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    Focusing on Rater Variability and Phonetic Correlates

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์˜์–ด์ „๊ณต), 2022. 8. ์•ˆํ˜„๊ธฐ.์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์€ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋‚˜ EFL(์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์˜์–ด) ๊ต์œก์ž๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ EFL ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊นŠ์€ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ, ๋น„์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์˜ ์˜์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ™” ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(์ƒ, ์ค‘, ํ•˜)์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐœํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ณผ์ œ ์œ ํ˜•(๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ์ž์œ  ๋ฐœํ™”)์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ์„ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์ฑ„์ ์ž์˜ ์„œ๋ฉด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ณผ์ œ์™€ ์„ธ ์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋น„์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉ์„ฑ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์งˆ์  ๋ถ„์„์€ EFL ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ํ•˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ž์œ  ๋ฐœํ™”์—๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ, ๋ชจ๋“  ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ณผ์ œ ์œ ํ˜•์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ™” ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์Œํ–ฅ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐœํ™” ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋ฐœํ™”์ž์˜ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐœํ™” ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์†๋„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํŠน์งˆ(ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐœํ™” ๊ธธ์ด, ๋ฐœํ™” ์†๋„)๊ณผ ํœด์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํŠน์งˆ(์ ˆ ๋‚ด ๋ฌด์Œ ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ ๋น„์œจ, ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฌด์Œ ํœด์ง€ ๊ธธ์ด)์ด ์„ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฐœํ™” ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ํ‰๊ท  ๋ฌด์Œ ํœด์ง€ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Ÿ‰์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋น„์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ž…๋ ฅ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ˆœ์œ„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด์Œ ํœด์ง€์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํœด์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ํŠน์งˆ์€ ํ•˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ฐœํ™” ์†๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์งˆ์€ ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋น„์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์— ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋น„์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ œ2์–ธ์–ด๋กœ์„œ ์˜์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋น„์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋„ ์›์–ด๋ฏผ ๊ต์‚ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ EFL ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ต์œก์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜์–ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•œ๊ตญ EFL ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์ธ ์ธ์‹ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ™” ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์œ ์ฐฝ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์ฐจ์›์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ์–‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ๊ณผ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Fluency constitutes a crucial aspect of understanding second language (L2) performance and proficiency, and attaining high levels of fluency is one essential goal for many L2 learners. However, fluency has not been well understood, and the term has not been used consistently by L2 researchers and EFL educators. In addition, there is a paucity of studies concerning how raters in the EFL context perceive and evaluate fluency. To fill the academic gap and deepen understanding of the multidimensional construct of fluency, the current dissertation investigated how Korean English teachers, native English teachers, and peer students perceive and rate Korean high school students' speaking fluency in terms of perceived fluency and utterance fluency. Study 1 investigated the differences in perceived fluency by three rater groups, employing a mix-method approach. Overall fluency ratings across two task types (picture narration, spontaneous speech) at speakers' different oral proficiency levels (low, mid, high) were analyzed quantitatively, and raters' written comments were examined qualitatively. The native and non-native teacher groups showed comparable severity patterns, but the peer group provided significantly lower fluency rating scores than the two EFL teacher groups on both tasks across all proficiency levels. The following qualitative analyses confirmed the discrepancy between the two EFL teacher groups and the peer group. In addition, it was revealed that the three rater groups' evaluations for low-level learners were significantly affected by task types, with the spontaneous speech task scoring higher than the picture narration task. The disparities in the three groups' perceptions of fluency reported in Study 1 were further supported and accounted for in Study 2. Study 2 examined the relationship between utterance fluency and perceived fluency to determine which acoustic model best predicted the three listener groups' perceived fluency and which acoustic features were associated with the three groups' decision-making of speakers' fluency levels. Two speed features (i.e., mean length of run, articulation rate) and two breakdown measures (i.e., silent pause rate within a clause, mean length of silent pauses) were found to be most strongly correlated with their perceived fluency. The regression analysis indicated that the mean length of run and the mean length of silent pauses were the two strongest predictors for the three rater groups, explaining most of the variance in the three regression models. However, the data further revealed that the regression models for native and non-native teachers were identical regarding the four entered variables and their relative contribution rankings, while the best regression model for the peer group showed some disparities. In addition, it was found that breakdown measures, such as the mean length of silent pauses, helped to distinguish the low-level from higher level (mid, high) groups, while speed measures, such as articulation rate, discriminated the high-level group from lower level (low, mid) groups. These findings served as a foundation for a discussion of native versus non-native English teachers as fluency assessors on the one hand and the validity and reliability of peer assessment on the other. Based on empirical evidence drawn from Study 1 and 2, it can be concluded that native and non-native English teachers perceived and rated L2 fluency in a similar way, confirming that non-native teachers are as equally capable of serving as fluency raters as native teachers are. However, the peer group displayed rating patterns distinct from those of the teacher group, implying that much pedagogical effortย is required to prepare peer students to serve as competent fluency raters in the Korean EFL context. The current dissertation contributes to establishing a valid and reliable fluency assessment in the Korean EFL context by systematically analyzing how various groups of raters perceive and evaluate students' English speaking fluency. In addition, the study provides direct evidence regarding the possibility and limitations of peer assessment by comparing the peer group's judgments with those of the teacher groups. Regarding research methodology, the study contributes to illuminating the multidimensional constructs of fluency by combining two facets of fluency, like perceived fluency and utterance fluency. It is also shown that a comprehensive understanding of rating patterns drawn by different raters can be achieved by combining quantitative and qualitative research methods.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Aims of Study 1 1.2 Background of Study 2 1.3 Research Questions 7 1.4 Organization of the Dissertation 9 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.1 Defining and Measuring Fluency 11 2.2 Perceived Fluency 18 2.2.1 Rater Variables on Fluency Ratings 18 2.2.2 Task Variables on Fluency Ratings 26 2.3 Utterance Fluency 30 2.3.1 Predictors of Utterance Fluency 30 2.3.1.1 Speed Fluency 31 2.3.1.2 Breakdown Fluency 34 2.3.1.3 Repair Fluency 39 2.3.2 Utterance Fluency Model 42 2.3.3 Utterance Fluency Features and Fluency levels 46 CHAPTER 3. Study 1: PERCEIVED FLUENCY 49 3.1 Methodology 49 3.1.1 Participants 50 3.1.2 Instruments 53 3.1.3 Procedures 55 3.1.4 Data Analysis 57 3.2 Results 59 3.2.1 A Quantitative Study 59 3.2.1.1 Comparison of the Three Rater Groups 59 3.2.1.2 Effects of Raters and Task Types on Fluency Ratings 64 3.2.2 A Qualitative Study 73 3.3 Summary and Discussion 87 CHAPTER 4. Study 2: UTTERANCE FLUENCY 96 4.1 Methodology 96 4.1.1 Participants and Procedures 97 4.1.2 Temporal Measures 98 4.1.3 Acoustic Analysis 101 4.1.4 Statistical Analysis 103 4.2 Results 106 4.2.1 Predictors of Three Rater Groupsโ€™ Fluency Ratings 106 4.2.2 A Best Prediction Model on L2 Speaking Fluency 113 4.2.3 Utterance Measures Distinguishing Fluency Levels 119 4.3 Summary and Discussion 125 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 134 5.1 Findings and Pedagogical Implications 134 5.2 Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research 143 REFERENCES 145 APPENDICES 155 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 163๋ฐ•

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