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    ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ MPC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ AGC ์ „๋žต ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 8. ์œค์šฉํƒœ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋น„๋ก€์ ๋ถ„์ œ์–ด(Proportional Integral: PI) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ž๋™๋ฐœ์ „์ œ์–ด (Automatic Generation Control: AGC) ์„ค๊ณ„์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ค์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ (load reference set-point constraints) ๋ฐ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ (delayed inputs)์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œ์–ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜์™€ ์ œ์–ด ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ ์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด(Model Predictive Control: MPC) ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ž๋™๋ฐœ์ „์ œ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋น„๋ก€์ ๋ถ„์ œ์–ด ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ (Single Input Single Output) ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„ํ†ต์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€ ์ ์  ์ปค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ž๋™๋ฐœ์ „์ œ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์—ฐ์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ-๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ด์‚ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณต์ •์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์—ฐ์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ-๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ Massachusetts Institute of Technology์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ๋™์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ƒ์— ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ์–ด์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€์—ญํ†ต์ œ์˜ค์ฐจ (Area Control Error) ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ž๋™๋ฐœ์ „์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์œ„ ์—ฐ์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ-๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด์‚ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ณต์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •(conversion process) ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ๋œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ „ํ™˜๋˜์–ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์„ค์ •๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ค‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์ฐจ ๊ณ„ํš๋ฒ• (Quadratic programming)์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ•ด (์ž๋™๋ฐœ์ „์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ) ๋„์ถœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž๋™๋ฐœ์ „์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ๋‹จ์ผ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋น„๋ก€์ ๋ถ„์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋™๋ฐœ์ „์ œ์–ด์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„ํ•  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์—์…˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋น„๋ก€์ ๋ถ„์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ˆ์ธก์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ค์ • ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์ง€์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ง€์—ญ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์„ ๋กœ ์ƒ์— ์˜๋„์น˜ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ๋ฅธ ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜ CPS๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ•ด๋‹น ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.This thesis proposes a novel model predictive control (MPC)-based approach for automatic generation control (AGC) to reduce problems, such as decreasing dynamic performances of AGC and control instability, which result from constraints in load-reference set-point ramp rate and delayed inputs of generators. In general, traditional proportional?integral (PI)-based approach for AGC is unmanageable, and dealing with the problems is difficult because the approach is a single-input-single-output (SISO) control model. Moreover, the problems gradually increase via the traditional PI-based approach, whereas power systems grow. Therefore, this thesis proposes and develops the MPC-based approach for AGC schemes. First, this thesis proposes a discretized control process design in a continuous network-generator dynamics model, referring to two earlier PhD theses conducted on this topic at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States. As a real system, the given continuous network-generator dynamics model shows that the frequencies among generators in a balancing area can be different. This situation indicates that the system frequency used to compute area control error is a representative frequency in its area. Given that the discrete-time state feedback control signals (i.e., the load reference set points) are periodically transmitted to generators for every sampling time, this thesis proposes a process design to control multiple generators through the generator frequencies rather than a representative frequency and uses multiple time scales because the control process is activated in a discrete-time manner. Second, this thesis proposes a controller considering the delayed inputs of generators. Using MPC-based approach, this thesis first develops a conversion process for the delayed-input system models to create a delay-free system model. Based on the obtained model, this thesis proposes a controller that considers the generator characteristics using a quadratic cost criterion, which is a squared-weighted sum of states (regulated variables: generator frequencies) and controls (load reference set point) among multiple generators. Specifically, quadratic programming algorithm is adopted to reduce computing time and cost. Finally, this thesis proposes a novel bulk-area partitioning scheme to reduce computation cost. Although simple modified SISO-based schemes, such as PI-based AGC, do not suffer greatly from this problem, the number of generators in a bulk area leads to computational burden via the proposed controller. According to the number of participating generators in AGC, computation times to calculate the AGC signal are compared, and this thesis proposes the bulk-area partitioning scheme in accordance with the results to reduce computation time and ensure dynamic performance. Both traditional PI-based and proposed MPC-based AGCs are simulated in four conditions based on the constraints of load reference ramp and input time delays. For quantitative analysis, this thesis shows that the frequency settling time, the quantity of inadvertent tie-line flows, and CPS are analyzed by comparing them with the traditional PI-based approach. Moreover, the MPC-based operation results are also analyzed from the perspective of computational cost.Abstract Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 IMPETUS FOR THE THESIS 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE THESIS 4 1.3 THESIS ORGANIZATION 6 Chapter 2. Basic Systems Model 8 2.1 GENERATOR AND POWER NETWORK DYNAMICS 8 2.1.1 NETWORK DYNAMICS MODEL 8 2.1.2 GENERATOR DYNAMICS MODEL 10 2.1.3 GENERATOR AND NETWORK COUPLING MODEL 12 2.2 PI-BASED APPROACH FOR AGC 14 2.2.1 PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF AGC 14 2.2.2 PI-BASED APPROACH 16 2.3 MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL 22 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 22 2.3.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCHES AND LIMITATIONS 25 Chapter 3. MPC-based Approach for AGC 28 3.1 MPC-BASED APPROACH FOR AGC 28 3.1.1 SINGLE AREA CONTROL MODEL WITHOUT DELAYED-INPUTS [28] 29 3.1.2 SINGLE AREA CONTROL MODEL WITH DELAYED-INPUTS 32 3.1.3 MULTI-AREA CONTROL MODEL WITH CONSIDERING TIE-LINE FLOWS 36 3.1.4 CONTROL STRUCTURE 38 3.2 COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY IN MPC 39 3.2.1 COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY 39 3.2.2 BULK AREA PARTITIONING SCHEME 41 3.3 DISCRETIZED CONTROL MODELS FOR A CONTINUOUS SYSTEM 43 3.3.1 PI-BASED APPROACH 43 3.3.2 THE PROPOSED MPC-BASED APPROACH 45 Chapter 4. Illustrative Examples 46 4.1 RESULTS IN A UNIT-STEP DISTURBANCE 46 4.1.1 SIMULATION SETTING AND PRIMARY CONTROL RESULTS WITHOUT AGC 46 4.1.2 TRADITIONAL PI-BASED APPROACH 48 4.1.3 PROPOSED MPC-BASED APPROACH 52 4.2 RESULTS IN CONTINUOUS DISTURBANCES 58 4.2.1 SIMULATION SETTING AND CONTINUOUS LOAD MODEL 58 4.2.2 SIMULATION RESULTS 60 4.3 BULK-AREA PARTITIONING 67 4.3.1 SIMULATION SETTING 67 4.3.2 SINGLE-AREA CASE 69 4.3.3 MULTIPLE-AREA CASE 71 4.3.4 ANALYZING SYSTEM SIZE-DEPENDENT AGC SCHEME VIA MPC-BASED APPROACH 75 Chapter 5. Conclusions and Future Works 77 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 77 5.2 DIRECTION OF FUTURE WORKS 80 Appendix 83 A. LINE FLOW CONTROL MODEL 83 B. CONTROL PERFORMANCE STANDARD (CPS) 89 Bibliogrphy 93 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 98 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 101Docto
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