia and treated orally at 1 week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks post-treatment showed enrofloxacin residues an average of 33.0 μg/g, 6.10 μg/g and 0.0021 μg/g, whereas residues in meat of infected tilapia by A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and enrofloxacin treated intramuscularly showed an average of 35.79 μg/g, 2.18 μg/g and 0.00065 μg/g. Overall enrofloxacin residues found in tilapia meat after 1 week and 4 weeks post-treatment exceed the maximum residue limit according to the provisions of the National Standard of Indonesia at 0.01 μg/g. Enrofloxacin treatment given orally produce higher average residue levels compare to intramuscularly administration, but not statistically significant effect on both residues found in tilapia meat both at 1 week and 4 weeks post-treatment

PENEGUHAN SECARA KONVENSIONAL DAN MOLEKULER ISOLAT Pseudomonas anguilliseptica SERTA PATOGENITAS PADA IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio)

Pseudomonas anguilliseptica caused Red Spot Disease (Sekitten - Byo) resulted very high mortality in fishes and serious economic losses as a Quarantine Fish and Diseases group I. Aims this study to identify Ps. anguilliseptica with conventional and molecular and the pathogenicity changes based on histopathology. This study used an isolate of Ps. anguilliseptica were identified by conventional and molecular methods. Conventional identification of morphologically and biochemically. Molecular identification by amplification 16S rRNA fragment using forward primer Psan-F (21-mer: 5'- TTGGGAGGAAGGGCA-GTAACC-3 ') and reverse Psan-R (20-mer: 5'- TGCGCCACTAAAATCTCAAG-3'), and sequencing. Pathogenicity test used 18 fishes divided by 2 groups each group consist of 9 fishes. Group I, fishes infected intramuscularly with buffer saline as a control and group II, fishes infected intramuscularly 0.1 ml LC-50 suspension of Ps. anguilliseptica as atreatments. Fishes has been euthanasia on 1st day, 8th day and 15th day after infection. The results of conventional identification showed that the morphology of the colonies appear round, grayish, convex, entire, diameter about 1 mm with rod-shaped cells and Gram negative. Biochemical results showed a positive reaction to oxidase, catalase, motility, gelatinase, pH 5.3 to 9.7, and sucros

UJI TOKSISITAS ENDOSULFAN TERHADAP IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

The research was to determine endosulfan toxic dose and to know pathological changes was caused by endosulfan pesticide in nila fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Research was done in Pathology laboratory Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Gadjah Mada University. Preliminary research was to find out LC50 of insecticide to Nila fish. Seven aquariums, size of 40x20x25 contained 5 Nila fish with size 0f 8-10 cm for each repeated twice. Each group given insecticide with highest concentrate caused all the fish died and the lowest concentrate where all of the fish were still survive. This first treatment tested on three aquariums and one aquarium as a control (don�t use endosulfan) which containts five litter water and five nila fish. Each treatment done two replicates. The fishs which die are nekroption to histopatological examination. Toxicity dose for the first test were 1/8, 2/8 and 3/8 from LC50. The result LC50 determined with the Reed-Muench method was 0,062 ppb. Dose which was used in first test were 0,008 pp

EFEKTIVITAS BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L.) TERHADAP INFEKSI Pseudomonas anguilliseptica PADA IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio)

Red spot disease is a disease that causes high mortality in fish and has spread to many regions in Indonesia. The disease caused by Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, this bacteria has the highest pathogenecity compared to other Pseudomonas in fish.The prevalence of bacteriaresistantto antibioticshas become amajor problem in fish farming, therefore the prevention study using natural ingredients is necessary to avoid antibiotic residues. The aim of this study is to find out the effectiveness of the use garlic extract for the prevention of infection red spot infection disease and detection of Pseudomonas anguilliseptica infections in common carp molecularly (PCR). Pseudomonas isolates that used in this study is a collection of Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Fish were divided into 4 groups, group 1 as negative control (standard feed), group 2 as positive control (standard feed), group 3 were fed using garlic extract 5% and group 4 were fed using garlic extract 10%. Fish groups 3 and 4 were fed using garlic extract for 1 month. Fish groups 2, 3, and 4 infected using 0.1 ml LC50 suspension of P. anguilliseptica intramuscularly on day-31, fish group 1 injected with 0.1 ml physiological saline intramuscularly on day-31. Blood test (number of heterophile and lymphocyte) and the increase of body weight on day-7 post infection. Reisolation bacteria and analysis PCR of P. anguilliseptica from liver and kidney tissues conducted on day 14 post infection. The final results showed that garlic extract 5% are able to increase non-spesific immunity significantly in common carp (p<0,05), feeding garlic extract 5% dan 10% can improve the survival rate of common carp against P. anguilliseptica infections, feeding garlic extract 10% can increase body weight significantly (p<0,05) in common carp, isolation and identification of P. anguilliseptica from the liver and kidney tissues on day-14 post infection showed negative results and genotipically the bacteria not present in the liver and kidneys tissues on day-14 post infection

STUDI PERBANDINGAN MORFOLOGI DAN MOLEKULER Lernaeasidae PADA IKAN ARWANA IRIAN (Scleropages jardini) DI INDONESIA

Arwana Irian fish (Scleropages jardini) is one of endangered species. Lernaeosis is one of the diseases that cause the high mortality in fish juvenile. The objectives of this research was to find out the species of Lernaea (Copepoda) often attacked Arwana Irian fish based on morphology and their phylogenetics relationship. Lernaea sp. was collected from Merauke (Papua) and Jakarta (Java). Some of them fixed in glutaraldehyde for morphology study and fine structure of surface body with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and fine structure of surface body with some of them in ethanol absolute solution for molecular study (Randomized Fragment Length Polymorphysm and sequensing rDNA). It was found 6 different species of Lernaea and one of them were considered as a new species, based on morphology and SEM. Lernaea species had slightly different based on RFLP of DNA in the 18S region using Hae III and Alu I enzyme, DNA sequencing result in 28S rDNA and ITS. Based on the phylogenetics analysis, they showed three different groups. Lernaea cyprinacea G, L. papuensis, L. devastatrix and L. lophiara were in one grou

STUDI PERBANDINGAN IDENTIFIKASI Lernaea sp. PADA IKAN ARWANA SUPER RED (Scleropages formasus) SECARA MORFOLOGI, SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) DAN MOLEKULER

Arwana Super Red is one of seldom kind of fish that protected by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The one of disease problem in Arwana super red (Scleropages formosus) in west Kalimantan province is Ectoparasite infection particularly in growth age. Ectoparacite infection is devide 18 kind with infection rate approximately 0.82 � 75,38%. The aim of this study is to identify Lernaea sp. in Arwana Super Red (Scleropages formasus) in west Kalimantan by using morphology method Electron Microscope (SEM) and molecular technique (PCR-RFLP). The arwana super red that infected by lernaea sp taken from three different locations, it was fro

EFEKTIVITAS BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETAHANAN TUBUH IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio L) TERHADAP PENYAKIT Motile Aeromonas Septicemia

The aim of the research ware to investigate and discover the effectiveness of fresh Lumbu hijau (type of garlic) given by ten-minute immersion and Kating (type of garlic) extract mixed with feed in enhancing common carp�s immunity against Motile Aeromonas Septicemia. The research results showed that Kating was the most highly effective in inhibiting the growth of A. hydrophila in comparison with the other type of garlic. The inhibition diameter of the garlic against A. hydrophila was 17.00±20.00 mm. A test of the active components of Kating using the spectrometrical chromatography method (GC-MS) detected as many as 13 components, one of which was diallyl disulfide with antimicrobial activity found with area of 16.95%, whereas a test using thinlayered chromatography detected saponin with antimicrobial activity. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test of a squeeze of Lumbu hijau on A. hydrophila showed a minimum concentration of 6.13-3.63% (61,300 ppm-36,300 ppm). The LC50 the garlic on common carp immersed for ten minutes was 4,913.99 ppm whereas 24-hour immersion gave a LC50 of 846.75 ppm. Research for preventing and curing MAS by ten-minute immersion was conducted four times in four days interval. A completely random design in triplicate (10 fishes/replication) was use in this experiment. The doses administered were : P0, P1 (1.000 ppm), P2 (2.000 pm) and P3 (3.000 ppm). At the end of the research, the fish were intraperitoneally infected with A. hydrophila with a density of 108 cell/ml in a dose of 0.1 ml/fish. The research result demonstrated that the survival rate of fish immersed in a squeeze of Lumbu hijau was higher than that of the control group (P<0,05). The best dose to encrease the survival rate by ten-minute immersion was 1826 ppm. Treatment by ten-minute immersion was not effective as the survival rate of treated fish was lower than that of the control (P>0,05) because the MIC value was greater than the LC50 value. Pathological changes occurred on the epidermis : the skin underwent erosion, hemorrhage, and degeneratio

STUDI PERBANDINGAN MORFOLOGI DAN MOLEKULER Clinostomum complanatum (DIGENEA: CLINOSTOMIDAE) PADA IKAN AIR TAWAR DI RIAU DAN YOGYAKARTA

Clinostomiasis is one of diseases caused by digenea trematoda Clinostomum complanatum, known well as "yellow grubs". This is a zoonotic parasite and causes the "laryngo-pharyngitis", and death caused by asphyxia in humans. Clinostomum complanatum infection of freshwater fish in Indonesia causes high fish mortality and economic losses. The objectives of research were a) to identify and to compare the morphological and molecular characteristics of C. complanatum (Digenea: Clinostomidae) infecting freshwater fishes in Riau and Yogyakarta, and b) to find out their strain variation. Climbing perch (Trichogaster trichopterus) infected by Clinostomum sp. were caught from Sail River of Riau, while climbing gouramy (Anabas testudineus) caught from Kali Progo, Yogyakarta. Excysted Clinostomum sp. was found in the body cavity and and visceral organ, were aseptically taken using needle, preserved in 10% formalin and absolute ethanol solution. Morphological examination was done with Semichon�s acetocarmine staining, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Molecular examination performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method consisting of extraction, amplification in the ITS region, PCR-RFLP, electrophoresis and sequencing. Data obtained from sequencing results were analysed by maximum parsimony and neighbour-joining method. Genetic distances were calculated using Kimura parameter model. Based on morphological observation and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) the worm from Riau was categorized as a new species, whereas worm from Yogyakarta was identified as Clinostomum complanatum. The PCR rDNA product of Clinostomum sp. at ITS region had a clear band of 1300 bp. Product of RFLP using PstI and AluI restriction enzyme showed different site among the five worms, however, the RsaI and HaeIII enzyme could not digest well. There was intraspecific variation in Clinostomum sp. metacercariae in Riau and Yogyakarta. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Clinostomum sp. from Yogyakarta identic to Clinostomum complanatum, whereas Clinostomum sp. from Riau were suspected as a new species (difference > 2%) which is included in one cluster with Clinostomum phalacrocorasis