12 research outputs found

    ์ „์ž์œ ์••๋ฐธ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ„ฐ ์กฐํ–ฅ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์‹œ์Šคํ…œยท์†Œ์žฌํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ๊น€ํ•™์ง„.The most common solution to achieving automated steering in an agricultural tractor is the use of an electric motor in parallel with a conventional hydrostatic valve-based hydraulic steering system owing to its simplicity and low cost. However, the existing overlap, or dead band, of a hydrostatic valve has limited its potential benefit to automated tractor steering in terms of providing various agricultural operations, including planting and spraying, at higher speeds. The main objective of this study was to develop an electro hydraulic steering system applicable to an auto-guidance system, and to compare the performance of the developed system with a conventional automatic steering system. A proportional-feedforward control algorithm was implemented to effectively compensate the non-linear behaviors of the hydraulic cylinders used for changing the steered wheel angle of the tractor. A computer-controlled hardware-in-the-loop electro-hydraulic steering simulator consisting of two different types of valve sub-systems s, i.e., hydrostatic valve and EHPV sub-system, was designed and built for the development of the steering control algorithms and to verify the feasibility of the developed steering controller for accurate steering of the system with acceptable response times. A field test was conducted using a Real Time Kinematic GPS based autonomous tractor equipped with the developed EHPV-based steering system and an EPS-based steering system used as a control to compare and investigate their potential in enhancing the path tracking functionality of an auto-guided system. The use of the EHPV-based steering controller was shown to improve the tracking error by about 29% and 50% for straight and curved paths, respectively, as compared to the EPS-based steering system.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background 1 1.2. Description of Tractor Steering System 6 1.3. Automatic Steering System 10 1.3.1. Electric Power Steering System 10 1.3.2. Electro Hydraulic Steering System 12 1.4. Review of Literature 13 1.5. Research Purpose 16 Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 17 2.1. Preliminary Performance Test of Conventional Steering System 17 2.1.1. Purpose of Preliminary Test 17 2.1.2. Zero-Load Test 21 2.1.3. Tractor Traveling Test 22 2.2. Hardware-in-the Loop Simulator 24 2.2.1. Hydraulic Circuit 25 2.2.2. Hardware Description 27 2.3. ISO 11783 Network 37 2.3.1. ISO 11783 (ISOBUS) 37 2.4. Steering Control Algorithm 45 2.4.1. Dead Time 48 2.4.2. Dead Band 51 2.4.3. Static Friction 57 2.5. Virtual Terminal 61 2.6. Vehicle Traveling Test 66 2.6.1. Hardware Configurations 66 2.6.2. Trajectory Tracking Control 72 2.6.3. Zero-Load Test 74 2.6.4. Sinusoidal Tracking Test 75 2.6.5. Path-Tracking and Test Methods 76 2.6.6. Evaluation Method of Path Tracking Deviation 79 Chapter 3. Results and Discussion 81 3.1. Preliminary Test Results of EPS-based Hydrostatic Steering System 81 3.2. Experiment Results of Steering Behavior of Hydrostatic Steering System using HIL simulator 85 3.3. Experiment Results of Electrohydraulic Steering System using HIL simulator 81 3.3.1. Dead-Time Approximation 88 3.3.2. Dead-Band Compensation 90 3.3.3. Static Friction Compensation 92 3.3.4. Steering Controller Test under Load Conditions 94 3.4. Performance Evaluation of Tractor Steering System 96 3.4.1. Zero Load Test 96 3.4.2. Sinusoidal Steering Test 96 3.4.3. Path-Tracking Test 99 Chapter 4. Conclusions 107Maste

    ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ์‹๊ณผ ๋ณดํ†ต์ฃผ์‹ ์ˆ˜์ต์œจ ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ธˆ์œตํˆฌ์ž ์‹ค์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,2019. 8. ์žฅ์šฐ์ง„.์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ์ดํ›„, ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ธก์ • ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•์กฐ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์œต ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ  ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ๋Š” TED์™€ VIX๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ๋Š” Price to Earning ratio, Price to Book ratio, CAPE (Cyclically Adjusted Price to Earning ratio), Price to Operational Earning ratio ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ž˜ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ฃผ์‹ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์‹ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆ„์  ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์˜ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ CPS-index(Common Preferred Spread index)๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด CPS-index๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต์ฃผ ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋” ์˜ฌ๋ž๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” CPS-index ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ ์ฆ‰ ๋ณธ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ฌ๋ž์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๊ณ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  CPS-index ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ ์ฆ‰ ๋ณธ์ฃผ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ž์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์ €ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ๊ณผ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ CPS-index๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , CPS-index๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณต๋งค๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  CPS-index๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„ ๋•Œ ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ํˆฌ์ž ์ „๋žต์„ ํ™œ์šฉ ์‹œ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ granger causality test ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ CPS-index๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” CPS-index๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋˜ํ•œ parameter tuning์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ CPS-index๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ CPS-index๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์ธ Price to Earning ratio, Price to book ratio, Price to Operational Earning ratio ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค๋งŒ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋” ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ CPS-index์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ์™€ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ Pairs Trading ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฐ™์ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋‘ ์ฃผ์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ Pairs Trading ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ณธ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด pair๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , Pairs Trading ์šด์˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์‹์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ ๊ธˆ์œต์‹œ์žฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ตœ์ ์˜ Pairs Trading ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ณธ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ Pairs Trading ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ Pairs Trading ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์€ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์ธ Sharpe Ratio๋Š” ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ์ฃผ์‹ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ฃผ์™€ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žฅ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ์„ค๋ช… ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์žํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž ์ „๋žต์„ ์ œ์‹œ์˜€๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž์ „๋žต์ธ Pairs Trading์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ pair๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ˆ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.After various financial crises, the importance of financial market analysis for financial risk management has been emphasized. To minimize the risk of losing money from unforeseen financial crises, it became critical to develop a market index that could both evaluate the current financial market and explain the future market return. In addition, it became imperative that the investment strategy could continue to make profit during the financial crises. Many researchers have tried to evaluate the financial market and explain the future market return with various risk index such as the VIX (CBOE volatility index) index, and TED index (the spread between three-month LIBOR interest rate and three-month US treasury bill interest rate) and valuation ratios such as Price to earning ratio, Price to book ratio, CAPE( Cyclically Adjusted Price Earning Ratio) and price to operational earning ratio. Previous studies attempted to explain future market returns better by adapting existing indexes and ratios. However, in this dissertation, we introduce a new market index called; Common Preferred Spread index (CPS index), which was empirically tested to confirm that it could not only evaluate current stock market condition but also has explanatory power for the future market return. First, this dissertation explains the CPS-index using the spread return between common and preferred stock pairs and shows that CPS-index has explanatory power for long term market return. We observed that common stocks are more sensitive to the market condition than preferred stocks so the CPS-index tends to oscillate according to market conditions. The future realized market return increases when CPS-index is low, and vice versa. We present that there is an inverse relationship between CPS-index and the future realized return of S&P500 index. By comparing the fitting validity of statistical models including correlation analysis and linear regression between the future realized return and each of CPS-index, VIX index, TED index, CAPE ratio and S&P500 index, we confirm the superior power of CPS-index to explain the future realized return. We developed a trading strategy based on CPS-index and assessed how to enhance the predictive power of CPS-index through stepwise regression, Granger causality test and neural network method. Second, we conduct an empirical analysis on CPS-index in comparison with currently existing valuation ratios such as the price to earning ratio, price to book ratio, and price to operational earning ratio. The multivariate regression method is applied to test whether adding CPS-index as an independent variable significantly increases the explanatory power of regression for the future market return. According to the test results of every multivariate regression model, the CPS-index as an independent variable has the most market predictability power among other benchmark independent variables of regression. In addition, we also discovered the optimal parameters to use the CPS-index. Lastly, a new Pairs Trading strategy is proposed, using common stocks and preferred stocks. Unlike the traditional method of Pairs Trading, which is based on two different stocks that were moving together in the past, a common stock and its preferred stock as a pair are used in Pair Trading. This new method could reduce the risk of losing money from the traditional method of Pairs Trading. We explain through the test results of every portfolio that this new method of Pairs has the highest Sharpe Ratio.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Resarch Motivation and Purpose 1 1.2 Theoretical Background 5 1.3 Research Overview 10 Chapter 2. Development of Common Preferred Spread Index 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Related Literature 16 2.3 Method 20 2.3.1 Spread between Common Stocks and their Preferred Stocks 20 2.3.2 CPS Index and Future Realized Market Return 22 2.3.3 Multivariate Regression Analysis 26 2.3.4 Stepwise Regression and Granger Causality Test 28 2.3.5 Neural Network and Prediction 29 2.4 Data 30 2.5 Empirical Results 31 2.5.1 Correlation and Univariate Regression Analysis 33 2.5.2 Investment Strategy with CPS-index 42 2.5.3 Multivariate Regression Analysis Results 47 2.5.4 Stepwise Regression and Granger Causality Test Results 52 2.5.5 Neural Network Prediction Results 56 2.6 Conclusion 61 Chapter 3. Empirical Analysis of Common Preferred Spread Index 64 3.1 Introduction 64 3.2 Method 67 3.2.1 Empirical Analysis of Spread between Common Stocks and their Preferred Stocks 67 3.2.2 Empirical Analysis of CPS Index and Future Realized Market Return. 69 3.2.3 Empirical Analysis of Multivariate Regression Analysis 72 3.2.4 Optimal Starting Point of CPS Index 75 3.3 Data 78 3.4 Empirical Results 79 3.4.1 Empirical Results of Correlation and Univariate Regression 80 3.4.2 Investment Strategy with CPS Index and other Valuation Ratios 86 3.4.3 Parameter tuning and Granger Causality Test 97 3.5 Conclusion 105 Chapter 4. Empirical Analysis of Pairs Trading Using Preferred Stocks. 108 4.1 Introduction 108 4.2 Background and Literature Review. 111 4.3 Methodology 115 4.3.1 Pairs Formation 115 4.3.2 Trading Strategy and Periods 117 4.3.3 Excess Return Computation 118 4.4 Empirical Results 121 4.4.1 The Whole Periods 122 4.4.2 Pre Crisis 125 4.4.3 Subprime Crisis 128 4.4.4 European Crisis 131 4.4.5 Post Crisis 134 4.5 Conclusion 137 Chapter 5 Concluding Remarks 140 5.1 Summary and Contributions 140 5.2 Limitations and Future Work 146 References 147 Abstract (in Korean) 151 List of Tables Table 2.1 Pearson Correlations for each index. 31 Table 2.2 Univariate regression for the CPS, VIX, TED and S&P500 index 36 Table 2.3 Average future realized return of r^h and r^l. in equations (2.9) and (2.10), respectively. 45 Table 2.4 Sharpe Ratio for the r_(i,avg)^h and r_(i,avg)^lfor different time horizon. 45 Table 2.5 r^h and p^h for the different upper threshold and for the different time horizon 46 Table 2.6 r^h and p^h for the different upper threshold and for the different time horizon 46 Table 2.7 Step-wise regression for CPS index. This table summarizes step-wise regression results in equation (2.11). 48 Table 2.8 Variance Inflation Factor for each index in equation.(2.11) 49 Table 2.9 C_p and stepwise regression results for the multivariate regression in equation (2.11) 49 Table 2.10 F-test for multivariate regression adding CPS-index to the model. 50 Table 2.11 Step-wise regression for CPS index. 54 Table 2.12 Granger Causality test of CPS-index for the i month ahead realized return ฯ„ is the maximum time lag in equation (2.12) 55 Table 2.13 Neural network for the CPS, VIX, TED and S&P500 index. This table summarizes the test set of neural network results 55 Table 2.14 Confusion matrix for the sign of prediction periods in Neural Netwrok with CPS-index 59 Table 3.1 Pearson Correlations for each index. 79 Table 3.2 Univariate regression for the CPS, PER, PBR, CAPE and S&P500 index. This table summarizes single regression results in equation(3.8). 83 Table 3.3 Variance Inflation Factor for each index in equation.(3.12) 86 Table 3.4 Adjusted R-square for multivariate regression using the CPS, PER, PBR, CAPE and S&P500 index as independent variables and the dependent variable is i month ahead realized return in equation (3.9). 90 Table 3.5 Adjusted R-square for multivariate regression using the CPS, PER, PBR, CAPE and S&P500 index as independent variables and the dependent variable is i month ahead realized return in equation (3.10). 91 Table 3.6 Adjusted R-square for multivariate regression using the CPS, PER, PBR, OPER and S&P500 index as independent variables and the dependent variable is i month ahead realized return in equation (3.11) 92 Table 3.7 Multivariate regression for the CPS, PER, PBR, OPER and S&P500 94 Table 3.8 F-test for multivariate regression adding CPS-index to the model 96 Table 3.9 Adjusted R-square for univariate regression using the m-year CPS index as independent variables and i month ahead realized return as dependent variable is in equation (3.18) 99 Table 3.10 Adjusted R-square for univariate regression using the 7-year CPS, PER, PBR, OPER and S&P500 index as independent variables and i month ahead realized return as dependent variable is in equation (3.18). 100 Table 3.11 Adjusted R-square for univariate regression using the 8-year CPS, PER, PBR, OPER and S&P500 index as independent variables and i month ahead realized return as dependent variable is in equation (3.18). 101 Table 3.12 Granger Causality test of 7-year CPS-index for the i month ahead realized return ฯ„ is the maximum time lag in equation (3.19) 102 Table 4.1 Excess return of Pairs Trading for whole periods 122 Table 4.2 Excess return of Pairs Trading for Pre-crisis periods 125 Table 4.3 Excess return of Pairs Trading for Subprime-crisis periods 128 Table 4.4 Excess return of Pairs Trading for European-crisis periods 129 Table 4.5 Excess return of Pairs Trading for Post-crisis periods 134 โ€ƒ List of Figures Figure 2.1 Plots of CPS,S&P500,C, and P 33 Figure 2.2 Scatter plot of CPS and 1, 2, 3, 4 year ahead realized return 35 Figure 2.3 Correlation of CPS and i-month ahead realized return 41 Figure 2.4 R-square of CPS included model and excluded model 51 Figure 2.5 Accuracy rate of confusion matrix of neural network with CPS-index 60 Figure 3.1 Correlation of Each index and i-month ahead realized return 82 Figure 3.2 Adjusted R-square of each univariate regressions and multivariate regressions 93 Figure 3.3 Adjusted R-square of each univariate regressions and multivariate regression 98Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์žฅ์šฐ์ง„.ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ฃผ์‹์— ํˆฌ์žํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ (high investment sentiment period)๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„(low investment sentiment period)์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ํˆฌ์žํ–‰ํƒœ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํˆฌ์ž์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ์ฃผ์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„(partial component analysis)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•œ ํ›„์— ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž ๋น„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ  ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋น„๊ต์™€ ํˆฌ์ž ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋ณ„ ํˆฌ์žํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€, ๊ฐœ์ธ, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž์ž์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ˆœ๋งค์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋Œ€๊ธˆ์ด ๋งŽ์€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2000๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2012๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ 23๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ 29๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ํˆฌ์ž์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์€ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํˆฌ์žํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ ํˆฌ์ž ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—, ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์€ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ์ฃผ์‹์„ ๋งค์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๊ด€ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž์ž๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ด์•ก์ด ๋†’๊ณ  Book to Market ratio๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํˆฌ์ž ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํ™•์—ฐํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํˆฌ์ž ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ •์˜ 6 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  10 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํˆฌ์ž ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 13 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํˆฌ์ž ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ 17 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํˆฌ์ž ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ํˆฌ์ž์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์ˆœ๋งค์ˆ˜ ๊ธˆ์•ก๊ณผ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ธˆ์•ก 18 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ํˆฌ์ž ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ํˆฌ์žํ–‰ํƒœ : ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ด์•ก 21 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ํˆฌ์ž ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ํˆฌ์žํ–‰ํƒœ : Book to Market Ratio 29 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  38 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 41 Abstract 43Maste

    Eine vergleichende Studie der Anhebungskonstruktionen im Deutschen, Englischen und Franzรถsischen

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ํˆฌ๋ช…๋„, ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฃผ์ œํ™” ๋ฐ ์–ด์ˆœ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋…์–ด, ์˜์–ด, ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์Šน๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์–ด ์œ„์น˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์Šน๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 1974๋…„ ํฌ์Šคํƒˆ Postal์˜ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ƒ์Šน๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๊ฒŒ๋งŒ Haegeman(1994), ์ธ์ง€๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋žญ์•ก์ปค Langacker(1995)์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๊ฒŒ๋ฅด๋งŒ์–ด์˜ ์ƒ์Šน๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” van der Auwera/Noรซl(2011)์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ก  ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์  ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์˜์–ด์™€ ๋ถˆ์–ด, ๋…์–ด์˜ ์ƒ์Šน๊ตฌ์กฐ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ต ์–ธ์–ด์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.N
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