PENGARUH QUENCHING DAN TEMPERING PADA TEMPERATUR 650°C TERHADAP STRUKTUR MIKRO, KEKERASAN DAN KETANGGUHAN PADA BESI COR NODULAR

This research was conducted to determine the effect of quenching and tempering treatment on microstructure, hardness and toughness of nodular cast iron material. The quenching treatment process with a temperature of 850ºC for 30 minutes cooling water media and continued tempering with a temperature of 650ºC held for 60 minutes cooling room temperature. In the SEM microstructure test on the quenching material, the martensite phase appears, after the tempering process the martensite phase changes to the tempered martensite phase which has toughness but lower hardness than the martensite phase. So that the results of the Rockwell hardness test with quenching treatment experienced an increase in hardness of 56.73 HRC after tempering treatment decreased by 21.33 HRC from the hardness of raw material 24.33 HRC. The results of the impact test of the Charpy method on the quenching material, the toughness value decreased by 0.068 (J/mm²) the impact price. After tempering it increases with an impact energy of 0.097 (J/mm²)

Pengaruh Normalisasi pada Suhu 850oC dengan Waktu Tahan 20 Menit terhadap Struktur Mikro dan Kekerasan Brinell Besi Cor Putih

In the world of the metal casting industry, we often hear about a type of cast iron called white cast iron. White cast iron is a type of cast iron that does not have a graphite phase so it has very hard and brittle mechanical properties. This research aims to determine the effect of normalization at a temperature of 850°C with a holding time of 20 minutes on the microstructure and Brinell hardness. Metallographic testing and composition testing were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM�EDS), while hardness testing was carried out using the Brinell method based on ASTM E10. The results of SEM-EDS testing show that white cast iron that has undergone a normalization process contains graphite, cementite (Fe3C) and pearlite phases. In the graphite phase there are Carbon (C) elements of 71.5% by weight, Ferro (Fe) by 26.1% by weight, and Oxygen (O) 2.4% by weight. Then in the cementite phase (Fe3C) there are Ferrous elements (Fe) amounting to 91.4% by weight, Carbon (C) by 8.6% by weight, and Oxygen (O) by 0%. And in the ferrite phase there is the Ferro (Fe) element at 91.49% by weight, Silicon (Si) at 2.1% by weight and followed by the Carbon (C) element at 5.4% by weight and the Oxygen (O) element at 1% by weight.The results of hardness testing show that the highest hardness value occurs in raw material with a value of 474.163 BHN. Meanwhile, the lowest hardness value occurred in the normalized test specimen with an average hardness value of 442.63 BHN

Pengaruh Variasi 2,466, 3,067, 2,981, Dan 3,304 % Berat Silikon Pada Besi Cor Kelabu Terhadap Komposisi Kimia, Struktur Mikro, Dan Kekerasan Vickers

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing and analyzing the chemical composition, microstructure, and hardness of gray cast iron before and after adding silicon. In this study, the elemental silicon added to gray cast iron varied, namely 100, 150, and 200 grams. Testing of chemical composition is carried out to determine the chemical elements contained in gray cast iron, testing using a spectrometer testing tool with ASTM E415 testing standards. Metallographic testing was carried out to determine the microstructure and chemical composition of the phases in gray cast iron, testing using the SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) method with ASTM E986 standard testing. And hardness testing is carried out to determine the resistance of a material to local plastic deformation, testing using the Vickers macro method with ASTM E92 testing standards. The test results show that the greater the percentage of silicon contained in the material, the graphitization (formation of graphite) occurs so that the graphite phase is formed in the material more and more. With the increasing number of graphite phases formed along with the addition of silicon elements, it causes the hardness value of the material to decrease. The highest average hardness value is found in gray cast iron material without the addition of silicon (2,466 wt % Si), which is 233 Kgf/mm². While the lowest average hardness value is found in gray cast iron material with a composition of 3,304 wt % Si, which is 175,28 Kgf/mm²

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Analisa Struktur Mikro pada Besi Cor Kelabu dengan Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)

Mechanically, gray cast iron is hard and brittle. This is because the structure of the graphite flakes is sharp and pointed, causing stress concentrations at the edges when subjected to a tensile stress. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the microstructure, chemical composition of the phases, and the hardness value of gray cast iron. Metallographic testing and composition testing were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), hardness testing was carried out by the Micro Vickers and Rockwell methods. The results of the SEM-EDS test showed that gray cast iron contained pearlite, pearlite which was affected by oxidation and graphite. In the pearlite phase there is an element of Fe = 92.7%, C = 5.1%, O = 2.2%. In the pearlite phase affected by oxidation, there are elements of Fe = 59.6%, C = 5.3%, O = 35.0%. In the graphite phase there are elements of Fe = 2.7%, C = 90%, B = 3.5%, O = 3.8%. The presence of graphite in this case is in the form of flakes scattered in the pearlite matrix, so that it can be called pearlitic gray cast iron. The results of the Micro Vickers hardness test showed the highest hardness value in the pearlite phase with a hardness value of 229.34 VHN. While the lowest hardness value is in the graphite phase with a hardness value of 86.09 VHN. The results of the Rockwell hardness test obtained an average hardness value of 96.71 HRB, converted into a Vickers hardness number of 230 VHN

Pengaruh Shielded Metal Arc Welding Terhadap Struktur Mikro Besi Cor Nodular

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Shielded Metal Arc Welding terhadap struktur mikro besi cor nodular. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses Shielded Metal Arc Welding untuk menyambungkan material besi cor nodular dengan mesin las SMAW DC dengan kuat arus 80 A dan elektroda cast iron AWS A5.15.Eni-CL atau elektroda berbahan besi cor yang mempunyai kandungan nikel. Pengujian metalografi dilakukan menggunakan mikroskop optik berdasarkan standar pengujian ASTM E407 dengan perbesaran lensa 25x dan 100x agar terlihat jelas detail fasa-fasa pada besi cor nodular yang telah dilakukan pengelasan. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa pada daerah logam las terdapat fasa grafit berwarna hitam atau gelap yang berbentuk serpih dan ini adalah bentuk bebas sebagai grafit, ferit berwarna putih atau terang yang mengelilingi grafit, perlit berwarna hitam atau gelap yang merupakan campuran berselang seling warna hitam dan putih yang mendominasi daerah logam las. Kemudian pada daerah transisi logam las dengan HAZ terdapat fasa grafit berwarna gelap dan berbentuk bulat seperti gumpalan-gumpalan, perlit berwarna hitam atau gelap yang mempunyai, sementit berwarna putih atau terang, dan martensit berbentuk lath atau bilah yang bersifat keras namun mudah crack atau patah. Kemudian pada daerah HAZ terdapat fasa grafit yang berwarna gelap berbentuk bulat, ferit berwarna putih atau terang yang mengelilingi grafit dan perlit yang berbentuk bercak-bercak berwarna hitam dan putih yang mendominasi seluruh daerah HAZ. Kemudian pada daerah transisi HAZ dengan logam induk terdapat fasa grafit yang berbentuk bulat, ferit yang berwarna putih atau terang yang mengelilingi grafit dan perlit yang berlapis gelap terang yang terdiri dari ferit yang berwarna terang dan Fe3C berwarna gelap. Kemudian pada daerah logam induk terdapat fasa grafit berbentuk bulat, perlit berwarna gelap berbentuk bercak-bercak dan ferit berwarna putih atau terang yang mengelilingi grafit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa shielded metal arc welding dapat mengubah struktur mikro besi cor nodular pada daerah transisi logam las dengan HAZ yang berubah fasanya sehingga pada daerah tersebut bersifat mudah patah atau crack karena adanya fasa martensit

Analisis Tegangan Komponen Poros, Roda Gigi Lurus Dan Roda Gigi Muka Mesin Molen Semen Dengan Metode Elemen Hingga

Transmission is the process of forwarding and changing the rotational speed of a component to the desired rotational speed of other transmission elements. This study aims to compare the results between mathematical calculations (manual) with the finite element method in straight gear design and check the safety of the components of the design results. Tests were carried out on shafts made of S30C, spur gears and face gears made of nodular cast iron. The component modeling process uses Solidworks 2020 software and the finite element method analysis uses Ansys 2021 R1 software. The results of mathematical calculations (manually) show that the shaft shear stress is 1,611 N/mm2, the maximum spur gear stress is 69,033 N/mm2, and the face gear maximum stress is 19,265 N/mm2. The results of finite element analysis showed that the shaft shear stress was 1,6613 N/mm2, the maximum spur gear stress was 71,827 N/mm2, and the face gear maximum stress was 20,221 N/mm2. Comparison of the simulation process with mathematical (manual) calculations obtained a maximum deviation of 4,727 %. The value of this deviation is acceptable because it is less than 5% and the designed components are safe to use because the working voltage is less than the permissible stress

Pengaruh Normalisasi Pada Suhu 850°C Dengan Waktu Tahan 20 Menit Terhadap Struktur Mikro Dan Kekerasan Vickers Besi Cor Putih

In the world of the metal casting industry, we often hear about a type of cast iron called white cast iron. White cast iron is a type of cast iron that does not have graphite so it has mechanical properties that are very hard but brittle. This research aims to determine the effect of normalizing at a temperature of 850°C with a holding time of 20 minutes on the microstructure, phase chemical composition, and hardness value of white cast iron. Metallographic testing and composition testing were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), while hardness testing was carried out using the Vickers method. The results of SEM-EDS testing show that white cast iron that has undergone an normalizing process contains graphite, cementite (Fe3C) and pearlite phases. In the graphite phase there are Carbon (C) elements of 80.30% by weight, Ferro (Fe) by 16.10% by weight, and Oxygen (O) by 3,6% by weight. Then in the cementite phase (Fe3C) there are Ferro elements (Fe) amounting to 93.506% by weight, Carbon (C) by 6.394% by weight, and Oxygen (O) by 0.100% by weight. And in the pearlite phase there are Ferro (Fe) elements of 93.500% by weight, Silicon (Si) by 1.400%, Carbon (C) by 3.90% by weight, and Oxygen (O) element is 1.200% by weight. The results of hardness testing show that the highest hardness value occurs in raw material with an average hardness value of 527,033 VHN. Meanwhile, the lowest hardness value occurred in test specimens that had been normalizing with an average hardness value of 444,933 VHN

Pengujian Kekerasan dan Analisa Struktur Mikro Besi Cor Putih dengan Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)

In the foundry industry, we often hear of a type of cast iron called white cast iron. White cast iron is one of the cast irons that does not have graphite so that it has mechanical properties that are very hard but brittle. This research was conducted to determine the microstructure, chemical composition of the phase, and the hardness value of white cast iron. Metallographic testing and composition testing were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), while hardness testing was performed using the Micro Vickers method. The results of the SEM-EDS test show that white cast iron contains cementite (Fe3C) and pearlite phases. In the cementite phase, Fe (Ferro) is 94.1% by weight, C (Carbon) s 4.7% by weight, and O (Oxygen) is 1.2% by weight. Then in the pearlite phase there are elements of Fe (Ferro) of 95.3% by weight, elements of C (Carbon) of 3.8% by weight, and elements of Si (Silicon) of 0.9% by weight. The results of the hardness test showed that the highest hardness value occurred in the cementite phase with a hardness value of 675.16 VHN. While the lowest hardness value occurs in the pearlite phase with a hardness value of 330.23 VHN. Furthermore, at the grain boundaries of the cementite phase with the pearlite phase it has a hardness value of 433.32 VHN. In this area, the hardness value is between the cementite and pearlite phases

Pengaruh Sputtering Terhadap Ketahanan Korosi Baja AISI 410

The sputtering process is a PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) process which has been proven to increase surface hardness and coating on the surface of both metal, non-metal, ceramic and polymer materials. This study aims to determine the corrosion resistance of AISI 410 steel raw material and to determine the effect of sputtering on the corrosion resistance of AISI 410 stainless steel from annealing results. The technique used is plasma sputtering with tungsten nitride (WN) as the target. Sputtering is done in 120 minutes processing time. Then the corrosion test was carried out using the potentiostat electrochemical method to determine its corrosion resistance. From the results of corrosion testing, the acquisition of increased corrosion resistance after plasma sputtering was carried out. The raw material corrosion rate was 1.0439E-06 mmpy and the corrosion test results obtained after plasma sputtering were 3.43074E-07 mmpy

Pengaruh Tekanan Terhadap Ketebalan Dan Ketahanan Korosi Lapisan Diamond Like Carbon Pada Baja AISI 410 Yang Dianil

The effect of pressure on the thickness of the PCVD method DLC layer on annealed AISI 410 steel and to determine the effect of pressure on the corrosion resistance of the PCVD method DLC on annealed AISI 410 steel. In this research, the material used, namely AISI 41 steel, was heat treated using a temperature of 850°C with a holding time of 20 minutes. The technique used is DLC with the PCVD method using a mixture of argon plasma and acytylene gas. Then SEM-EDS testing was carried out referring to the ASTM E986 standard and electrochemical method corrosion testing with a potentiostat referring to the ASTM G102 standard. From the SEM-EDS test results, the average layer thickness at a pressure of 1.0 mbar was 12.353 µm, 1.2 mbar was 12.997 µm, 1.4 mbar was 15.213 µm and 1.6 mbar was 15.493 µm. So it can be concluded that the higher the pressure, the layer thickness will increase. From the results of corrosion testing, it was found that the corrosion rate at a pressure of 1.0 mbar was 7.87E-05 mmpy, 1.2 mbar was 1.66E-05 mmpy, 1.4 mbar was 1.22E-05 mmpy and 1.6 mbar was 5.14E-06 mmpy. From these results it can be concluded that the higher the pressure, the lower the corrosion rate